{{Short description|7th century Sanskrit poet}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Mahakavi | name = Magha | image = Kavi Magh.jpg | alt = Postal Stamp Issued for Poet Magha | caption = Poet Magha | birth_date = c. 7th century | birth_place = Shrimal (present-day Bhinmal) | occupation = Poet }} '''Magha''' (c. 7th century) ({{langx|sa|माघ}}, {{IAST|Māgha}}) was a Sanskrit poet at King Varmalata's court at Shrimala, the then-capital of Gujarat (presently in Rajasthan state). Magha was born in a Shrimali Brahmin family. He was the son of Dattaka Sarvacharya and the grandson of Suprabhadeva.<ref>Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1993). ''A History of Sanskrit Literature'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1100-3}}, p.124</ref> His epic poem (''mahākāvya'') Shishupala Vadha, in 20 ''sarga''s (cantos), is based on the Mahabharata episode in which Krishna uses his ''chakra'' (disc) to behead the defiant king Shishupala.<ref>Bhattacharji Sukumari, ''History of Classical Sanskrit Literature'', Sangam Books, London, 1993, {{ISBN|0-86311-242-0}}, p.148.</ref> He is thought to have been inspired by, and is often compared with, Bharavi.<ref name="das"/>
==Life and work== Māgha's fame rests entirely on the Shishupala Vadha. Vallabhadeva and Kshemendra quote some verses that are not found in the Shishupala Vadha as that of Māgha, so it is believed that Māgha wrote some other works that are now lost.
Unlike most Indian poets who give no autobiographical details or allude to any contemporary events, Māgha gives some autobiographical details in the concluding five verses of the work (known as the Praśasti).<ref name=pathak/> The verses inform that his father was Dattaka and his grandfather was Suprabhadeva, a minister at the court of a king whose name is mentioned in different editions as Varmalāta, Dharmanābha, Dharmanātha, Varmalākhya, etc. These verses are therefore called the ''nija-vaṃśa-varṇana'' or ''kavi-vaṃśa-varṇana'' by commentators.<ref name=tripathi/>
According to tradition, Māgha was a native of Gujarat, born in Shrimal Nagar,<ref name=vienna/> present day Bhinmal, in district Jalore, Rajasthan.<ref>{{citation | year=1981 | title = Cultural contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash felicitation volume | author1=Satya Prakash | author2=Vijai Shankar Śrivastava | publisher=Abhinav Publications | isbn=978-0-391-02358-1 | page=53 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&q=shishupalavadha&pg=PA53}}</ref>
By his own accounts and that of others, he was born wealthy and lived a carefree life,<ref name=wwj/>{{rp|53}}<!--and another source I can't remember--> although according to one legend, he died in poverty.<ref>{{citation |title=Ancient Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA444 |page=444 |year=2000 |editor1=T. R. S. Sharma |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0794-3 |editor2=C. K. Seshadri |editor3=June Gaur}}</ref>
==Date== Māgha is quoted by Anandavardhana, Bhoja, and in the Kavirajamarga, thus putting him no later than the 8th century. Pathak notes that he alludes to the Kāśikāvṛtti and its commentary Nyāsa, the latter of which is not mentioned by I-Tsing and thus must have been written after his departure from India in 695 CE. Thus, Pathak puts Māgha in the second half of the 8th century.<ref name=pathak/> Hermann Jacobi puts him in the 6th century.<ref name=pathak/> Lorenz Franz Kielhorn<ref name=kielhorn/> and others put him in the second half of the 7th century based on a written record from the present-day Rajasthan region. This record estimates King Varmalāta, whom Magha's grandfather served, as reigning the region in 625 A.D. <ref name=cardona359/>
==Appraisal== {{Main|Shishupala Vadha}} Māgha is highly popular with Sanskrit critics and is extensively quoted by them. His ''Shishupala Vadha'' seems to have been inspired by the ''Kirātārjunīya'' of Bharavi, and intended to emulate and even surpass it. Like Bharavi, he displays rhetorical and metrical skill more than the growth of the plot,<ref name=das/> and is noted for his intricate wordplay, textual complexity, and verbal ingenuity. He also uses a rich vocabulary, so much so that the claim has been made that his work contains every word in the Sanskrit language.<ref name=mwenc/> Whereas Bhāravi glorifies Shiva, Māgha glorifies Krishna; while Bhāravi uses 19 metres Māgha uses 23, like Bhāravi's 15th canto full of contrived verses Māgha introduces even more complicated verses in his 19th.<ref name=wwj/>
A popular Sanskrit verse about Māgha (and hence about this poem, as it his only known work and the one his reputation rests on) says: :उपमा कालिदासस्य भारवेरर्थगौरवं| :दण्डिनः पदलालित्यं माघे सन्ति त्रयो गुणः|| : : upamā kālidāsasya, bhāraver arthagauravaṃ, : daṇḍinaḥ padalālityaṃ — māghe santi trayo guṇaḥ : : "The similes of Kalidasa, Bharavi's depth of meaning, Daṇḍin's wordplay — in Māgha all three qualities are found."
Thus, Māgha's attempt to surpass Bharavi appears to have been successful; even his name seems to be derived from this feat: another Sanskrit saying goes ''tāvat bhā bhāraveḥ bhāti yāvat māghasya nodayaḥ'', which can mean "the lustre of the sun lasts until the advent of Maagha (the coldest month)", but also "the lustre of Bharavi lasts until the advent of Māgha".<ref name=lustre/> However, Māgha follows Bhāravi's structure too closely, and the long-windedness of his descriptions loses the gravity and "weight of meaning" found in Bhāravi's poem. Consequently, Māgha is more admired as a poet than the work is as a whole, and the sections of the work that may be considered digressions from the story have the nature of an anthology and are more popular.<ref name=warder/>
Māgha influenced Ratnākara's ''Haravijaya'',<ref name=vienna/> an epic in 50 cantos that suggests a thorough study of the ''Shishupalavadha''.<ref name=wwj/> The Dharmashramabhyudaya, a Sanskrit poem by Hari[s]chandra in 21 cantos on Dharmanatha, the 15th tirthankara, is modeled on the Shishupalavadha.<ref name=mukherjee/>
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=vienna>{{citation | year=1890 | journal = Vienna Oriental Journal | volume=4 | author1=Hermann Jacobi | title=Ānandavardhana and the date of Māgha | page=240 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=714pAAAAYAAJ&q=sisupalavadha&pg=PA240 | authorlink1=Hermann Jacobi}}</ref> <ref name=wwj>{{citation | year=1985 | title = History of Indian literature | author1=Moriz Winternitz | author2=Subhadra Jha (transl.) | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 | pages=72–77 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&q=%22served%20as%20model%22&pg=PA72}}</ref> <ref name=pathak>{{citation | year=1902 | title = Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 20 | author1=K B Pathak | chapter=On the date of the poet Mâgha | page=303 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2koAAAAYAAJ&q=sishupalavadha&pg=PA303}}</ref> <ref name=kielhorn>{{citation | year=1908 | author=F. Kielhorn | title = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Part 1 | page=499 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efgAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA499}}</ref> <ref name=cardona359>{{citation | year=1998 | title = Pāṇini: a survey of research | author1=George Cardona | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-1494-3 | page=359 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC&q=sisupala+vadha&pg=PA359}}</ref> <ref name=das>{{citation | year=2006 | title = A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular | author1=Sisir Kumar Das | author2=Sahitya Akademi | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-2171-0 | page=74 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&q=shishupalavadha&pg=PA74}}</ref> <ref name=mwenc>{{citation | year=1995 | title = Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of literature | publisher=Merriam-Webster | isbn=978-0-87779-042-6 | page=712 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&q=sisupalavadha&pg=PA712}}</ref> <ref name=lustre>{{citation | year=2005 | title = Panorama of Indian anthroponomy | author1=D. D. (Dhruv Dev). Sharma | publisher=Mittal Publications | isbn=978-81-8324-078-9 | page=117 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4rccspy46sC&q=shishupalavadha&pg=PA117}}</ref> <ref name=warder>{{citation | year=1994 | title = Indian kāvya literature: The ways of originality (Bāna to Dāmodaragupta) | author1=A. K. Warder | edition=reprint | volume=4 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0449-4 | pages=133–144 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WnWL5LtYfcC&pg=PA134}}</ref> <ref name=mukherjee>{{citation | year=1999 | title = A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 | author1=Sujit Mukherjee | publisher=Orient Blackswan | isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 | page=95 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=shishupalavadha&pg=PA95}}</ref> <ref name=tripathi>{{citation | year=1975 | title = Catalogue of the Jaina manuscripts at Strasbourg | author2=Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg | author1=Chandrabhāl Tripāṭhī | publisher=Brill Archive | isbn=978-90-04-04300-8 | page=42 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMkUAAAAIAAJ&q=sisupala+vadha&pg=PA42}}</ref> }}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magha (Poet)}} Category:Sanskrit poets Category:People from Rajasthan Category:Rajasthani people Category:Hindu poets Category:People from Jalore district Category:Rajasthani literature