Ludovico Trevisan

{{Infobox Christian leader |type = Cardinal |honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]] |name = Ludovico Trevisan |title = [[Patriarchate of Aquileia|Patriarch of Aquileia]] [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] |image = Andrea Mantegna - Cardinal Lodovico Trevisano - Google Art Project.jpg |image_size = |caption = [[Portrait of Ludovico Trevisan]], painted by [[Andrea Mantegna]] soon after Trevisan's return to Italy in 1459 <ref>[http://www.smb.museum/smb/gesichter/picture.php?id=2&lang=en Painting at the Gemäldegalerie Berlin]</ref> |birth_name = |church = [[Catholic Church]] |see = [[Patriarchate of Aquileia|Aquileia]] |appointed = 18 December 1439 |term_end = 22 March 1465 |predecessor = Tommaso Tomasini |successor = [[Giovanni Vitelleschi]] |ordination = |ordinated_by = |consecration = |consecrated_by = |cardinal = 1 July 1440 | created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Eugene IV]] |birth_date = November 1401 |birth_place = [[Padua]], [[Republic of Venice]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1465|03|22|1401|df=y}} |death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]] |buried = |rank = [[Cardinal-Bishop]] |education = [[University of Padua]] |other_post =[[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] (1440-1465) [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano|Cardinal-Bishop of Albano]] (1465) |previous_post = {{Indented plainlist| * [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tragurium|Bishop of Tragurium]] (1435-1437) * [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence|Archbishop of Florence]] (1437-1439) * [[San Lorenzo in Damaso|Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso]] (1440-1465) * [[Captain General of the Church]] (1455-1458) }} |coat_of_arms = Blason Cardinal Scarampi.JPG }}

'''Ludovico Trevisan''' (November 1401 – 22 March 1465) was an Italian Catholic [[prelate]], who was the [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]], [[List of bishops and patriarchs of Aquileia|Patriarch of Aquileia]] and [[Captain General of the Church]] ([[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Papal Army]] and the [[Papal Navy]]). He succeeded his rival [[Giovanni Vitelleschi]], a fellow [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] of military talent and inclination, as [[Bishop of Traù]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence|Metropolitan Archbishop of Florence]].<ref name="c45">Chambers, 2006, p. 45.</ref> Trevisan was also known as the Cardinal of Aquileia and the Cardinal [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church|Camerlengo]].<ref name="miranda" />

== Early life == Trevisan was born into a non-military family in [[Padua]],<ref name="c45" /> then in the territory of the [[Republic of Venice]], the son of Biagio Trevisano, a doctor in the arts and medicine.<ref name="miranda">Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "[https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1440.htm#Trevisano Consistory of 1 July 1440 (IV)]."</ref> Like other war cardinals, such as [[Niccolò Fortiguerra]] and [[Pope Julius II|Giuliano della Rovere]], Trevisan came from a humble background.<ref>Chambers, 2006, p. 106.</ref> His mother's maiden name was Mezzarota.<ref name="miranda" /> His first name is sometimes also rendered Ludovico, Luigi, Luise, and Alvise; his last name as Trevisano or Scarampi-Mezzarota.<ref name="miranda" /> [[File:Giovannivitelleschi.jpg|thumb|Trevisan succeeded rival [[Giovanni Vitelleschi]] in the [[Episcopal see|sees]] of Traù and Florence.]] Trevisan studied grammar and poetry, followed by the [[liberal arts]], in Venice; he obtained a doctorate in arts and medicine at the [[University of Padua]] on 9 July 1425.<ref name="miranda" /> After a brief stint teaching medicine, Trevisan went to Rome circa 1430 to become the physician of Cardinal Gabriele Condulmer (future [[Pope Eugene IV]]).<ref name="miranda" /> Upon Condulmer's election as pope, Trevisan was made his [[Apostolic Chancery|''cubicularius'' and ''scriptor'' of apostolic letters]]. He soon also became a [[Canon (priest)|canon]] of the cathedral chapter of Padua and began his ecclesiastical career.<ref name="miranda" />

== Bishopric == [[File:Peter Paul Ruben's copy of the lost Battle of Anghiari.jpg|thumb|[[Peter Paul Rubens]]'s copy of ''The Battle of Anghiari'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]. Allegedly the 2 knights at right are Ludovico Trevisan and [[Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini]].]] Trevisan was elected [[bishop of Traù]] on 24 October 1435, was [[consecrated]] soon after his election, and remained bishop until 6 August 1437, governing it through his [[vicar]], Niccolò, abbot of the monastery of S. Giovanni Battista in [[Trogir|Traù]].<ref name="miranda" /> On 6 August 1437 Trevisan was promoted to [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence|metropolitan bishop of Florence]], which he occupied until 18 December 1439.<ref name="miranda" /> There is a record of Trevisan being in [[Ferrara]] with Eugene IV on 23 January 1438, and his subscription is found on the bull of union with the Greeks issued by Eugenius IV on 4 July 1439.<ref name="miranda" />

Trevisan became Patriarch of Aquileia on 18 December 1439 and occupied that see until his death. On 3 April 1440 Trevisan was commissioned as [[papal legate]] in [[Romagna]] "with the army, with the aim of recovering the lands of the Church."<ref name="miranda" /><ref name="c46" /> As a result, he undertook military operations starting on July 30 aimed at capturing [[Bologna]] but had to pause the campaign from November 23 to the following Spring, at which time he received a sizable sum from the [[Papal treasury]].<ref name="c46" />

He succeeded Vitelleschi as the pope's special deputy, possibly having engineered Vitelleschi's downfall through his henchman, [[Antonio Rido]], and began pacifying the forces still loyal to Vitelleschi and reducing the regions of [[Viterbo]] and [[Civitavecchia]] to papal obedience.<ref name="c45" /> As the pope's special deputy he was the paymaster of the sizable papal army and controlled its large budget, and commanded it in the field.<ref name="c46">Chambers, 2006, p. 46.</ref>

On 4 June 1440 he received a special military standard and proceeded to [[Tuscany]] with a force of 3000 horsemen and 500 foot soldiers to support [[Francesco I Sforza]] and other papal and Florentine ''[[condottieri]]'' against [[Niccolò Piccinino]].<ref name="c45" /> Trevisan commanded the right flank of the combined papal-Florentine forces that defeated Piccinino in the [[Battle of Anghiari (1440)|Battle of Anghiari]] on 29 June.<ref name="c45" />

An account of his victory is also available in an important contemporary war poem, ''[[Trophaeum Anglaricum]]'' by Florentine [[humanism|humanist]] Leonardo Dati, which praises Trevisan's caution as much as his impetuosity, comparing him to captains of antiquity such as [[Alexander the Great]] and [[Hannibal]].<ref>Chambers, 2006, pp. 45–46.</ref><ref>Chambers, 2006, p. 50.</ref>

== Cardinalate == [[File:Antonio Rido.jpg|thumb|[[Antonio Rido]], a henchman of Trevisan, depicted on his tomb in [[San Pancrazio]], Rome.]] Immediately afterwards, on 1 July 1440, Trevisan was elevated cardinal priest, title of S. Lorenzo, by [[Pope Eugene IV]] and a medal in his honour was designed by [[Cristoforo di Geremia]] to commemorate the victory.<ref name="c45" /> Upon his elevation, Bishop [[Fortunato di Pellicanis]] of [[Sarsina]] began administering his patriarchate.<ref name="miranda" /> Later that year, he became [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church|Camerlengo]], an office he held until his death.<ref name="miranda" />

When Eugene IV and [[Filippo Maria Visconti|Filippo Visconti]] turned against Sforza, Trevisan was the organizer of the campaign to recapture the [[March of Ancona]] (to which he was named legate on 13 September 1442) for the papacy.<ref name="c46" /> Under [[Pope Callixtus III]], Trevisan played an important role in organizing the naval campaign against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in December 1455, both responsible for the construction of the [[Papal Navy]] and was appointed "apostolic legate, governor-general, [[Captain General of the Church|captain and general]] ''condottiere''" in charge of it.<ref name="c49">Chambers, 2006, p. 49.</ref> Trevisan defeated the Turkish assault on [[Mytilene]] in August 1457, during which many Turkish vessels were captured, receiving praise from the pope.<ref name="c49" /> Trevisan attended the [[Council of Mantua (1459)|papal congress of war in Mantua in 1459]] where chronicler [[Andrea Schivenoglia]] described him on arrival as "aged sixty, a small, swarthy, hairy man, with a very proud, dark air about him" ("''homo pizolo, negro, peloxo, com aìero molte superbo e schuro''").<ref name="c49" />

Trevisan was the only cardinal in the [[papal conclave, 1464]] that did not subscribe to the [[conclave capitulation]], which among other things, bound the pope to continue the Crusading war against the Ottoman Turks.<ref>[https://cardinals.fiu.edu/election-paulii.htm Francis Burkle-Young “Papal elections in the Fifteenth Century: the election of Paul II]</ref>

== Death and legacy == Trevisan died during the first year of the pontificate of [[Pope Paul II]], with whom Trevisan was not on good terms, at 3 a.m. in Rome of [[edema]].<ref name="miranda" /><ref>Chambers, 2006, p. 72.</ref> Like Cardinal [[Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz]], Trevisan has been described as an "angel of peace".<ref name="c46" />

== Notes == {{reflist|2}}

== References == * Chambers, D.S. 2006. ''Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe''. I.B. Tauris. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-178-6}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevisan, Ludovico}} [[Category:1401 births]] [[Category:1465 deaths]] [[Category:Clergy from Padua]] [[Category:15th-century Italian cardinals]] [[Category:Patriarchs of Aquileia]] [[Category:15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Republic of Florence]] [[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Albano]] [[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Florence]] [[Category:Apostolic Camera]] [[Category:Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church]] [[Category:Burials at San Lorenzo in Damaso]] [[Category:Captains General of the Church]] [[Category:Christians of the Crusades]]