{{Short description|Swiss clergyman and lichenologist}} {{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Use British English|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Ludwig Emanuel Schaerer | image = Ludwig Schaerer.png | caption = Lithograph of Ludwig Schaerer in 1850 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1785|11|6|df=y}} | birth_place = Bern, Switzerland | death_date = {{Death date and age|1853|2|03|1785|07|6|df=y}} | death_place = Belp, Switzerland | resting_place = | fields = Lichenology | workplaces = | alma_mater = | author_abbrev_bot = Schaer.<ref name="IPNI"/> }}
'''Ludwig Emanuel Schaerer'''{{#tag:ref|Various alternative forms and spellings for Schaerer's first and last names have been used in the literature. These include: Schaerer, Ludov. Emanuel; Schaer, Ludwig Emanuel; Schaerer, Ludovicus E.; Scheerer, Ludovicus E.; Schaerer, Ludovicus Emanuel; Schärer, Ludwig Emanuel; Schaer, Ludovicus Emanuel;<ref name="portal.dnb.de 2021"/> and Louis-Emmanuel Schaerer.<ref name="JSTOR Global Plants"/> |group=note}} (11 June 1785 – 3 February 1853)<ref name="Taxonomic literature"/> was a Swiss pastor and lichenologist. Interested in natural history from a young age, Schaerer trained as a teacher and studied theology in Bern. During his career as a teacher, orphanage director, and pastor, he researched extensively and maintained correspondence with foreign botanists interested in cryptogams. Schaerer was best known for his multi-volume work ''Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium'' ("Anthology of Swiss Lichens"), published in 12 parts from 1823 to 1842. This series catalogued and described the lichens of Switzerland, particularly those in the Alps, where he often went on collecting excursions. In another series, he compiled and distributed dried herbarium specimens acquired from his collections. Several lichen taxa have been named in honour of Schaerer.
==Early life and education==
Ludwig Schaerer was born on June 11, 1785, in Bern. His father, Johann Rudolf, was a professor of biblical studies and Hebrew and also a pastor in Bümpliz;<ref name="Guthnik 1853"/> his mother's name was Magdalena Rudolf.<ref name="HLS"/> From a young age, Schaerer was interested in investigating the native flora of his home town.<ref name="Guthnik 1853"/> His early interest in natural history was later enhanced through his association with several botanists that lived in his home town. Despite his interests, he thought he had to obey the wishes of his parents and pursue an ecclesiastical career, and he devoted himself to the study of ancient languages and theology.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/> He trained as a teacher and studied theology in Bern. From 1806 to 1808 he was a teacher at a primary school in Bern. He was ordained as part of the evangelical ministry in 1808. During this time, he had not forgotten about botany, and devoted his leisure time to its study. Because of the vastness of the field, he decided to specialize in the study of lichens, which were abundant in the nearby Alps, and which were relatively little known compared to the plant flora.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/> He was a student of the botanist Nicolas Charles Seringe.<ref name="HLS"/>
==Career== A travel grant enabled him to visit the Universities of Halle and Berlin from 1811 to 1812. There he met several prominent botanists, such as Heinrich Funck, Carl Sprengel, Gustav Flörke, Carl Willdenow, and Heinrich Schrader.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/> In particular, Flörke helped him with his study of lichens.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/> Schaerer also traveled to the Harz and the Ore Mountains. Upon his return to Switzerland in 1814, Schaerer became a high school teacher and vice-principal (conrector) in Bern, but he kept up his botanical research as much as his other duties would allow. During his annual vacations, he would make collecting trips to the Alps, particularly to Bernese Oberland, Valais, Graubünden, and Ticino. These trips began in 1807 and continued almost uninterruptedly until near the end of his life. Both Nicolas Seringe and Albrecht von Haller initially helped him with identifying his collections.<ref name="Guthnik 1853"/> Schaerer was one of the founders of the Bern Society of Natural Sciences (Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bern) in 1815.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/>
{{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 320 | image1 = Lichenes Helvetici XIII XIV 1840 001.jpg | caption1 = Front cover of 1840 work | image2 = Lichenes Helvetici XIII XIV 1840 024.jpg | caption2 = Dried specimens | footer = Schaerer's series ''Lichenes Helvetici'' was a succession of sets of herbarium specimens (exsiccata) representing Swiss lichens. }}
In 1817, Schaerer married Rosina Henzi, the daughter of Rudolf Jakob,<ref name="HLS"/> a Bernese businessman. Their marriage resulted in a son and four daughters. It was around this time that he began publishing the results of his research.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/> In 1819 he was administrator of the bourgeois orphanage in Bern. From 1826 to 1836, he was a pastor in Lauperswil (Canton of Bern) and from 1836 to 1852, in Belp. Schaerer researched extensively and maintained correspondence with foreign botanists interested in cryptogams, including Erik Acharius, Olof Swartz, Elias Magnus Fries, and Heinrich Gustav Flörke. He undertook the publication of an extensive work, ''Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium'', which was published in 12 sections from 1823 to 1842. He simultaneously published ''Lichenes Helvetici exsiccati'', a collection of dried herbarium specimens; this exsiccata series he continued working on until his death.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/> By the time of his death, 650 collections were included in this exsiccata series.<ref name="Guthnik 1853"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Lichenes Helvetici exsiccati. Editio I: IndExs ExsiccataID=976961791 |website=IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae |publisher=Botanische Staatssammlung München |url=https://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/DatabaseClients/IndExs/Exsiccatae_IndExs_Details.jsp?ExsiccataID=976961791 |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>
In 1836, Schaerer exchanged the post of orphanage administrator in Lauperswil for that of Belp, which brought him closer to Bern and his friends. He continued his frequent excursions in the surroundings and the neighbouring Alps, and was often visited and accompanied by foreign scholars.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/> His contacts sometimes afforded him access to specimens from exotic or otherwise inaccessible locales. For example, in 1841, the already famous paleontologist and glaciologist Louis Agassiz led a group that climbed to the peak of the mountain Jungfrau in the Swiss Bernese Alps – an elevation of {{convert|4158|m|ft|abbr=on}}. There they collected some high-altitude lichens found growing on exposed rocks; these specimens were later sent to Schaerer for further study. He determined that several of the species were already known from other alpine locations, but a new species he named ''Umbilicaria virginis'' to refer to the type locality (''Jungfrau'' means "maiden" or "virgin" in German).<ref name="Hestmark 2015"/>
The summer of 1847 was devoted to a trip to the Pyrenees, with the aim of comparing the vegetation of these mountains with that of the Alps. Enriched with his new observations, Schaerer began the publication of his ''Enumeratio Critica Lichenum Europaeorum'' ("Enumeration of the European lichens"), an illustrated work that depicted the type species of each genus. Because of the simple and natural classification proposed, and the precise and clear descriptions of the taxa, the work was well received by his contemporaries.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/> As was noted more than a century later, this classification system was the last based mainly on external anatomy, without any consideration of spore structure.<ref name="Taxonomic literature"/> Schaerer had made known his thoughts regarding the use of microscopic characters as taxonomic characters in previous criticism of works by Kurt Sprengel and Ernst Meyer. He censured the abandonment of the old system of classification established by Erik Acharius, and doubted the usefulness of using the microscope to determine generic placement among the lichens.<ref name="Guthnik 1853"/> His skepticism towards microscopy is understandable considering that the defects of chromatic and spherical aberration were prevalent at the time – flaws that would not be resolved until better lenses were available in the 1830s. Schaerer's own observations on lichen structure were consequently of limited utility.<ref name="Mitchell 2005"/> For example, in a short paper published in 1820,{{#tag:ref|{{cite journal |last1=Schärer |first1=L.Em. |year=1820 |title=Über den Bau des thallus der Flechten |trans-title=On the structure of the thallus of lichens |journal=Naturwissenschaftlicher Anzeiger der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=67–69 |language=de |doi=10.5169/seals-389267}}|group=note}} although he correctly reported that the lichen thallus could comprise several superimposed layers, he misinterpreted the nature of the green cells in the lichen (the photobiont algal cells), calling them "globules" that he erroneously believed could function independently as propagules.<ref name="Mitchell 2005"/>
==Later life and death== After completing his ''Enumeratio'', Schaerer began another book of lichen exsiccati, but soon his health started to deteriorate. He complained of a weakening of memory, which made his work laborious. However, he followed with interest the new research of Charles and Edmond Tulasne and Carl Nägeli, on the anatomy and reproduction of lichens, and even undertook to observe the results by microscopic observations. His rapidly worsening bowel disease forced him to suspend his work. Schaerer died in his sleep, surrounded by his family, in Belp on February 3, 1853, at the age of 67 years and 8 months.<ref name="Fischer 1855"/>
In his obituary of Schaerer, his colleague Ludwig Fischer wrote of his character: "The uprightness of his character, the kindness of his heart and the great modesty with which he spoke of his own knowledge, leave a memory of regret and affection in all who lived in his privacy".{{#tag:ref|French: "{{lang|fr|La droiture de son caractère, la bonté de son coeur et la grande modestie avec laquelle il parlait de ses propres connaissances, laissent un souvenir de regret et d'affection chez tous ceux qui vivaient dans son intimité.|italic=no}}" |group=note}}<ref name="Fischer 1855"/> Heinrich Guthnick wrote: "Schärer was a man of sublime character, adorned with a loving soul, therefore full of goodwill towards his fellow men, deeply loved by his family and all who had recognized these precious qualities in him."{{#tag:ref|German: "{{lang|de|Schärer war ein Mann von erhabenem Charakter, mit liebreicher Seele geziert, daher voll Wohlwollen gegen seine Mitmenschen, innig bedauert von den Seinigen und Allen, welche diese köstlichen Eigenschaften in ihm erkannt hatten.|italic=no}}" |group=note}}<ref name="Guthnik 1853"/> In a description of Schaerer's lichen exsiccata at the herbarium at the Montpellier Botanical Garden, Hervé Harant wrote "Segments of sentences in Latin, reminds us that he was one of those many clergymen who were passionate about lichenology".<ref name="Harant 1961"/> As of 1979, Schaerer's herbarium collections were mostly held at the Geneva Botanical Garden, with some held at the University of Glasgow.<ref name="Laundon 1979"/><ref name="Crundwell & Hawksworth 1976"/>
==Recognition== {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 320 | image1 = Buellia schaereri 37885.jpg | caption1 = | image2 = Placocarpus schaereri Jymm.jpg | caption2 = | footer = ''Buellia schaereri'' (left) and ''Placocarpus schaereri'' (right) are two of several lichen species named after Ludwig Schaerer. }}
A lithograph image (created by {{ill|Hubert Meyer (lithographer)|lt=Hubert Meyer|de|Hubert Meyer (Maler)}}) and brief biography of Schaerer appeared in the journal ''Taxon''{{'}}s ''Portraits of Botanists'' series in 1973.<ref name="Taxon 1973"/> In his analysis of the history of Swiss lichenology, Philippe Clerc considers Schaerer's output to mark the end of the "classic period" (dating before 1800 to 1840) where the Swiss lichen flora was still in its early days of documentation, and use of the microscope was not yet prevalent.<ref name="Clerc 1998"/>
In a 2007 publication, {{ill|Geir Hestmark|no}} analysed Schaerer's contribution to the knowledge of the genus ''Umbilicaria''. He noted that in general, Schaerer published "many valuable observations on the morphology and reproductive structures of these lichens", but that "with regard to the delimitation of ''Umbilicaria'' species, their variation and nomenclature, he appears to have been very confused".<ref name="Hestmark 2007"/>
===Eponymy=== The genus ''Schaereria'' {{small|Körb. (1855)}} honours Schaerer.<ref name="Hertel 2012"/> He has also had several lichen species named after him, including:<ref name="Hertel et al. 2017"/> ''Arthonia schaereri'' {{small|A.Massal. (1855)}}; ''Buellia schaereri'' {{small|De Not. (1846)}} ''Calicium schaereri'' {{small|De Not. (1846)}}; ''Cyphelium schaereri'' {{small|De Not. (1846)}}; ''Lecanora schaereri'' {{small|Ach. (1839)}}; ''Lecidea schaereri'' {{small|Flörke (1881)}}; ''Nephroma schaereri'' {{small|De Not. (1851)}}; ''Ochrolechia schaereri'' {{small|Hafellner}}; ''Pannaria schaereri'' {{small|A.Massal. (1852)}}; ''Parmelia schaereri'' {{small|Fr. (1831)}}; ''Pertusaria schaereri'' {{small|Hafellner (2001)}}; ''Physcia schaereri'' {{small|Hepp (1854)}}; ''Pyrenula schaereri'' {{small|A.Massal. (1854)}}; ''Sphaeria schaereri'' {{small|A.Massal. (1853)}}; ''Sporoblastia schaereri'' {{small|Trevis. (1856)}}; ''Sporodictyon schaererianum'' {{small|A.Massal. (1852)}}; ''Sticta schaereri'' {{small|Mont. & Bosch (1856)}}; ''Thelotrema schaereri'' {{small|Hepp (1853)}}; and ''Verrucaria schaereriana'' {{small|Servít (1948)}}.
==Selected works== *{{cite book |last1=Schaerer |first1=Ludwig E. |year=1823 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=i–iv, 1–52 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1826 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=53–100 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1828 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=101–156 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1833 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=157–206 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1833 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=207–262 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1833 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=263–320 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1836 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=321–380 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1839 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=381–412 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1840 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=413–452 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1840 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=453–510 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1842 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=511–551 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=L.E. |year=1842 |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=552–632 |publisher=Sumtibus Auctoris Excudebat Officina Halleriana |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001995767 |ref=none}} *''Lichenes Helvetici exsiccati'', fasc. 1–26, nos. 1–650. Bern 1823–1852. (Exsiccata) *{{cite book |author-mask=9 |last1=Schaerer |first1=Ludwig E. |year=1850 |title=Enumeratio critica lichenum europaeorum |location=Bern |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35100348 |ref=none}}
==See also== *:Category:Taxa named by Ludwig Schaerer *:Commons:Category:Neuchâtel Herbarium Schaerer Project – contains images of many specimens in the ''Lichenes Helvetici'' series
==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}}
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Clerc 1998">{{cite journal |author-link1=Philippe Clerc (lichenologist) |last1=Clerc |first1=P. |year=1998 |title=Les années 80–90, une periode faste pour la lichénologie suisse |journal=Meylania |volume=14 |pages=14–19 |url=http://www.bryolich.ch/pdfs/meylania/Meylania_14_14_19_Clerc.pdf |language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Crundwell & Hawksworth 1976">{{cite journal |author-link1=Alan Crundwell |last1=Crundwell |first1=A.C. |author-link2=David Leslie Hawksworth |last2=Hawksworth |first2=D.L. |title=Lichen material of L. E. Schaerer in the herbarium of the University of Glasgow |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=1976 |doi=10.1017/s002428297600008x |pages=79–81|s2cid=84748697 }}</ref>
<ref name="Fischer 1855">{{cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=L. |journal=Actes de la Société helvétique des sciences naturelles |year=1855 |title=Louis-Emmanuel Schärer, notice biographique |volume=37 |pages=296–300 |language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Guthnik 1853">{{cite journal |last1=Guthnik |first1=H.J. |year=1853 |title=Biographische Notizen: Ludwig von Schärer, geschildert von H. J. Guthnick in Bern |journal=Flora (Regensburg) (Flora, oder Botanische Zeitung) |volume=36 |pages=167–173 |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47175}}</ref>
<ref name="Harant 1961">{{cite journal |last1=Harant |first1=H. |year=1961 |title=Les herbiers de Lichens de l'Institut Botanique de Montpellier |journal=Revue bryologique et lichénologique |volume=30 |pages=135–139 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59901037 |quote="Son travail minutieux, où reviennent des segments de phrases en latin, nous rappelle quil était un de ces nombreux ecclésiastiques qui se sont passionnés pour la lichenologie." |language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Hertel 2012">{{cite book |last1=Hertel |first1=Hannes |year=2012 |title=Gattungseponyme bei Flechten und Lichenicolen Pilzen |series=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=107 |publisher=J. Cramer |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-443-58086-5 |page=101 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Hertel et al. 2017">{{cite journal |first1=Hannes |last1=Hertel |first2=Georg |last2=Gärtner |first3=László |last3=Lőkös |title=Forscher an Österreichs Flechtenflora |trans-title=Investigators of Austria's lichen flora |journal=Stapfia |year=2017 |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=1–211 (see pp. 126–127) |language=de |issn=0252-192X |url=https://www.zobodat.at/biografien/Flechtenforschung_Austria_STAPFIA_0104_2_0001-0211.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Hestmark 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Hestmark |first1=Geir |year=2007 |title=Typification of ''Umbilicaria cinereorufescens'' |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=100 |pages=235–240 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291740333}}</ref>
<ref name="Hestmark 2015">{{cite journal |last=Hestmark |first=Geir |title=Lectotypification of ''Umbilicaria virginis'' (Umbilicariaceae) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=47 |issue=1 |year=2015 |doi=10.1017/s0024282914000589 |pages=77–81|s2cid=87749212 }}</ref>
<ref name="HLS">{{cite web |first1=Heinz |last1=Balmer |title=Schärer, Ludwig Emanuel |work=Historische Lexikon der Schweiz HLS (Historical Dictionary of Switzerland) |date=19 April 2010 |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/032005/2010-04-19/ |publisher= |language=de |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="IPNI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ipni.org/a/9008-1 |title=Schaerer, Ludwig Emanuel (Louis-Emmanuel) (1785-1853) |publisher=International Plant Names Index |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="JSTOR Global Plants">{{cite web |title=Schaerer, Ludwig Emanuel (Louis-Emmanuel) (1785-1853) |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000391348 |publisher=JSTOR Global Plants |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Laundon 1979">{{cite journal |author-link=Jack Laundon |last=Laundon |first=J.R. |title=Deceased lichenologists: their abbreviations and herbaria |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=1979 |doi=10.1017/s0024282979000037 |pages=1–26|s2cid=83652576 }}</ref>
<ref name="Mitchell 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=M.E. |year=2005 |title=The inside story: a commentary on the study of lichen structure in the 18th and 19th centuries |journal=Huntia |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=13–29 |url=https://www.huntbotanical.org/admin/uploads/03hibd-huntia-12-1-pp13-30.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="portal.dnb.de 2021">{{cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek | website=portal.dnb.de |date=2 December 2021 |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=nid%3D103534940X |publisher=Deutsche Nationalbibliothek |language=de |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Taxon 1973">{{cite journal |title=HI‐IAPT Portraits of Botanists, no. 49. |journal=Taxon |volume=22 |issue=5–6 |year=1973 |doi=10.1002/j.1996-8175.1973.tb03425.x |page=704 |doi-access=free|last1= Schaerer|first1= Ludwig Emanuel}}</ref>
<ref name="Taxonomic literature">{{cite book |author-link=Frans Stafleu |last1=Stafleu |first1=Frans A. |last2=Cowan |first2=Richard S. |title=Taxonomic literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Volume V: Sal–Ste |volume=5 |edition=2nd |year=1986 |location=Utrecht |publisher=Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema |pages=108–111 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33333247 |isbn=978-90-313-0224-6}}</ref>
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schaerer, Ludwig Emanuel}} Category:1785 births Category:1853 deaths Category:Scientists from Bern Category:Swiss lichenologists Category:Swiss theologians Category:19th-century Swiss scientists