Lycopodium annotinum

{{Short description|Species of clubmoss in the family Lycopodiaceae}} {{Speciesbox | image = Lycopodium annotinum 161102a.jpg | status = G5 | status_system = TNC | genus = Spinulum | species = annotinum | authority = (L.) A.Haines | synonyms_ref= | synonyms = * ''Lycopodium bryophyllum'' C.Presl * ''Lepidotis annotina'' (L.) P.Beauv. * ''Lycopodium annotinum'' (L.) }}

'''''Spinulum annotinum''''', synonym '''''Lycopodium annotinum''''', known as '''interrupted club-moss''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> or '''stiff clubmoss''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=LYAN2|taxon=Lycopodium annotinum|accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref> is a species of clubmoss native to forests of the colder parts of North America (Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, all 10 provinces and all 3 territories of Canada, Alaska, and mountains of the contiguous United States),<ref>{{BONAP |genus=Spinulum |species=annotinum |state=1 |date=2014}}</ref> as well as Asia (China, Russia, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Assam),<ref>{{eFloras|2|200002748|Lycopodium annotinum |family=Lycopodiaceae |first1=Li-Bing |last1=Zhang |first2=Kunio |last2=Iwatsuki}}</ref> and most of Europe.<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=lycopodium+annotinum Altervista Flora Italiana, Licopodio gineprino, ''Lycopodium annotinum'' L.] includes photos and European distribution map</ref> It is an evergreen perennial pteridophyte.<ref name="Piirainen-1999">{{cite book |last1=Piirainen |first1=Mikko |last2=Piirainen |first2=Pirkko |last3=Vainio |first3=Hannele |title=Kotimaan luonnonkasvit |trans-title=Native wild plants |date=1999 |isbn=951-0-23001-4 |page=15 |language=fi |location=Porvoo, Finland |publisher=WSOY}}</ref> The genus ''Spinulum'' is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I),<ref name=PPGI/> but not in other classifications, which submerge the genus in ''Lycopodium''.<ref name=ChriChas14/>

== Description == ''Spinulum annotinum'' is a common and widespread club-moss spreading by means of horizontal stems running along the surface of the ground. It is usually unbranched or sparingly branched, each branch containing a cone at the top. Leaves have minute teeth on their edges.<ref>{{eFloras|1|200002748|Lycopodium annotinum|family=Lycopodiaceae|first1=Warren H.|last1=Wagner Jr.|first2=Joseph M.|last2=Beitel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aiken |first1=S.G. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |last3=Consaul |first3=L.L. |last4=McJannet |first4=C.L. |last5=Boles |first5=R.L. |last6=Argus |first6=G.W. |last7=Gillett |first7=J.M. |last8=Scott |first8=P.J. |last9=Elven |first9=R. |last10=LeBlanc |first10=M.C. |last11=Gillespie |first11=L.J. |last12=Brysting |first12=A.K. |last13=Solstad |first13=H. |last14=Harris |first14=J.G. |title=''Lycopodium annotinum'' subsp. ''alpestre'' |url=http://nature.ca/aaflora/data/www/ptlyan.htm |website=Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval |publisher=NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309063708/http://nature.ca/aaflora/data/www/ptlyan.htm |archive-date=9 March 2023 |location=Ottawa |date=2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lycopodium annotinum L., Lycopode à rameaux annuels |url=http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-75232-synthese |work=Tela Botanica |language=French}}</ref> The branches are {{cvt|5|-|25|cm|0}} long, upright and somewhat branchless themselves. The sporangium are located at the top of the branches in individually located spore cones.<ref name="Piirainen-1999" />

== Uses == In Finnish traditional medicine ''Spinulum annotinum'' has been used as a remedy for rickets. The plant's spore dust has also been used as medicine for rashes and inflammation. The spore dust or lycopodium powder has also been used as 'fly gunpowder' (''kärpäsruuti'' in Finnish) due to the oily and easily flammable nature of the spores.<ref name="Piirainen-1999" />

The plant has been used as decoration in binding crafts in Finland.<ref name="Piirainen-1999" />thumb|Growing in Germany ==Alkaloids== Four alkaloids were found to be present in ''Lycopodium annotinum''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Anet, F. A. L.)), ((Khan, N. H.)) | journal=Canadian Journal of Chemistry | title=ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM: PART II. ISOLATION OF FOUR NEW ALKALOIDS | volume=37 | issue=9 | pages=1589–1596 | date=1 September 1959 | url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/v59-230 | doi=10.1139/v59-230| url-access=subscription }}</ref> These include: Annofoline, Lycofoline,<ref>Anet, F. A. L., Ahmad, M., Khan, N. H. (1 February 1962). "THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM: PART V. THE STRUCTURE AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF LYCOFOLINE". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 40 (2): 236–239. doi:10.1139/v62-040.</ref> α-Lofoline & β-Lofoline (fawcettiine).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Burnell, R. H.)), ((Mootoo, B. S.)), ((Taylor, D. R.)) | journal=Canadian Journal of Chemistry | title=ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM FAWCETTII. PART II | volume=38 | issue=10 | pages=1927–1932 | date=1 October 1960 | url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/v60-259 | doi=10.1139/v60-259| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Lycodine is another example of such an alkaloid.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Anet, F. A. L.)), ((Eves, C. R.)) | journal=Canadian Journal of Chemistry | title=LYCODINE, A NEW ALKALOID OF LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM | volume=36 | issue=6 | pages=902–909 | date=1 June 1958 | url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/v58-130 | doi=10.1139/v58-130| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=ChriChas14>{{Cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J.M. |last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |date=2014 |title=Trends and concepts in fern classification |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=571–594 |doi=10.1093/aob/mct299 |pmid=24532607 |pmc=3936591 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=PPGI>{{cite journal |author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 |doi-access=free }}</ref> }}

==External links== * [http://www.tropicos.org/Image/51942 Photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected on Mt. Adams in New Hampshire in 1889, neotype of ''Lycopodium annotinum''] * {{Go Botany |genus=spinulum |species=annotinum |link=1}}, ''Spinulum annotinum'' (L.) A. Haines bristly clubmoss, common interrupted-clubmoss] photos plus New England distribution map * {{Michigan Flora |id=1652 |link=1}}, ''Spinulum annotinum'' (L.) A. Haines photos plus Michigan distribution map * [http://vaplantatlas.org/index.php?do=plant&plant=913 Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora, ''Spinulum annotinum'' (L.) A. Haines] photos plus Virginia distribution map * [http://www.borealforest.org/ferns/fern8.htm Boreal Forest, ''Lycopodium annotinum'' Stiff Clubmoss] description, photos, ecological information * [http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/skye/lycopodiaceae/lycopodium-annotinum.htm West Highland (Scotland) Flora, Interrupted Clubmoss, ''Lycopodium annotinum''] photos from near Skye in Scotland

Category:Lycopodiaceae Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Flora of Northern America Category:Flora of Asia Category:Flora of Europe