{{Short description|Family of gastropods}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Spitzschlammschnecke.jpg |image_caption = ''Lymnaea stagnalis'' is the large snail behind the smaller one, ''Physa'' sp. |taxon = Lymnaeidae |authority = Rafinesque, 1815 |synonyms_ref = |synonyms = Limnophysidae <small>W. Dybowski, 1903</small> (a junior synonym) |diversity_link = |diversity_ref = <ref name="Strong 2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Strong | first1 = E. E. | last2 = Gargominy | first2 = O. | last3 = Ponder | first3 = W. F. | last4 = Bouchet | first4 = P. | title = Global diversity of gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in freshwater | doi = 10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6 | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 595 | pages = 149–166 | year = 2007 |hdl= 10088/7390| s2cid = 44234861 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref>{{cite book |last = Kruglov |first = N. D. |title = Моллюски семейства прудовиков (Lymnaeidae, Gastropoda, Pulmonata) Европы и Северной Азии. Особенности экологии и паразитологическое значение. |trans-title=Molluscs of family Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) of Europe and northern Asia: ecological peculiarities and parasitological importance |year = 2005 |publisher= Smolensk State Pedagogical University, 503 p |location = Smolensk |language = ru |isbn= 5-88018-388-2 }}</ref> |diversity = about 100 freshwater species or less than 100<br /> or more than 250 |subdivision_ranks = Genera |subdivision = See text |display_parents = 3 }}
'''Lymnaeidae''', common name the '''pond snails''', is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila.
Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfamily '''Lymnaeoidea''' (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).<ref name="Bouchet 2005"/>
== Taxonomy ==
=== 2005 taxonomy === Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) recognized four subfamilies within Lymnaeidae:<ref name="Bouchet 2005">{{Bouchet 2005}}</ref> * subfamily Lymnaeinae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Amphipepleinae Pini, 1877; Limnophysidae W. Dybowski, 1903; Acellinae Hannibal, 1912; Fossariinae B. Dybowski 1913 * subfamily Lancinae Hannibal, 1914 * † subfamily Scalaxinae Zilch, 1959 * † subfamily Valencieniinae Kramberger-Gorjanovic, 1923 - synonym: Clivunellidae Kochansky-Devidé & Sliskovic, 1972
===2013 taxonomy=== Vinarski (2013)<ref name="Vinarski 2013">Vinarski M. V. (2013). "One, two, or several? How many lymnaeid genera are there?". ''Ruthenica'' '''23'''(1): 41-58. [http://www.ruthenica.com/documents/vol23_Vinarski_41-58.pdf PDF].</ref> established a new subfamily Radicinae within Lymnaeidae, but be considered position neither of Lancinae nor of extinct genera.<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * subfamily Radicinae Vinarski, 2013<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/>
== Cladogram == Correa et al. (2010)<ref name="Correa 2010"/> examined phylogenetic relationships among 50 taxa of this family using a supermatrix approach (concatenation of the 16S, internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 genes) involving both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> Her phylogenetic analysis demonstrates the existence of three deep clades of Lymnaeidae representing the main geographic origin of species (America, Eurasia and the Indo-Pacific region).<ref name="Correa 2010"/> It demonstrates that the nomenclature of most genera in the Lymnaeidae does not reflect evolutionary relationships.<ref name="Correa 2010"/>
A cladogram based on sequences of 16S, internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 genes showing phylogenic relations of Lymnaeidae by Correa et al. (2010):<ref name="Correa 2010"/>
{{clade |label1='''Lymnaeidae''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=n=16, C3a |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Austropeplea lessoni'' |2=''Bullastra cumingiana'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Austropeplea tomentosa'' |2=''Kutikina hispida'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Austropeplea ollula'' |2=''Austropeplea viridis'' }} |2=''Lymnaea'' sp. from Hawaii and from China }} }} }} |label2=''Radix'', n=17, C3b |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Radix labiata'' |2={{clade |1=''Radix peregra'' |2={{clade |1=''Radix ampla'' |2=''Radix lagotis'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Radix auricularia'' |2=''Radix ovata'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Radix'' sp. from Philippines |2={{clade |1=''Radix'' sp. from Canada and ''Radix'' sp. from Romania |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Radix natalensis'' |2=''Radix luteola'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Radix quadrasi'' |2=''Radix rubiginosa'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=n=18 |2={{clade |label1=C2 |1={{clade |1=''Omphiscola glabra'' |2={{clade |1=''Lymnaea stagnalis'' |2={{clade |1=''Stagnicola corvus'' |2={{clade |1=''Stagnicola fuscus'' |2={{clade |1=''Stagnicola'' sp. from Ukraine |2={{clade |1=''Stagnicola palustris'' |2=''Stagnicola turricula'' }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Pseudosuccinea columella'' |2={{clade |1=''Bulimnea megasoma'' |2={{clade |labe1=C1b |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Lymnaea viatrix'' |2={{clade |1=''Lymnaea neotropica'' |2={{clade |1=''Fossaria bulimoides'' |2=''Lymnaea cubensis'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Lymnaea'' sp. from Colombia |2={{clade |1=''Galba truncatula'' |2={{clade |1=''Lymnaea cousini'' |2={{clade |1=''Fossaria obrussa'' |2=''Lymnaea humilis'' }} }} }} }} }} |labe2=C1a |2={{clade |1=''Lymnaea diaphana'' |2={{clade |1=''Stagnicola caperata'' |2={{clade |1=''Lymnaea occulta'' |2={{clade |1=''Stagnicola'' sp. from Montana |2={{clade |1=''Stagnicola bonnevillensis'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Stagnicola elrodi'' |2=''Stagnicola emarginata'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Stagnicola elodes'' |2={{clade |1=''Stagnicola catascopium'' |2=''Stagnicola'' sp. from Manitoba }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
The nomenclature of genera has been one of the most confusing issues in the Lymnaeidae systematics. Most genus names are not fixed and are based more on phenotypic resemblances than on sound evolutionary and phylogenetic considerations.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> For instance, a single genus in Lymnaeidae was recognized by Walter (1968),<ref>Walter H. J. (1968). "Evolution, taxonomic revolution, and zoogeography of the Lymnaeidae". ''Bulletin of the American Malacological Union'' '''34''': 18-20.</ref> two by Hubendick (1951),<ref name="Hubendick 1951"/> and up to 34 genera by others.<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref>Burch J. B. (1982). "North American freshwater snails". ''Transactions of the POETS Society'' '''1'''(4):217-365.</ref><ref>Jackiewicz M. (1993). "Phylogeny and relationships within the European species of the family Lymnaeidae". ''Folia Malacologica'' '''5''': 61-95.</ref><ref>Glöer P. & Meier-Brook C. (1998). ''Süsswassermollusken''. In: Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 12th edition. Hamburg, Germany: Deutscher Jugendbund für Naturbeobachtung.</ref> Results by Correa et al. (2010)<ref name="Correa 2010"/> indicate that genera in Lymnaeidae do not reflect phylogenetic relationships, to the notable exception of ''Radix'' (including ''Radix natalensis'').<ref name="Correa 2010"/>
The type species of ''Lymnaea'' is ''Lymnaea stagnalis'' Linnaeus, 1758; the type species of ''Stagnicola'' Jeffreys, 1830 is ''Stagnicola palustris'' (= ''Lymnaea palustris''); and the type species of ''Omphiscola'' Rafinesque, 1819 is ''Omphiscola glabra''.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> However, it is clear that these three species belong to the same clade (C2) and that ''Lymnaea'' is not a monophyletic group.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> Correa et al. (2010)<ref name="Correa 2010"/> proposed that species of clade C2 should all be called ''Lymnaea'', according to the principle of priority of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).<ref name="Correa 2010"/> By extension, ''Stagnicola'' should not be used to name species in clade C1a since the type species belongs to clade C2.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> Meier-Brook & Bargues (2002)<ref>Meier-Brook C. & Bargues M. D. (2002). "''Catascopia'', a new genus for three Nearctic and one Palaearctic stagnicoline species (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)". ''Folia Malacologica'' '''10''': 83-84.</ref> suggested including ''Stagnicola emarginata'', ''Stagnicola elodes'', ''Stagnicola catascopium'' and ''Lymnaea occulta'' within a new genus ''Catascopia'', while ''Stagnicla caperata'' would belong to the genus ''Hinkleyia'' Baker, 1928.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> The phylogeny by Correa et al. (2010)<ref name="Correa 2010"/> does not conflict with this nomenclature, although it would seem preferable to identify all species of clade C1a with the same name to reflect the close evolutionary relationships among these species.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> ''Hinkleyia'' would be the preferable name according to the ICZN.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> On the other hand, at least four genera names have been used for species of clade C1b: ''Lymnaea'' Lamarck, 1799; ''Galba'' Schrank, 1803; ''Fossaria'' Westerlund, 1885; and ''Bakerilymnaea''.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> In the light of the present results, it would be preferable to unify nomenclature.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> According to the ICZN, ''Lymnaea'' should be the unified name, but given that the type species belongs to clade C2, ''Galba'' could be a more appropriate name. Finally, as said above, ''Austropeplea'' Cotton, 1942 is not a monophyletic group, and employing the genus ''Kutikina'' Ponder & Waterhouse, 1997 (one species: ''Kutikina hispida'') seems unjustified on the basis of the current phylogeny.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> This would also be consistent with results of Puslednik et al. (2009).<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Puslednik | first1 = L. | last2 = Ponder | first2 = W. F. | last3 = Dowton | first3 = M. | last4 = Davis | first4 = A. R. | title = Examining the phylogeny of the Australasian Lymnaeidae (Heterobranchia: Pulmonata: Gastropoda) using mitochondrial, nuclear and morphological markers | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.03.033 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 52 | issue = 3 | pages = 643–659 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19362157}}</ref> It would be preferable to use ''Bullastra'' Pfeiffer, 1839 for all species of clade C3a to fit the ICZN.<ref name="Correa 2010"/>
==Genera== Genera in the family Lymnaeidae include:
subfamily Lymnaeinae * ''Acella'' Haldeman, 1841<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Aenigmomphiscola'' Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1981<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Bulimnea'' Haldeman, 1841<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Corvusiana'' Servain, 1881<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> - probably a subgenus of ''Stagnicola''<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Corvusiana'' sensu stricto<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Kuesterilymnaea'' Vinarski, 2003<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Erinna'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Galba'' Schrank, 1803<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> - synonym: ''Fossaria'' Westerlund, 1885<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Galba'' sensu stricto ** subgenus ''Bakerilymnaea'' Weyrauch, 1964<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Sibirigalba'' Kruglov et Starobogatov, 1985<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Hinkleyia'' F. C. Baker, 1928<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Ladislavella'' B. Dybowski, 1913<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> - synonym: ''Catascopia'' Meier-Brook & Bargues, 2002<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Lymnaea'' sensu stricto<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Kazakhlymnaea'' Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1984<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Lymnaea'' Lamarck, 1799 - type genus of the family Lymnaeidae<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref name="Bouchet 2005"/><ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Omphiscola'' Rafinesque, 1819<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Pseudoisidora'' Thiele, 1931<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Pseudoisidora'' sensu stricto<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Pseudobulinus'' Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1993<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Pseudosuccinea'' F. C. Baker, 1908<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Sphaerogalba'' Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> - possibly a synonym of ''Bakerilymnaea''<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Stagnicola'' Leach in Jeffreys, 1830<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Walhiana'' Servain, 1881<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> - probably a subgenus of ''Stagnicola''<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Walterigalba'' Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> - probably a subgenus of ''Hinkleyia''<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ;Genera brought into synonymy: * ''Catascopia'' Meier-Brook & Bargues, 2002: synonym of ''Ladislavella'' B. Dybowski, 1913 * ''Fossaria'' Westerlund, 1885: synonym of ''Galba'' Schrank, 1803 * ''Limnaea'': synonym of ''Lymnaea'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Limneus'' Sandberger, 1875: synonym of ''Lymnaea'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Limneus'' auct.: synonym of ''Lymnaea'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Limnophysa'' Fitzinger, 1833: synonym of ''Stagnicola'' Jeffreys, 1830 * ''Lymnaeus'': synonym of ''Lymnaea'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Nasonia'' F. C. Baker, 1928: synonym of ''Galba (Bakerilymnaea)'' Weyrauch, 1964 represented as ''Galba'' Schrank, 1803 * ''Truncatuliana'' Servain, 1881: synonym of ''Galba'' Schrank, 1803 * ''Walterlymnaea'' Starobogatov & Budnikova, 1976: synonym of ''Ladislavella'' B. Dybowski, 1913
subfamily Amphipepleinae Pini, 1877 (synonym: Radicinae Vinarski, 2013) * ''Austropeplea'' B. C. Cotton, 1942<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> - synonym: ''Kutikina'' Ponder & Waterhouse, 1997 (there was one species ''Kutikina hispida'').<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ponder | first1 = W. F. | last2 = Waterhouse | first2 = J. H. | doi = 10.1093/mollus/63.3.441 | title = A New Genus and Species of Lymnaeidae from the Lower Franklin River, South Western Tasmania, Australia | journal = Journal of Molluscan Studies | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 441 | year = 1997 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * ''Bullastra'' Bergh, 1901<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Lantzia'' Jousseaume, 1872<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Limnobulla'' Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Myxas'' G. B. Sowerby, 1822<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Orientogalba'' Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Pacifimyxas'' Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Pectinidens'' Pilsbry, 1911<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Radix'' Montfort, 1810<ref name="Correa 2010"/><ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> - type genus of the subfamily Radicinae<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Radix'' sensu stricto<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ** subgenus ''Peregriana'' Servain, 1881<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> * ''Cerasina'' Kobelt, 1880<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> - taxon inquirendum: maybe it is a synonym of ''Radix''<ref name="Vinarski 2013"/> ;Genera brought into synonymy: * ''Amphipeplea'' Nilsson, 1822: synonym of ''Myxas'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1822 * ''Auriculariana'' Servain, 1881: synonym of ''Radix'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Cyclolimnaea'' Dall, 1905: synonym of ''Myxas'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1822 * ''Gulnaria'' Turton, 1831: synonym of ''Radix'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Kutikina'' Ponder & Waterhouse, 1997: synonym of ''Austropeplea'' Cotton, 1942 * ''Neritostoma'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of ''Radix'' Montfort, 1810
subfamily Lancinae [[File:Banbury springs lanx.jpg|thumb|''Idaholanx fresti'']] * ''Idaholanx'' Clark, Campbell & Lydeard, 2017 - with the only species ''Idaholanx fresti'' Clark, Campbell & Lydeard, 2017<ref name="Clark et al 2017">{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=David C.|last2=Clark|first2=Stephanie A.|last3=Lydeard|first3=Charles|title=Phylogenetic analysis of the Lancinae (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae) with a description of the U.S. federally endangered Banbury Springs lanx|journal=ZooKeys|date=2017|issue=663|pages=107–132|doi=10.3897/zookeys.663.11320|pmid=28769620|pmc=5523177|doi-access=free}}</ref> * ''Lanx'' Clessin, 1880 - type genus of the subfamily Lancinae<ref name="Bouchet 2005"/>
† subfamily Scalaxinae * ''Scalaxis'' Pilsbry, 1909 - type genus of the subfamily Scalaxinae<ref name="Bouchet 2005"/>
† subfamily Valencieniinae * † ''Provalenciennesia'' Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923 * † ''Valenciennius'' Rousseau, 1842 - type genus of the subfamily Valencieniinae<ref name="Bouchet 2005"/> ;Genera brought into synonymy: * † ''Provalenciennius'' Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923: synonym of † ''Provalenciennesia'' Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923 * † ''Valenciennesia'' Fischer, 1859: synonym of † ''Valenciennius'' Rousseau, 1842
subfamily ? * ''Adelinella'' Wenz, 1922 * † ''Boskovicia'' Brusina, 1894 * † ''Clivunella'' Katzer, 1918 * † ''Corymbina'' Bulowski, 1892 * ''Fisherola'' Hannibal, 1912{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} * ''Glacilimnea'' Iredale, 1943 * † ''Hiscerus'' Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923 * ''Peplimnea'' Iredale, 1943 * ''Simlimnea'' Iredale, 1943 * † ''Undulotheca'' Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923 * † ''Velutinopsis'' Sandberger, 1875 * † ''Zagrabica'' Brusina, 1884
== Distribution == Lymnaeidae snails occur worldwide,<ref name="Correa 2010"/> however, most species occur in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> An unidentified fragmentary lymnaeid from deposits of the Meyer Desert Formation (reported in 2003) was the first freshwater snail recorded from Antarctica.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ashworth | first1 = A. C. | doi = 10.1093/mollus/69.1.89 | title = The first freshwater molluscs from Antarctica | journal = Journal of Molluscan Studies | volume = 69 | pages = 89–95 | year = 2003 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
== Description == This family exhibits a great diversity in shell morphology but extremely homogeneous anatomical traits.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> Diversity of shell morphology is linked to substantial eco-phenotypic plasticity.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> Hubendick (1951)<ref name="Hubendick 1951">Hubendick B. (1951). "Recent Lymnaeidae, their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution". ''Kungl Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar'' '''3''': 1-223.</ref> illustrated this point by compiling up to 1143 species names, a large number of which he synonymized.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> In contrast, the anatomy of their reproductive tracts (including prostate, penis and preputium) is extremely homogeneous.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> Immunological, cytogenetical, enzyme electrophoresis studies, and DNA-based approaches have demonstrated extensive homoplasy in anatomical characters.<ref name="Correa 2010"/>
== Ecology == Lymnaeidae are of major medical and veterinary importance since they act as vectors of parasites (helminths, mainly trematodes, e.g., ''Fasciola'' liver flukes) that severely affect human populations and livestock, and cause important economic losses.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> Lymnaeids serve as intermediate hosts of at least 71 trematode species distributed among 13 families, including some species of Schistosomatidae and Echinostomatidae, with implications for human health, and ''Paramphistomum daubneyi'', which is of veterinary interest.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> The most emblematic case of parasite transmitted by lymnaeids is ''Fasciola hepatica'' (Digenea: Fasciolidae), the agent of fascioliasis.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> Mollusks, generally lymnaeids, are required as intermediate hosts to complete the life cycle of ''Fasciola hepatica''.<ref name="Correa 2010"/> At least 20 species of Lymnaeidae have been described as potential vectors of fascioliasis.<ref name="Correa 2010"/>
==References== This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference<ref name="Correa 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Correa | first1 = A. C. | last2 = Escobar | first2 = J. S. | last3 = Durand | first3 = P. | last4 = Renaud | first4 = F. O. | last5 = David | first5 = P. | last6 = Jarne | first6 = P. | last7 = Pointier | first7 = J. P. | last8 = Hurtrez-Boussès | first8 = S. | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-10-381 | title = Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of Fascioliasis | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 10 | pages = 381 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21143890| pmc =3013105 | doi-access = free }}</ref> {{Reflist}}
== Further reading == * Baker F. C. (1911). [https://archive.org/details/lymnidofnort00bakerich "The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America"]. ''Special publication of the Chicago Academy of Sciences'', '''3''': XVI+539 pp. * Kruglov N. D. & Starobogatov Y. I. (1993). "Annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of the family Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Lymnaeiformes) of Palaearctic and adjacent river drainage areas. Part 1." ''Ruthenica'' '''1''': 65–92. * Vinarski, V.M. (2013). One, two, or several? How many lymnaeid genera are there?. Ruthenica. 23(1): 41-58
== External links == * {{Cite journal|last1=Aksenova|first1=Olga V.|last2=Bolotov|first2=Ivan N.|last3=Gofarov|first3=Mikhail Yu.|last4=Kondakov|first4=Alexander V.|last5=Vinarski|first5=Maxim V.|last6=Bespalaya|first6=Yulia V.|last7=Kolosova|first7=Yulia S.|last8=Palatov|first8=Dmitry M.|last9=Sokolova|first9=Svetlana E.|date=2018-07-25|title=Species Richness, Molecular Taxonomy and Biogeography of the Radicine Pond Snails (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) in the Old World|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=8|issue=1|page=11199|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-29451-1|pmid=30046044|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6060155|bibcode=2018NatSR...811199A}}
{{Commons category|Lymnaeidae}} {{taxonbar|from=Q1425115}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Lymnaeidae Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque