{{Short description|Order of sponges}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range | 444 | 0 | refs = <ref name=Ordovicianvenus>{{Cite Q|Q111529763|last1=Botting |first1=J. P. |last2=Janussen |first2=D. |last3=Muir |first3=L. A. |last4=Dohrmann |first4=M. |last5=Ma |first5=J. |last6=Zhang |first6=Y.}}</ref>}} | image = Euplectella aspergillum Okeanos.jpg | image_caption = Venus flower basket (''Euplectella aspergillum'', family Euplectellidae) | taxon = Lyssacinosida | authority = Zittel, 1877 | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision = See text. | synonyms = * Lyssacinosa }}
'''Lyssacinosida''' (also spelled '''Lyssacinosa''') is an order of glass sponges (Hexactinellida) belonging to the subclass Hexasterophora. These sponges can be recognized by their parenchymal spicules usually being unconnected, unlike in other sponges in the subclass where the spicules form a more or less tightly connected skeleton.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Reiswig |first=Henry M. |title=Order Lyssacinosida Zittel, 1877 |date=2002 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_145 |work=Systema Porifera |pages=1387 |editor-last=Hooper |editor-first=John N. A. |access-date=2023-05-06 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_145 |isbn=978-0-306-47260-2 |editor2-last=Van Soest |editor2-first=Rob W. M. |editor3-last=Willenz |editor3-first=Philippe|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":02">''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available [https://journals.ku.edu/InvertebratePaleo/issue/view/455 here]. {{ISBN|0-8137-3131-3}}.</ref> Lyssacine sponges have existed since the Upper Ordovician, and three families<ref name=":0" /> (four including Aulocalycidae)<ref name=":02" /> are still alive today. The Venus' flower basket (''Euplectella aspergillum'') is one of the most well-known and culturally significant of the glass sponges.
== Subgroups ==
* Family Aulocalycidae? <small>Ijima, 1927</small> [Upper Jurassic<ref name=":02" />–present]<ref>{{Citation |last=Reiswig |first=Henry M. |title=Family Aulocalycidae Ijima, 1927 |date=2002 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_140 |work=Systema Porifera |pages=1362–1371 |editor-last=Hooper |editor-first=John N. A. |access-date=2023-05-06 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_140 |isbn=978-0-306-47260-2 |editor2-last=Van Soest |editor2-first=Rob W. M. |editor3-last=Willenz |editor3-first=Philippe|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Family †Brachiospongiidae <small>Beecher, 1889</small> [Upper Ordovician–Silurian (Ludlow)]<ref name=":02" /> * Family Euplectellidae <small>Gray,1867</small> [Upper Ordovician<ref name="Ordovicianvenus" />–present]<ref>{{Citation |last=Tabachnick |first=Konstantin R. |title=Family Euplectellidae Gray, 1867 |date=2002 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_146 |work=Systema Porifera |pages=1388–1434 |editor-last=Hooper |editor-first=John N. A. |access-date=2023-05-06 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_146 |isbn=978-0-306-47260-2 |editor2-last=Van Soest |editor2-first=Rob W. M. |editor3-last=Willenz |editor3-first=Philippe|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Family Leucopsacidae <small>Ijima, 1903</small> [Paleogene (Eocene)<ref name=":02" />–present]<ref>{{Citation |last=Tabachnick |first=Konstantin R. |title=Family Leucopsacidae Ijima, 1903 |date=2002 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_147 |work=Systema Porifera |pages=1435–1440 |editor-last=Hooper |editor-first=John N. A. |access-date=2023-05-06 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_147 |isbn=978-0-306-47260-2 |editor2-last=Van Soest |editor2-first=Rob W. M. |editor3-last=Willenz |editor3-first=Philippe|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Family †Malumispongiidae <small>Rigby, 1967</small> [Upper Ordovician–Carboniferous (Tournaisian)]<ref name=":02" /> * Family Rossellidae <small>Schulze, 1885</small> [Upper Ordovician<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Lixia |last2=Janussen |first2=Dorte |last3=Zhan |first3=Renbin |last4=Reitner |first4=Joachim |date=2019 |title=Oldest known fossil of Rossellids (Hexactinellida, Porifera) from the Ordovician–Silurian transition of Anhui, South China |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12542-019-00452-3 |journal=PalZ |language=en |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=559–566 |doi=10.1007/s12542-019-00452-3 |bibcode=2019PalZ...93..559L |issn=0031-0220|url-access=subscription }}</ref>–present]<ref>{{Citation |last=Tabachnick |first=Konstantin R. |title=Family Rossellidae Schulze, 1885 |date=2002 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_148 |work=Systema Porifera |pages=1441–1505 |editor-last=Hooper |editor-first=John N. A. |access-date=2023-05-06 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_148 |isbn=978-0-306-47260-2 |editor2-last=Van Soest |editor2-first=Rob W. M. |editor3-last=Willenz |editor3-first=Philippe|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Incertae sedis'' Genera''<ref name=":02" />'' ** †''Calycomorpha'' <small>Bodzioch, 1993</small> [Triassic] ** ''Clathrochone'' <small>Tabachnick, 2002</small> [present]<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Tabachnick |first=Konstantin R. |title=Lyssacinosida incertae sedis |date=2002 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_149 |work=Systema Porifera |pages=1506–1509 |editor-last=Hooper |editor-first=John N. A. |access-date=2023-05-06 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_149 |isbn=978-0-306-47260-2 |editor2-last=Van Soest |editor2-first=Rob W. M. |editor3-last=Willenz |editor3-first=Philippe|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ** †''Crepospongia'' <small>Finks & Rigby, 2004</small> [Upper Triassic (Carnian)] ** †''Gomphites'' <small>Carter, 1871</small> [Lower Cretaceous] ** ''Hyaloplacoida'' <small>Tabachnick, 1989</small> [present]<ref name=":1" /> ** †''Krainerella''? <small>Krainer & Mostler, 1992</small> [Middle Triassic] ** †''Lumectospongia'' <small>Rigby & Chatterton, 1989</small> [Silurian (Ludlow)] ** †''Opeamorphus'' <small>de Laubenfels, 1955</small> [Ordovician–Carboniferous] ** †''Pyritonema''? <small>Mc'Coy, 1850</small> [Silurian] ** †''Pyruspongia'' <small>Rigby, 1971</small> [Upper Ordovician] ** †''Stauractinella'' <small>de Laubenfels, 1955</small> [Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)–Neogene] ** †''Toomeyospongia'' <small>Rigby, Horrocks, & Cys, 1982</small> [Permian (Guadalupian)] ** †''Trimonactinophora'' <small>Wu & Xiao, 1989</small> [Triassic]
==Sources== {{Reflist}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071120134041/http://kord.kober.us/hexactinellida/hexasterophora/lyssacinosa/ Identification key for Lyssacinosa]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4140318}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Hexactinellida Category:Sponge orders
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