{{Short description|Italian Cardinal}} {{Infobox Christian leader | type = Cardinal | image = Cardinal Luigi Lambruschini.jpg | honorific_prefix = [[His Eminence]] | name = Luigi Lambruschini | honorific_suffix = [[Barnabites|B.]] | title = [[Congregation for Rites|Prefect of the Congregation for Rites]] | church = [[Roman Catholic Church]] | appointed = 8 June 1847 | term_end = 12 May 1854 | predecessor = [[Ludovico Micara]] | successor = [[Costantino Patrizi Naro]] | other_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Congregation of Studies|Prefect of the Congregation for Studies]] (1834–54)|[[Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina]] (1847–54)|[[Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals]] (1847–54)}} | ordination = 1 January 1799 | ordained_by = Giovanni Luca Solari | consecration = 3 October 1819 | consecrated_by = [[Giulio Maria della Somaglia]] | cardinal = 30 September 1831 | created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Gregory XVI]] | rank = [[Cardinal-Priest]] (1832–42)<br>[[Cardinal-Bishop]] (1842–54) | birth_name = Emmanuele Niccolò Lambruschini | birth_date = 6 March 1776 | birth_place = [[Sestri Levante]], [[Republic of Genoa]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1854|05|12|1776|03|06}} | death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] | buried = [[San Carlo ai Catinari]] | parents = Bernardo Lambruschini<br>Pellegrina Raggi | previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Extraordinary Congregation for the Ecclesiastical Affairs of the Catholic World|Secretary of the Extraordinary Congregation for the Ecclesiastical Affairs of the Catholic World]] (1815–16)|[[Archbishop of Genoa]] (1819–30)|[[Apostolic Nunciature to France|Apostolic Nuncio to France]] (1826–31)|[[Apostolic Vicariate of Beirut|Titular Archbishop of Beirut]] (1830–31)|[[San Callisto|Cardinal-Priest of San Callisto]] (1832–42)|[[Vatican Apostolic Archive|Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives]] (1834–53)|[[Vatican Apostolic Library|Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library]] (1834–53)|[[Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina]] (1842–47)|[[Camerlengo of the Sacred College|Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals]] (1844–45)}} | coat_of_arms = [[File:Coat of arms of Luigi Emmanuele Lambruschini.svg|140px]] }}
'''Luigi Lambruschini''' (6 March 1776 – 12 May 1854) was an Italian [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in the mid nineteenth century. He was a member of the [[Barnabites|Clerics Regular of St. Paul]] and served in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See.
==Biography== ===Early life=== The youngest of ten children, he was born in [[Sestri Levante]], then part of the independent [[Republic of Genoa]], to Bernardo and Pellegrina Raggi Lambruschini, and baptized Emmanuele Nicolo. His older brother, Giovanni Battista Lambruschini became bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Orvieto-Todi|Diocese of Orvieto]].<ref name=bdi>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archiviosegretovaticano.va/content/archiviosegretovaticano/en/l_archivio/note-storiche/cardinali-archivisti/luigi-lambruschini--1834-1853-.html |title=''Biographical Dictionary of Italians'', 63, pp. 218-223, Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia |access-date=2019-01-04 |archive-date=2019-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104175710/http://www.archiviosegretovaticano.va/content/archiviosegretovaticano/en/l_archivio/note-storiche/cardinali-archivisti/luigi-lambruschini--1834-1853-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Lambruschini attended a Jesuit school in [[Santa Margherita Ligure]], and then the [[St. Bartholomew Oratory (Bordighera)|Oratorio di San Bartolomeo]] in [[Bordighera]], run by the [[Order of the Barnabites]]. He entered the order in 1793, and after a novitiate, pronounced solemn vows in November 1794, taking the name of Luigi.<ref name=miranda>{{Cite web |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1831.htm |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Lambruschini, C.R.S.P., Luigi", ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'', Florida International University |access-date=2019-01-04 |archive-date=2018-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230246/https://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1831.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He was then to [[Macerata]] for further study, took [[minor orders]] in Rome in 1797, and was ordained a priest back home in Sestri Levante in January 1799. He then taught Barnabite seminarians rhetoric, philosophy and mathematics, first in [[Bologna]], then in San Severino Marche and, from May 1801, in Macerata.<ref name=bdi/>
===Diplomatic career=== He attended the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 as secretary to Cardinal [[Ercole Consalvi]].<ref name=Benigni>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08760b.htm Benigni, Umberto. "Luigi Lambruschini." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 3 January 2019</ref> As secretary of the [[Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)|Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs]], he took part in concluding concordats with various states, including [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]], Naples, and Bavaria. According to [[Umberto Benigni]], "Next to [[Ercole Consalvi|Consalvi]] and [[Bartolomeo Pacca|Pacca]], Lambruschini was among the greatest diplomats of the Holy See in the nineteenth century."<ref name=Benigni/> In 1816, Lambruschini became vice-general of the Barnabite order.<ref name=miranda/>
In 1819, Lambruschini was appointed [[Archbishop of Genoa]]. It was rumored that his promotion was to be attributed to the desire of Secretary of State Consalvi to remove from Rome a clergyman who, having acquired too much influence on the pope, was now an obstacle to his own plans for government.<ref name=bdi/> In 1826, he was named as [[Papal Nuncio|Apostolic Nuncio]] to the Kingdom of France by [[Pope Pius VII]], but was forced to flee his diplomatic post following the [[July Revolution|1830 revolution]] that toppled the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarchy and brought House of Orleans pretender [[Louis-Philippe of France|Louis-Phillippe]] to the French throne.<ref name=Benigni/>
He was made a cardinal in 1831, given the [[titular church]] of [[San Callisto]] on 24 February 1832.<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/cardinal/127.htm Cardinal Title S. Callisto] GCatholic.org</ref> For the next four years, Cardinal Lambruschini held various curial posts until in January 1836 he was appointed [[Cardinal Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] to [[Pope Gregory XVI]]. His appointment was seen as a compromise between those who hoped for reform and the ''zealanti'' who wished to see dissent more forcefully suppressed; although it was said that the Cardinal was "liberal chiefly in his employment of spies and prisons".<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946721?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Lease, Gary. “Denunciation as a Tool of Ecclesiastical Control: The Case of Roman Catholic Modernism.” ''The Journal of Modern History'', vol. 68, no. 4, 1996, pp. 819–830] JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2946721</ref>
He was the leading conservative candidate in the [[Papal conclave, 1846|1846 papal conclave]]. Though he received a majority of the votes initially, it was clear that he could not achieve the required two-thirds majority. He was eventually defeated by the liberal candidate, Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, the Archbishop (personal title) of Imola, who became [[Pope Pius IX]].
Lambruschini was a particularly hated figure among the masonic republicans during the [[1848 Revolutions]] that temporarily deposed [[Pope Pius IX]]. His house was ransacked and he was forced to flee for his life, disguised as a stablehand. He returned following the Pope's restoration. He died in [[Rome]] on 12 May 1854 and was buried in the Barnabite church of [[San Carlo ai Catinari]], Rome.<ref name=miranda/>
===Lambruschini Family=== The Lambruschini family is a very large family. The Cardinal had several brothers. Some descendants of these brothers stayed in Italy, others moved to France, Portugal the United States and even South America (Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay).
===Relatives and Descendants of the Lambruschini Family=== * Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans King of France (1773-1850) was cousin of the Cardinal Lambruschini. * Giovanni Battista Lambruschini was the Bishop of Orvieto. * Raffaello Lambruschini was an Italian politician, religious, agronomist, and educator. * Bartolomeo Lambruschini married Bianca Nicolini (her family built The Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence). * Stefano Lambruschini was a priest. * Ferdinando Lambruschini was the Archbishop of Perugia. * [[Raul Leal]], Portuguese poet and philosopher * Ericka Koehler, American-Peruvian educator, digital marketer, and writer. * Sheilla Castro, Peruvian lawyer.
==Works== * ''A Polemical Treatise on the Immaculate Conception of Mary'', 1842<ref>[https://archive.org/details/APolemicalTreatiseOnThe/page/n245 <!-- pg=232 quote=card. luigi lambruschini. --> Lambruschini, Luigi. ''A Polemical Treatise on the Immaculate Conception of Mary'', New York, D.&J. Sadlier & Co., 1855]</ref>
==See also== * [[Our Lady of La Salette]]
==References== {{Reflist}} {{catholic|wstitle=Luigi Lambruschini}}
==Sources== *{{cite book|author=Manzini, Luigi M.|title=Il cardinale Luigi Lambruschini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-pWAAAAIAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Biblioteca apostolica vaticana|isbn=9788821000270 |language=Italian}}
{{S-start}} {{S-rel|ca}} {{Succession box | before=[[Tommaso Bernetti]] | title=[[Cardinal Secretary of State]] | years=1836–1846| after=[[Pasquale Tommaso Gizzi]]}} {{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lambruschini, Luigi}} [[Category:1776 births]] [[Category:1854 deaths]] [[Category:Clergy from the Metropolitan City of Genoa]] [[Category:19th-century Italian cardinals]] [[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Porto]] [[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina]] [[Category:19th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops]] [[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Genoa]] [[Category:Cardinal secretaries of state]] [[Category:Pope Pius IX]] [[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Gregory XVI]] [[Category:Members of the Barnabite Order]]