Lüshunkou

{{EngvarB|date=December 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}{{Infobox settlement | name = Lüshunkou | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|旅顺口区}}}} | official_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = District | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = | area_code = | image_skyline = 黄金山より旅順口港内全景.jpg | image_caption = View of Lüshun's harbor and town from Huangjin Mountain | map_caption = | pushpin_map = China Liaoning#China | pushpin_label = Lüshunkou | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Liaoning | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = People's Republic of China | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Liaoning | subdivision_type2 = Sub-provincial city | subdivision_name2 = Dalian | subdivision_type3 = Subdivisions | subdivision_name3 = | area_footnotes = <ref name="stats yearbook">Dalian Statistical Yearbook 2012 ({{zh|s=《大连统计年鉴2012》|labels=no}}). Accessed 8 July 2014.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 512.15 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 398,579 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_density_km2 = auto | coordinates_footnotes = | coordinates = {{Coord|38|51|03|N|121|15|25|E|region:CN-21_type:adm3rd|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = | timezone = China Standard | utc_offset = +8 | website = {{URL|www.dllsk.gov.cn}} | blank_name_sec2 = Division code | blank_info_sec2 = 210212 }}

'''Lüshunkou District''' (also '''Lyushunkou District'''; {{zh|s=旅顺口区|labels=no}}), commonly known as '''Lüshun''' ({{zh|s=旅顺|labels=no}}), is a district of Dalian, Liaoning province, China. The district has an area of {{cvt|512.15|km2}} and a permanent population of 398,579 {{As of|2020|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dàlián Shì (Sub-provincial City, China) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/liaoning/admin/2102__d%C3%A0li%C3%A1n_sh%C3%AC/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><ref name="stats yearbook"/><ref name="permanent census">2010 Census county-by-county statistics ({{zh|s=《中国2010年人口普查分县资料》|labels=no}}). Accessed 8 July 2014.</ref>

Lüshunkou is located at the extreme southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula. It has a natural harbor, the possession and control of which became a ''casus belli'' of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05). Japanese and then Russian administration was established in 1895 and continued until 1905 when control was ceded to Japan. During that period, it was world-famous and was more significant than the other port on the peninsula, Dalian proper.

Lüshunkou was formerly known as both '''Port Arthur''' ({{langx|ru|Порт-Артур |translit=Port-Artur}}) and '''Ryojun''' ({{langx|ja|旅順}}). After World War II, it was returned to China as Lüshun City. In 1960, Lüshun was redesignated as a district of Dalian (known as Lüda until 1981).

==Toponym== Lüshunkou, meaning "port of smooth journeys", was named in 1371 to commemorate a successful Ming expedition into Liaodong. A naval force set sail from Penglai, Shandong and landed at Lüshunkou to attack the remaining Yuan forces on the Liaodong Peninsula.<ref>{{cite news |title=旅顺：这里,应建一座国家历史文化记忆公园 |url=https://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-02/02/c_1122357087.htm |agency=Xinhua |date=2 February 2018}}</ref>

In English-language diplomatic, news, and historical writings, it was known as Port Arthur after a British Royal Navy Lieutenant named William Arthur who surveyed the harbour in the gunboat HMS ''Algerine'' in 1860.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LAH19040725.2.42&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |title=The Name Port Arthur, History and Origin of How It Was Applied |publisher=Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXXI, Number 300, 25 July 1904 (accessed at UCR Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research) |access-date=December 11, 2020}}</ref>

During the period when the Japanese Empire controlled and administered the Liaodong (= Liaotung) Peninsula it was called {{Nihongo|2=旅順|3=Ryojun}}, the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese characters in the city's name. After the Japanese defeat in World War II, the city was under the administration of the Soviet Union, which rented the port from China, until 1950. Although the Soviets presented the port to the new People's Republic of China in 1950, Soviet Armed Forces troops remained in the city until 1955.

==Geography== [[File:Dalian, China, satellite image, LandSat-5, 2010-08-03.jpg|thumb|right|Dalian and vicinities, Landsat 5 satellite image, 2010-08-03]] Central Dalian is some {{cvt|40|km|0|abbr=off}} farther up the coast, sprawling around the narrowest neck of the Liaodong Peninsula ({{zh|s=辽东半岛|t=遼東半島|p=Liáodōng Bàndǎo}}), whereas Lüshun occupies its southern tip. (See Landsat Map below Zoomed – Lüshun City surrounds the lake-like structure clearly visible near the peninsular tip—the lake-like feature is the inner natural harbour of the port, a very well-sheltered and fortifiable harbour to 19th century eyes.)

The Liaodong Peninsula is located northwest in relation to Korea, the Yellow Sea to its southeast, the Korea Bay to its due east, and the Bohai Sea (or Gulf) to its west. Beijing is almost directly (due west-northwest) across the Bo Hai Gulf from the port city.

==History== [[File:PA065379清代海防砲台.jpg|thumbnail|Artillery battery at a fortress in Lüshunkou]] In the late 1880s, the German company Krupp was contracted by the Qing dynasty to build a series of fortifications around Port Arthur. Reportedly, this was after local contractors had "made an extensive bungle of the job".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SiLnvcc_gAkC |title=Under the dragon flag: My experiences in the Chino-Japanese war |author=James Allen |year=1898 |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company |pages=39 |access-date=7 August 2011}}</ref>

Port Arthur first came into international prominence during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895). Following Japan's victory over the Imperial Chinese Army troops at the Battle of Pyongyang in Korea in September 1894, the Japanese First and Second Armies converged on the Liaodong Peninsula by land and sea. Imperial Japanese Armed Forces war planners, ambitious for control of the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur and also cognizant of that port's strategic position controlling the northern Yellow Sea routes and the passage to Tianjin, were determined to seize it.

[[File:旅顺博物馆.jpg|thumb|Lüshun Museum]]

On 20–21 November 1894, 15,000 Japanese troops defeated 13,000 Qing soldiers and conquered Lüshunkou. The Port Arthur massacre resulted in the deaths of somewhere between 2,600 civilians and 20,000 people including Chinese soldiers.

Japan went on to occupy Port Arthur and to seize control of the whole Liaodong Peninsula. As part of the terms of the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki concluding the war, Japan was granted the Liaodong Peninsula but had to cede the territory when threatened jointly with war by France, Germany and Russia in what is called the Triple Intervention of 1895. This was seen as a great humiliation in Japan.

===Russian base in Port Arthur=== The Russian Empire in 1898 coerced a lease from China of the Liaodong Peninsula and created the territory of Russian Dalian. It gained railroad right-of-way to join the Liaodong Peninsula to the Chinese Eastern Railway with a line running from Port Arthur to the Chinese city of Harbin, and systematically began to fortify the town and harbour at Port Arthur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lim |first=Robyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WB47MvVaDWAC |title=The Geopolitics of East Asia |date=2012-10-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-43270-7 |page=28 |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117173950/https://books.google.com/books?id=WB47MvVaDWAC |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsar Nicholas II believed this acquisition of a Pacific port would enhance Russian security, and extend its economic influence. He was also falsely informed that the British Empire was considering seizing the port.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sebag Montefiore |first=Simon |date=2016 |title=The Romanovs |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |pages=503–504}}</ref> Nicholas founded Dalny (later Dalian) near Port Arthur and also on the Chinese Eastern Railway. In 1902, the Russian viceroy de-emphasized Dalny, building a palace and cultural edifices at Port Arthur instead. All of these developments contributed to Japanese resentment towards Russia over competing imperial aims in Manchuria.

===Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)=== Ten years later, Port Arthur again played a central role in war in China. After the Boxer Rebellion (1900–01) had been extinguished by an international Eight-Nation Alliance of troops, the Imperial Russian Army refused to withdraw its reinforcements from Manchuria and instead began to fortify and garrison the entire route along the Southern Manchurian Railway. With this development, Japan proposed the two powers meet and discuss their respective roles in eastern Manchuria, as the area was considered being in their respective spheres of influence. Talks were conducted between 1902 and 1904. While numerous proposals and agreement papers were generated between the two powers, Russia continued the de facto annexation of territory through fortification and garrison, if not ''de jure''; while employing stalling tactics in its negotiations. In the end, after more than two years of intensive bilateral negotiations failed to clarify each country's rights, prerogatives, and interests in Manchuria, Japan attacked Port Arthur and the Russian fleet without declaring war in February 1904.

==== The Battle of Port Arthur ==== [[File:Shinohara Kiyooki - 1904 - A Righteous War to Chastise the Russians The Destroyer Force's Night Attack (Chô Ro gisen, kichiku tai yashû).jpg|right|thumb|A Japanese propaganda block print of the night attack on Port Arthur by the Japanese Navy]] The Battle of Port Arthur, the opening battle of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought in the heavily fortified harbour of the town of Port Arthur/Lüshun on 9 February 1904 when the Japanese attacked at night with torpedoes, followed by a brief daylight skirmish by major surface combatants.

By the end of July 1904, the Japanese army had pushed down the Liaodong peninsula and was at the outer defences of Port Arthur. The fact that Japanese forces had closed to within artillery range of the harbour in early August 1904 led directly to the naval Battle of the Yellow Sea which solidified Japan's command of the sea, where her fleets continued to blockade the harbour. Virtually all the battles of the war until July 1904 were strategic battles for territorial gain or position leading to the investment and siege of the port city.

The port eventually fell 2 January 1905 after a long train of battles on land and sea during which the Japanese occupied the whole of the Korean Peninsula, split the Russian Army, devastated the Imperial Russian Navy, and cut off the source of supplies on the railway from Harbin, culminating in the bloody battle known as the Siege of Port Arthur (June–January; some sources place the siege start in late July, a technical difference due to definitions).

===Japanese Ryojun=== After Japan's defeat of Russia, it took over Kwantung Leased Territory and renamed Port Arthur Ryojun. The Japanese-controlled Ryojun City had 40 districts. They built the war monuments on 203 Hill and Baiyu Mountain. The Port Arthur–Harbin line became part of the South Manchurian Railway. After Japan created the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932, Japan regarded its lease as being held from Manchukuo rather than from China.

===Post-war administration=== thumb|View of Lüshunkou The Chinese Lüshun City was established on 25 November 1945 to replace Ryojun. The city was a subdivision of a larger Lüda City and contained 40 villages in 3 districts: Dazhong ({{zh|s=大众区 |t=大眾區|labels=no}}), Wenhua ({{zh|c=文化|labels=no}}), and Guangming ({{zh|c=光明|labels=no}}). In January 1946, Wenhua was merged into Dazhong, and the 40 villages were reduced to 23 communes ({{zh|c={{linktext|坊}} |labels=no}}). In January 1948, the remaining two districts were merged into one: Shinei ({{zh|s=市内区 |t=市內區|labels=no}}), with 12 communes.

Under the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance signed by Joseph Stalin and Chiang Kai-shek, the Republic of China agreed to allow the Soviet Navy to maintain a base there in exchange for Soviet diplomatic recognition of the Nationalist government. However, the USSR later used the port to assist the Chinese Communist Party's People's Liberation Army during the Chinese Civil War, leading to the Kuomintang's overthrow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank. |title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-62040-347-1 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=12–18}}</ref>

On 7 January 1960, Lüshun City was renamed Lüshunkou District, still under Lüda. In 1981, Lüda was renamed Dalian, with Lüshunkou remaining a constituent district. In 1985, 7 of Lüshunkou's 9 townships were upgraded to towns.

Lüshunkou District administers 9 subdistricts; all of the former towns were either abolished, merged or converted into subdistricts themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/21/02/210212.html|script-title=zh:2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：旅顺口区|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China|language=zh-cn|access-date=2019-01-31|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217081649/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/21/02/210212.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *Dengfeng Subdistrict ({{lang|zh|登峰街道}}) *Desheng Subdistrict ({{lang|zh|得胜街道}}) *Shuishiying Subdistrict ({{lang|zh|水师营街道}}) *Longwangtang Subdistrict ({{lang|zh|龙王塘街道}}) *Tieshan Subdistrict ({{lang|zh|铁山街道}}) *Shuangdaowan Subdistrict ({{lang|zh|双岛湾街道}}) *Sanjianpu Subdistrict ({{lang|zh|三涧堡街道}}) *Changcheng Subdistrict ({{lang|zh|长城街道}}) *Longtou Subdistrict ({{lang|zh|龙头街道}}) {{div col end}}

The city's southern half along Lüshun South Road, central Lüshun and the Naval Port zone continue to be off-limits to foreigners although Lüshunkou District is thoroughly modernized. The World Peace Park opened on the western coast of Lüshun, becoming a sightseeing spot.

The universities in downtown Dalian are being relocated to Lüshunkou. Dalian Jiaotong University (formerly Dalian Railroad University) moved its software school to the area near the new port, and the Dalian University of Foreign Languages and Dalian Medical University relocated their main campuses to the eastern slope of Baiying Mountain, on Lüshun South Road. Dalian Fisheries University is in the process of moving its English and Japanese language schools to Daheishi, on Lüshun North Road. From late 2006, Sinorail has operated the Bohai Train Ferry between Lüshun, Dalian, and Yantai, Shandong.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

{|class="wikitable" |+Historic and modern names, translated into English, of landmark facilities in Lüshun{{cn|date=May 2024}} |- ! Under Russian rule !! Under Japanese rule !! Under Chinese rule{{or|date=May 2024}} |- !colspan=3| The Old Town |- | Unknown || Lüshun City Hall || Commercial Bldg. on right of New Mart Supermarket |- | Unknown || Public Welfare Office || Naval Hotel |- | — || Lüshun Branch, Bank of Chōsen || Lüshun Branch, Commercial Bank of China |- | — || Lüshun No. 1 Primary School || A Naval Facility (on left of Zhangjian Rd. South 3rd Alley) |- | Red Cross Hospital || Lüshun Hospital & Medical School || A Naval Facility (Lüshunkou Hospital on north side) |- | — || Kwantung High Court || Old Kwantung High Court (inside Hospital premises) |- | Lüshun Jail (Gray Walled Bldgs.) || Lüshun Jail (Extended with Red Walled Bldgs.) || Russo-Japanese Jail (Anti-Imperialist Propaganda Facility) |- | — || Lüshun Danish Lutheran Church || Lüshunkou Christian Church |- | — || Hyochu (Showing Loyalty) Tower || White Jade Tower |- | — || Asahi (Morning Sun) Plaza || Friendship Park |- !colspan=3| The New Town |- | Unknown || Japan Bridge (over the Long He) || Liberation Bridge |- | Russian Marines Hqs. || Lüshun Institute of Technology || Navy Hospital No. 406 |- | Unknown || Lüshun High School || A Naval Facility (Lüshun command) |- | A German Merchant's Store || Lüshun (No. 1) Middle School || A Naval facility (No. 58 Stalin Rd.) |- | Meeting Place of Sniper Unit's Non-commissioned Officers || Lüshun No. 2 Primary School || Dalian City No. 56 Middle School |- | Ji Fengtai's Shop || The Lüshun Yamato Hotel || Shop & Hostel |- | Unknown || Lüshun No. 2 Middle School || Not Used |- | Photoshop/Town Hall/Restaurant || Lüshun Girls' High School || Navy Related Families' Living Quarters |- | Unknown || Kodama Ground || Ground for Navy |- | Unknown || Korakuen Park || Lüshun Museum Park |}

==Climate== {{Weather box |width = auto |metric first = y |single line = y |collapsed = Y |location = Lüshunkou District, elevation {{convert|67|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1991–present) |Jan record high C = 11.2 |Feb record high C = 15.1 |Mar record high C = 22.3 |Apr record high C = 26.7 |May record high C = 33.6 |Jun record high C = 34.7 |Jul record high C = 37.5 |Aug record high C = 36.6 |Sep record high C = 32.0 |Oct record high C = 27.0 |Nov record high C = 20.5 |Dec record high C = 14.3 |Jan record low C = -18.0 |Feb record low C = -15.4 |Mar record low C = -8.5 |Apr record low C = -1.3 |May record low C = 5.0 |Jun record low C = 8.6 |Jul record low C = 15.8 |Aug record low C = 14.3 |Sep record low C = 7.9 |Oct record low C = -0.7 |Nov record low C = -9.0 |Dec record low C = -13.0 |Jan high C = 0.6 |Feb high C = 2.7 |Mar high C = 7.9 |Apr high C = 14.6 |May high C = 20.4 |Jun high C = 24.2 |Jul high C = 27.0 |Aug high C = 27.7 |Sep high C = 24.5 |Oct high C = 18.2 |Nov high C = 10.3 |Dec high C = 3.5 |Jan mean C = -3.0 |Feb mean C = -1.0 |Mar mean C = 3.8 |Apr mean C = 10.1 |May mean C = 15.9 |Jun mean C = 20.2 |Jul mean C = 23.6 |Aug mean C = 24.3 |Sep mean C = 20.8 |Oct mean C = 14.4 |Nov mean C = 6.7 |Dec mean C = 0.0 |Jan low C = -6.3 |Feb low C = -4.3 |Mar low C = 0.4 |Apr low C = 6.4 |May low C = 12.0 |Jun low C = 17.0 |Jul low C = 21.1 |Aug low C = 21.6 |Sep low C = 17.3 |Oct low C = 10.7 |Nov low C = 3.1 |Dec low C = -3.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 4.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 6.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 11.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 32.5 |May precipitation mm = 55.7 |Jun precipitation mm = 71.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 129.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 160.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 46.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 34.3 |Nov precipitation mm = 26.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 8.5 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 3.1 |Feb precipitation days = 2.2 |Mar precipitation days = 3.0 |Apr precipitation days = 5.5 |May precipitation days = 6.5 |Jun precipitation days = 7.8 |Jul precipitation days = 9.0 |Aug precipitation days = 8.5 |Sep precipitation days = 5.2 |Oct precipitation days = 5.3 |Nov precipitation days = 5.2 |Dec precipitation days = 4.3 |year precipitation days = |Jan humidity = 60 |Feb humidity = 61 |Mar humidity = 59 |Apr humidity = 60 |May humidity = 64 |Jun humidity = 77 |Jul humidity = 85 |Aug humidity = 84 |Sep humidity = 73 |Oct humidity = 65 |Nov humidity = 62 |Dec humidity = 60 |Jan sun = 178.6 |Feb sun = 182.7 |Mar sun = 233.2 |Apr sun = 242.1 |May sun = 264.7 |Jun sun = 231.7 |Jul sun = 192.7 |Aug sun = 211.7 |Sep sun = 225.4 |Oct sun = 210.8 |Nov sun = 160.7 |Dec sun = 154.8 |year sun = |Jan percentsun = 59 |Feb percentsun = 60 |Mar percentsun = 63 |Apr percentsun = 61 |May percentsun = 60 |Jun percentsun = 52 |Jul percentsun = 43 |Aug percentsun = 51 |Sep percentsun = 61 |Oct percentsun = 62 |Nov percentsun = 54 |Dec percentsun = 53 |year percentsun = |Jan snow days = 6.0 |Feb snow days = 3.7 |Mar snow days = 1.7 |Apr snow days = 0.2 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0.2 |Nov snow days = 3.2 |Dec snow days = 7.4 |year snow days = |source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =5 October 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref> }}

==Education== *Liaoning University of International Business and Economics

==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}}

===Sources=== {{refbegin}} *"Lüshun under Russian Rule" (in Japanese; Lüshun Library, 1936), as quoted in "Lüshun under Russian Rule" (Abridged) in "Journal Commemorating the 95th Anniversary of Lüshun Institute of Technology" (in Japanese; Tokyo, 2006). *F.R. Sedwick, (R.F.A.), ''The Russo-Japanese War, 1909'', The Macmillan Company, N.Y. *Colliers (Ed.), ''The Russo-Japanese War'', 1904, P.F. Collier & Son, New York *Dennis and Peggy Warner, ''The Tide at Sunrise'', 1974, Charterhouse, New York *William Henry Chamberlain, ''Japan Over Asia'', 1937, Little, Brown, and Company, Boston *Tom McKnight, PhD, et al.; ''Geographica'' (ATLAS), Barnes and Noble Books and Random House, New York, 1999–2004, 3rd revision, {{ISBN|0-7607-5974-X}} {{refend}}

==External links== *[http://www.dllsk.gov.cn/ Official site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lushunkou District}} Category:Districts of Dalian Category:Lüshunkou Category:Populated coastal places in China Category:Port cities and towns in China Category:Yellow Sea Category:China–Soviet Union relations