Luoyang

{{Short description|City in Henan, China}} {{other uses}} {{for|the old city|The Old City of Luoyang}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Luoyang | official_name = | native_name = 洛阳市 | native_name_lang = zh-Hans | other_name = Loyang | settlement_type = Prefecture-level city | image_skyline ={{multiple image |border = infobox |total_width = 290 |image_style = border:1; |perrow = 2/2/2 |image1 = Longmen Grottoes 3.jpg |image2 = 27467-Luoyang (49085730123).jpg |image3 = Mudan 7.JPG |image4 = Baiyun montain,luoyang2.jpg |image5 = 20230124 Yingtian Gate at Night 01.jpg| |image6 = |image7 = |caption1 =Longmen Grottoes |caption2=White Horse Temple |caption3=''Mudan'' in Luoyang |caption4= Baiyun Mountain |caption5= Yingtian Gate }} | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | nickname = | motto =  | image_map = ChinaHenanLuoyang.png | mapsize = | map_caption = Location of Luoyang City jurisdiction in Henan | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = China Northern Plain #China | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_mapsize =  | pushpin_map_caption = Location on the North China Plain | coor_pinpoint = Luoyang municipal government | coordinates = {{coord|34.6197|N|112.4539|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-HA-03_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = People's Republic of China | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name1 = Henan | subdivision_name2 = | established_title =  | established_date = | established_title1 =  | established_date1 = | established_title2 =  | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | founder = | named_for =  | seat_type = Municipal seat | seat = Luolong District | parts_type = | parts_style =  | parts =  | p1 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = Party Secretary | leader_name = Li Ya | leader_title1 = Mayor  | leader_name1 = Liu Wankang | total_type =  | unit_pref =  | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude =  | area_total_km2 = 15229.15  | area_land_km2 =  | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 810.4 | area_metro_km2 = 1402.3 | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 =  | elevation_footnotes =  | elevation_m = 144 | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft =  | population_total = 7,056,699 | population_as_of = 2020 census, 2018 for otherwise | population_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation.de" /> | population_density_km2 = auto  | population_urban = 2249300 | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_metro = 2751400 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=河南省统计局、国家统计局河南调查总队 |title=《河南统计年鉴－2017》 |date=November 2017 |publisher=China Statistics Press |isbn=978-7-5037-8268-8 |url=http://www.ha.stats.gov.cn/hntj/lib/tjnj/2017/zk/indexch.htm |access-date=2018-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115105251/http://www.ha.stats.gov.cn/hntj/lib/tjnj/2017/zk/indexch.htm |archive-date=2018-11-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ha.stats.gov.cn/hntj/lib/tjnj/2017/zk/indexch.htm|title=河南统计年鉴—2017|accessdate=2018-12-03|work=www.ha.stats.gov.cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115105251/http://www.ha.stats.gov.cn/hntj/lib/tjnj/2017/zk/indexch.htm|archive-date=2018-11-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Prefecture-level city | demographics2_info1 = CN¥ 382.0 billion US$ 57.5 billion | demographics2_title2 = Per capita | demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 56,410 US$ 8,493  | population_note = | postal_code_type =  | postal_code = | area_code = 379 | iso_code = CN-HA-03 | website = {{URL|www.ly.gov.cn}} | footnotes = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | p2 =  | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | elevation_max_m = | timezone = China Standard | utc_offset = +8 | blank1_name = Ethnicities | blank1_info = Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongolian | blank2_name = County-level divisions | blank2_info = 15 | blank3_name = Township-level divisions | blank3_info = | blank4_name = License plate prefixes | blank4_info = {{lang|zh-cn|{{linktext|豫}}C}} }} '''Luoyang''' ({{lang-zh|s=洛阳|t=洛陽|p=Luòyáng}}) is a city located in the confluence area of the Luo River and the Yellow River in the west of Henan province, China. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of December 31, 2018, Luoyang had a population of 6,888,500 inhabitants with 2,751,400 people living in the built-up (or metro) area made of the city's five out of six urban districts (except the Jili District not continuously urbanized) and Yanshi District, later being conurbated.<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/henan/admin/|title=China: Hénán (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=2021-03-27|archive-date=2017-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024153510/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-henan-admin.php|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of 2022, Luoyang Municipality had jurisdiction over 7 municipal districts, 7 counties and 1 development zone. The permanent population was 7.079 million as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=洛阳市2022年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |url=https://www.ly.gov.cn/html/1/2/10/29/35/10976430.html?eqid=a6f40db4000141ae00000002644780c8 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.ly.gov.cn |archive-date=2023-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030062938/https://www.ly.gov.cn/html/1/2/10/29/35/10976430.html?eqid=a6f40db4000141ae00000002644780c8 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=中经数据 |url=https://wap.ceidata.cei.cn/detail?id=AG2CUFKkxKc= |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=wap.ceidata.cei.cn |archive-date=2024-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122555/https://wap.ceidata.cei.cn/detail?id=AG2CUFKkxKc= |url-status=live }}</ref>

Situated on the central plain of China, Luoyang is among the oldest cities in China and one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. It is the earliest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.

==Etymology== The name "Luoyang" originates from the city's location on the north or sunny ("yang") side of the Luo River. Since the river flows from west to east and the sun is to the south of the river, the sun always shines on the north side of the river. Luoyang has had several names over the centuries, including '''Luoyi''' ({{lang|zh|洛邑}}) and '''Luozhou''' ({{lang|zh|洛州}}), and Luoyang has been its primary name. It has also been called '''Dongdu''' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=東都 |l=eastern capital}}) during the Tang dynasty, '''Xijing''' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=西京 |l=western capital}}) during the Song dynasty, or '''Jingluo''' ({{lang-zh|c=京洛|l=capital Luo}}). During the rule of Wu Zetian, the only female emperor in Chinese history, the city was known as '''Shendu''' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=神都|l=divine capital}}). Luoyang was later renamed '''Henanfu''' ({{lang|zh|河南府}}) until regained its former name in 1912.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luoyang {{!}} China, Map, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Luoyang |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History== ===Classical era=== thumb|left|220x220px|Museum of Luoyang Eastern Zhou Royal Horse and Chariot Pits In 1036 BC a settlement named Chengzhou ({{lang|zh|成周}}) was constructed by the Duke of Zhou for the remnants of the captured Shang nobility. The Duke also moved the Nine Tripod Cauldrons to Chengzhou from the Zhou dynasty capital at Haojing. A second Western Zhou capital, Wangcheng (also: Luoyi) was built {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} west of Chengzhou. Wangcheng became the capital of the Eastern Zhou dynasty in 771 BC. The Eastern Zhou dynasty capital was moved to Chengzhou in 510 BC. Later, the Eastern Han dynasty capital of Luoyang would be built over Chengzhou. Modern Luoyang is built over the ruins of Wangcheng, which are visible at Wangcheng Park.<ref>China.org.cn, 2009</ref>

Qin Shi Huang's chief minister, Lu Buwei, was given Luoyang. Lu began programs to develop and beautify Luoyang. It is said that Liu Bang visited Luoyang and considered making it his capital and was persuaded to reconsider by his ministers to turn to Chang'an instead for his capital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4|editor-last=Schellinger|editor-first=Paul|location=Chicago|pages=538–541|editor2-last=Salkin|editor2-first=Robert}}</ref>

===Han dynasty=== [[File:China-henan-luoyang-white-horse-temple-entrance-20040506.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|White Horse Temple gate]] In 25 AD, Luoyang was declared the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty on November 27 by Emperor Guangwu of Han.<ref name="Hymes">{{cite book |author=Robert Hymes |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-231-11004-4 |editor=John Stewart Bowman |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/13 13] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The city walls formed a rectangle 4 km south to north and 2.5 km west to east, with the Gu River, a tributary of the Luo River just outside the northern eastern walls. The rectangular Southern Palace and the Northern Palace were 3 km apart and connected by The Covered Way. In 26 AD, the Altar of the Gods of the Soils and Grains, the Altar of Heaven, and the Temple of the Founder, Emperor Gao of Former Han were inaugurated. The Imperial University was restored in 29 AD. In 48 AD, the Yang Canal linked the capital to the Luo. In 56 AD, the main imperial observatory, the Spiritual Terrace, was constructed.<ref name="Rafe">{{cite book |last1=de Crespigny |first1=Rafe |title=Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23–220 AD |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004324916 |pages=16–52}}</ref>

In 166 AD, the first Roman mission, sent by "the king of Da Qin [the Roman Empire], Andun" (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, r. 161–180 AD), reached Luoyang after arriving by sea in Rinan Commandery in what later is central Vietnam.<ref>Hill (2009), p. 27.</ref>

The late 2nd century saw China decline into anarchy:

<blockquote>The decline was accelerated by the rebellion of the Yellow Turbans, who, although defeated by the Imperial troops in 184 AD, weakened the state to the point where there was a continuing series of rebellions degenerating into civil war, culminating in the burning of the Han capital of Luoyang on 24 September 189 AD. This was followed by a state of continual unrest and wars in China until a modicum of stability returned in the 220s, but with the establishment of three separate kingdoms, rather than a unified empire.<ref>Hill (2009), p. xvi,</ref></blockquote>

===Wei and Jin dynasties=== On April 4, 190 AD,<ref>{{cite book|last=Cullen|first=Christopher|title=Heavenly Numbers: Astronomy and Authority in Early Imperial China|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017|isbn=9780198733119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_U-DwAAQBAJ|page=336|postscript=none|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122553/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_U-DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}; {{cite book|editor1-last=Twitchett|editor1-first=Denis Crispin|editor2-last=Loewe|editor2-first=Michael|title=The Cambridge History of China. Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.-A.D. 220|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1986|isbn=9780521243278|page=348}}</ref> Chancellor Dong Zhuo ordered his soldiers to ransack, pillage, and raze the city as he retreated from the coalition set up against him by regional lords all over China. The court was subsequently moved to the more defensible western city of Chang'an. Following a period of disorder, during which warlord Cao Cao held the last Han emperor Xian in Xuchang (196–220), Luoyang was restored to prominence when his son Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of the Wei dynasty, declared it his capital in 220 AD. The Jin dynasty, successor to Wei, was also established in Luoyang. At the height of Jin rule, Luoyang had a population of 600,000 and was probably the second largest city in the world after Rome.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare. 300 - 900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=50}}</ref>

At the start of the 4th century, Luoyang was subjected to repeated attacks during the War of the Eight Princes and Upheaval of the Five Barbarians under the Jin. In 311 AD, rebel forces of the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty sacked and razed the city in an event known as the Disaster of Yongjia.<ref name="Rene">{{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8135-1304-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56 56–57] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/56 }}</ref> For the next two centuries, Luoyang remained a contested region among states to come.<ref name=":1" /> It was the site of a battle in 328 between the Han-Zhao and Later Zhao dynasties which established the latter as a hegemonic power in the north.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare 300 - 900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=58}}</ref>

===Northern Wei=== [[File:Longmen Grottoes 3.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Longmen Grottoes]] {{Infobox Chinese | pic = Luoyang_(Chinese_characters).svg | piccap = "Luoyang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | picupright = 0.45 | s = 洛阳 | t = 洛陽 | l = "Northern Bank of the Luo [River]" | p = Luòyáng | w = Lo4-yang2 | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|l|uo|4|.|yang|2}} | j = Lok6-joeng4 | y = Lohk-yèuhng | ci = {{IPAc-yue|l|ok|6|.|j|oeng|4}} | tl = Lo̍k-iông | order = st }}In winter 416, during Liu Yu's northern expedition against the Later Qin, Luoyang fell to the Jin general Tan Daoji. In 422, the city was captured by Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty. The Liu Song dynasty, which succeeded the Jin, recovered the city in 430, and by the 460s, Luoyang was definitively under Wei control. In 493 AD, as part of his sinicization campaign, Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moved the capital from Datong to Luoyang, moving over 150,000 people to the site by 495,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300 - 900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=98}}</ref> and started the construction of the rock-cut Longmen Grottoes. More than 30,000 Buddhist statues from the time of this dynasty have been found in the caves (which were chapels dug into cliffs).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_Atlas_of_Architecture/aVx_QgAACAAJ?hl=en |title=The World Atlas of Architecture |date=1984 |publisher=G.K. Hall |isbn=978-0-8161-8716-4 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> The classical temple located at the caves, "Gate of Dragons," protected the statues/sculptures and the cave of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_Atlas_of_Architecture/aVx_QgAACAAJ?hl=en |title=The World Atlas of Architecture |date=1984 |publisher=G.K. Hall |isbn=978-0-8161-8716-4 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> Some of these sculptures were two-faced. At the same time, the Shaolin Temple was also built by the Emperor to accommodate an Indian monk on the Mount Song next to Luoyang City. The Yongning Temple, the tallest pagoda in China, was also built in Luoyang. The city reached a population of 600,000 at its height during the Northern Wei.<ref name=":2" /> The city was destroyed by the warlord Gao Huan, who captured the city and forced its population to move to his capital at Ye in 534.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graff |first=David A. |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=103}}</ref>

===Sui and Tang dynasties=== When Emperor Yang of Sui took control in 604 AD he founded the new Luoyang on the site of the existing city using a layout inspired by his father Emperor Wen of Sui's work in newly rebuilt Chang'an.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Robert B.|last=Marks|title=China: Its Environment and History|year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVHL2mYajAC&q=China:+Its+Environment+and+History|isbn=978-1442212756|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122554/https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVHL2mYajAC&q=China:+Its+Environment+and+History#v=snippet&q=China%3A%20Its%20Environment%20and%20History&f=false|url-status=live}} p. 116</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schinz|first=Alfred|year=1996|title=The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China|publisher=Edition Axel Menges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&q=The+Magic+Square:+Cities+in+Ancient+China&pg=PA380|isbn=3930698021|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122555/https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&q=The+Magic+Square:+Cities+in+Ancient+China&pg=PA380#v=snippet&q=The%20Magic%20Square%3A%20Cities%20in%20Ancient%20China&f=false|url-status=live}} p. 167–169.</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow = 2| | image1 = 20210220 A model of Luoyang in Sui and Tang dynasty, Henan Museum.jpg| | image2 = 洛阳明堂天堂遗址中明堂的复原模型 (cropped).jpg | footer = Model of Luoyang palace city during Wu Zetian's reign. Construction projects were commissioned during Wu Zetian's time, such as the {{ill|Bright Hall|zh|明堂}} of Luoyang ''(right)'' commissioned by Wu Zetian (original 294 ''chi'' = 93m tall).<ref>《资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪二十》：辛亥，明堂成，高二百九十四尺，方三百尺。凡三层：下层法四时，各随方色。中层法十二辰；上为圆盖，九龙捧之。上层法二十四气；亦为圆盖，上施铁凤，高一丈，饰以黄金。中有巨木十围，上下通贯，栭栌棤藉以为本。下施铁渠，为辟雍之象。号曰万象神宫。</ref> }} thumb|''The Luoyang Pavilion'' by Li Zhaodao (675–758)

During the Tang dynasty, Luoyang was Dongdu ({{lang|zh-hant|東都}}), the "Eastern Capital", and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang'an, which, at the time, was the largest city in the world.<ref>Abramson (2008), p. viii.</ref>

During an interval in the Tang dynasty, the first and the only empress in Chinese history – Empress Wu, moved the capital of her Zhou dynasty to Luoyang and named it as Shen Du (Capital of the God). She constructed the tallest palace in Chinese history, which is later in the site of Sui Tang Luoyang city. Luoyang was damaged during the An Lushan Rebellion.<ref name=":0" />

Epitaphs were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, Lady An (安氏), who died in 821, and her Nestorian Christian Han Chinese husband, Hua Xian (花献), who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion, limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |chapter= |publisher=University of Texas at Dallas |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=109-135, viii, xv, 156, 164, 115, 116|access-date=}}</ref> Another epitaph in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January, 815. This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |chapter= |publisher=University of Texas at Dallas |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=155-156, 149, 150, viii, xv |access-date= |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709073558/https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=164 |access-date= |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709073558/https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Central Asians like Sogdians were called "Hu" (胡) by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. Central Asian "Hu" women were stereotyped as barmaids or dancers by Han in China. Occasionally, "Hu" women would be involved in prostitution as the "Hu" women in China were at times in occupations that doubled as illicit services.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abramson|first=Marc S.|series=Encounters with Asia|author-link=|date=2011|title=Ethnic Identity in Tang China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20|location=|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=20|isbn=978-0812201017|access-date=2022-07-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710123533/https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=%22vast%20numbers%20of%20non-Han%20women%20served%20in%20subordinate%20positions%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 282x282px|thumb|Map of Luoyang during the Eastern Han dynasty when it was the capital of China

===Song dynasty=== During the Northern Song dynasty, Luoyang was the 'Western Capital' and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of the Song dynasty. It served as a cultural center, housing some philosophers. This prosperity was mainly caused by Luoyang undergoing new developments and reconstruction during this period.<ref name=":0" />

==UNESCO World Heritage Site== * Longmen Grottoes, added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1003 | title=Longmen Grottoes | access-date=2019-12-26 | archive-date=2019-12-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226031721/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1003/ | url-status=live }}</ref> * The Grand Canal – Huiluo Barn, Hanjia Barn, added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1443 | title=The Grand Canal | access-date=2019-12-26 | archive-date=2018-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707185836/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1443 | url-status=live }}</ref> * Silk Roads – Han Wei Luoyang City Site, Dingding Gate Site of Sui Tang Luoyang City, Xin'an Hangu Guan Site, added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442 | title=Silk Roads: The Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor | access-date=2019-12-26 | archive-date=2018-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201702/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Administrative divisions== thumb|219x219px|Luoyang Museum [[File:Luòyáng HST station.jpg|216x216px|thumbnail|Luoyang Longmen railway station (HSR)]] [[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-ni49-7.jpg|thumb|Map including Luoyang (labeled as LO-YANG (HONANFU) {{lang|zh-hant|洛陽}}) (AMS, 1955)]] The prefecture-level city of Luoyang administers 7 districts and 7 counties:

*Districts **Jianxi District **Xigong District **Laocheng District **Chanhe Hui District **Luolong District **Yanshi District **Mengjin District *Defunct District **Jili District, now part of Mengjin District *Counties **Xin'an County **Luoning County **Yiyang County **Yichuan County **Song County **Luanchuan County **Ruyang County [[File:洛阳白马寺齐云塔.jpg|thumb|right|295x295px|Qiyun Pagoda in White Horse Temple]]

During the 2010 census, the 5 "built-up" urban districts held a population of 1,857,003, making it the fourth-largest city in Henan. The entire area of Luoyang's municipal government held 6,549,941 inhabitants total.

{| class="wikitable" ! Map |- | align="center"| <div style="position: relative" class="center"> {{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Luoyang.png|width=575|link=}} {{Image label|x=1510|y=510|scale=575/2130|text='''1'''}} {{Image label|x=1420|y=520|scale=575/2130|text='''2'''}} {{Image label|x=1580|y=530|scale=575/2130|text='''3'''}} {{Image label|x=1420|y=590|scale=575/2130|text='''4'''}} {{Image label|x=1670|y=260|scale=575/2130|text='''5'''}} {{Image label|x=1540|y=660|scale=575/2130|text='''Luolong'''}} {{Image label|x=1800|y=580|scale=575/2130|text='''Yanshi'''}} {{Image label|x=1500|y=360|scale=575/2130|text='''Mengjin'''}} {{Image label|x=1120|y=360|scale=575/2130|text='''Xin'an County'''}} {{Image label|x=470|y=1600|scale=575/2130|text='''Luanchuan County'''}} {{Image label|x=1030|y=1470|scale=575/2130|text='''Song County'''}} {{Image label|x=1450|y=1410|scale=575/2130|text='''Ruyang County'''}} {{Image label|x=980|y=820|scale=575/2130|text='''Yiyang County'''}} {{Image label|x=370|y=1020|scale=575/2130|text='''Luoning County'''}} {{Image label|x=1480|y=910|scale=575/2130|text='''Yichuan County'''}} {{Image label|x=500|y=200|scale=575/2130|text='''1. Laocheng'''}} {{Image label|x=500|y=270|scale=575/2130|text='''2. Xigong'''}} {{Image label|x=500|y=340|scale=575/2130|text='''3. Chanhe Hui'''}} {{Image label|x=500|y=410|scale=575/2130|text='''4. Jianxi'''}} {{Image label|x=500|y=480|scale=575/2130|text='''5. Jili'''}} {{Image label end}} </div> |}

===2021 administrative reorganization=== With the 2017 designation of Zhengzhou as a National Central City, Henan Province in 2020 proposed a new development plan for Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area, which called for the development of Luoyang as a sub-central city. As part of this development, authorities decided to expand the urban area of Luoyang. This facilitated planning and coordinated use of resources and infrastructure in Luoyang, and allowed for better integration towards Zhengzhou, as Yanshi, Jili and Mengjin previously separated the Luoyang urban area from Zhengzhou.<ref name="news.sina.com.cn">{{cite web | url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021-03-28/doc-ikkntiam9617153.shtml | title=河南洛阳扩容，撤县设区还香吗？ | date=28 March 2021 | access-date=2021-09-23 | archive-date=2024-07-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710124101/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021-03-28/doc-ikkntiam9617153.shtml | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 March 2021, the central government approved an administrative reorganization of Luoyang city. Yanshi City was reorganized into an urban district (Yanshi District), while Jili District and Mengjin County were merged into Mengjin District. This reorganization effectively doubled the urban area of Luoyang.<ref name="news.sina.com.cn"/>

==Geography== The countryside controlled by the municipal government includes more rugged land: mountains comprise 45.51% of the total area; hills, 40.73%; and plains, 13.8%.<ref>{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|洛阳市人民政府网站}}}} [Luòyángshì Rénmín Zhèngfǔ Wǎngzhàn, ''Luoyang Municipal People's Government Website''] op. cit. {{nowrap|{{lang|zh|北京2008年奥运火炬接力官方网站}}}} [Běijīng 2008 Nián Àoyùn Huǒjù Jiēlì Guānfāng Wǎngzhàn, ''Beijing 2008 Torch Relay Official Website'']. {{nowrap|[http://torchrelay.beijing2008.cn/cn/journey/luoyang/luoyangnews/n214275161.shtml {{lang|zh|〈洛阳地理及气候概况〉}}]}} ["''Luòyáng Dìlǐ Jí Qìhòu Gàikuàng''", "Overview of Luoyang's Geography and Climate"]. 20 Mar 2008. Accessed 16 Jan 2014. {{in lang|zh}}</ref>

===Climate=== Luoyang has a highly continental dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: ''Cwa''). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−18.2|°C|0}} (unofficial record of {{convert|-20|°C|0}}) was on January 17, 1936)<ref>{{Cite web |title=中国各地城市的历史最低气温 |url=https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404203050792315805 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=weibo.com}}</ref> to {{convert|44.2|°C|0}}.

{{Weather box|width=auto |metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y |location = Luoyang (Yanshi District), elevation {{convert|190|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–) |Jan high C = 6.5 |Feb high C = 10.5 |Mar high C = 16.5 |Apr high C = 23.3 |May high C = 28.5 |Jun high C = 32.9 |Jul high C = 33.0 |Aug high C = 31.3 |Sep high C = 27.4 |Oct high C = 21.9 |Nov high C = 14.6 |Dec high C = 8.4 |Jan mean C = 1.0 |Feb mean C = 4.5 |Mar mean C = 10.2 |Apr mean C = 16.7 |May mean C = 22.1 |Jun mean C = 26.7 |Jul mean C = 27.8 |Aug mean C = 26.3 |Sep mean C = 21.8 |Oct mean C = 15.9 |Nov mean C = 8.7 |Dec mean C = 2.8 |Jan low C = -3.2 |Feb low C = -0.4 |Mar low C = 4.9 |Apr low C = 10.7 |May low C = 16.2 |Jun low C = 21.3 |Jul low C = 23.7 |Aug low C = 22.4 |Sep low C = 17.4 |Oct low C = 11.2 |Nov low C = 4.1 |Dec low C = -1.4 |Jan record high C = 20.2 |Jan record low C = -19.5 |Feb record high C = 28.0 |Feb record low C = -19.1 |Mar record high C = 33.0 |Mar record low C = -9.9 |Apr record high C = 38.5 |Apr record low C = -3.0 |May record high C = 41.9 |May record low C = 1.9 |Jun record high C = 43.4 |Jun record low C = 9.2 |Jul record high C = 42.0 |Jul record low C = 15.6 |Aug record high C = 41.7 |Aug record low C = 12.9 |Sep record high C = 40.3 |Sep record low C = 6.9 |Oct record high C = 35.2 |Oct record low C = -2.4 |Nov record high C = 30.5 |Nov record low C = -8.4 |Dec record high C = 24.4 |Dec record low C = -18.5 |year high C = |year low C = |year high F = |year low F = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 7.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 10.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 19.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 33.5 |May precipitation mm = 49.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 64.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 113.9 |Aug precipitation mm = 95.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 69.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 37.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 24.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 5.1 |Jan humidity = 59 |Feb humidity = 58 |Mar humidity = 55 |Apr humidity = 58 |May humidity = 59 |Jun humidity = 59 |Jul humidity = 73 |Aug humidity = 76 |Sep humidity = 72 |Oct humidity = 68 |Nov humidity = 67 |Dec humidity = 60 |Jan precipitation days = 3.5 |Feb precipitation days = 3.9 |Mar precipitation days = 4.9 |Apr precipitation days = 5.6 |May precipitation days = 7.3 |Jun precipitation days = 7.7 |Jul precipitation days = 10.4 |Aug precipitation days = 10.0 |Sep precipitation days = 8.7 |Oct precipitation days = 6.5 |Nov precipitation days = 5.2 |Dec precipitation days = 2.8 |Jan sun = 133.6 |Feb sun = 141.5 |Mar sun = 177.3 |Apr sun = 204.7 |May sun = 220.4 |Jun sun = 204.4 |Jul sun = 182.5 |Aug sun = 176.7 |Sep sun = 153.3 |Oct sun = 151.3 |Nov sun = 145.7 |Dec sun = 146.4 |year sun = | Jan percentsun = 43 | Feb percentsun = 45 | Mar percentsun = 48 | Apr percentsun = 52 | May percentsun = 51 | Jun percentsun = 47 | Jul percentsun = 42 | Aug percentsun = 43 | Sep percentsun = 42 | Oct percentsun = 44 | Nov percentsun = 47 | Dec percentsun = 48 | year percentsun = |Jan snow days = 3.7 |Feb snow days = 3.2 |Mar snow days = 1.0 |Apr snow days = 0.2 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0 |Nov snow days = 0.9 |Dec snow days = 2.4 |year snow days = |source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =12 August 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref> | source 2 = Weather China<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101180901.shtml? |script-title=zh:洛阳 – 气象数据 – 中国天气网 |website=weather.com.cn |access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref> data.ac.cn<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.data.ac.cn/zrzy/g03.asp?name=%E6%97%A0&pass=%E6%97%A0&danwei=%E6%97%A0&kubian=G03&kuming=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93 |script-title=zh:气候资源数据库 |website=data.ac.cn |date=2018-08-08 |access-date=2018-08-08 |archive-date=2020-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915085240/http://www.data.ac.cn/zrzy/g03.asp?name=%E6%97%A0&pass=%E6%97%A0&danwei=%E6%97%A0&kubian=G03&kuming=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93 |url-status=live }}</ref> |date=Jan 2014}}{{Weather box | width = auto | metric first = y | single line = y | collapsed = Y | location = Mengjin, elevation {{convert|329|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | Jan high C = 5.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 15.0 | Apr high C = 21.9 | May high C = 27.1 | Jun high C = 31.3 | Jul high C = 31.3 | Aug high C = 29.7 | Sep high C = 25.8 | Oct high C = 20.5 | Nov high C = 13.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | Jan mean C = 0.5 | Feb mean C = 3.8 | Mar mean C = 9.3 | Apr mean C = 15.8 | May mean C = 21.2 | Jun mean C = 25.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 25.1 | Sep mean C = 20.9 | Oct mean C = 15.4 | Nov mean C = 8.5 | Dec mean C = 2.5 | Jan low C = -3.1 | Feb low C = -0.2 | Mar low C = 4.8 | Apr low C = 10.6 | May low C = 15.9 | Jun low C = 20.6 | Jul low C = 22.8 | Aug low C = 21.7 | Sep low C = 17.0 | Oct low C = 11.3 | Nov low C = 4.6 | Dec low C = -1.2 | Jan record high C = 20.5 | Jan record low C = -17.2 | Feb record high C = 26.7 | Feb record low C = -15.7 | Mar record high C = 32.3 | Mar record low C = -8.2 | Apr record high C = 38.7 | Apr record low C = -2.4 | May record high C = 40.5 | May record low C = 4.6 | Jun record high C = 43.7 | Jun record low C = 10.0 | Jul record high C = 41.5 | Jul record low C = 15.4 | Aug record high C = 41.0 | Aug record low C = 11.7 | Sep record high C = 37.7 | Sep record low C = 5.7 | Oct record high C = 34.3 | Oct record low C = -1.9 | Nov record high C = 29.3 | Nov record low C = -11.7 | Dec record high C = 23.9 | Dec record low C = -13.5 | year high C = | year low C = | year high F = | year low F = | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 9.3 | Feb precipitation mm = 12.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 23.0 | Apr precipitation mm = 40.3 | May precipitation mm = 53.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 68.6 | Jul precipitation mm = 123.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 100.4 | Sep precipitation mm = 88.9 | Oct precipitation mm = 43.3 | Nov precipitation mm = 27.0 | Dec precipitation mm = 6.3 | Jan humidity = 53 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 54 | Apr humidity = 56 | May humidity = 57 | Jun humidity = 59 | Jul humidity = 75 | Aug humidity = 78 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 64 | Nov humidity = 60 | Dec humidity = 53 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 3.8 | Feb precipitation days = 4.3 | Mar precipitation days = 5.7 | Apr precipitation days = 6.1 | May precipitation days = 7.3 | Jun precipitation days = 7.8 | Jul precipitation days = 10.9 | Aug precipitation days = 10.3 | Sep precipitation days = 9.2 | Oct precipitation days = 6.9 | Nov precipitation days = 5.5 | Dec precipitation days = 3.2 | year precipitation days = | Jan sun = 142.3 | Feb sun = 144.6 | Mar sun = 182.1 | Apr sun = 213.0 | May sun = 227.9 | Jun sun = 206.8 | Jul sun = 177.3 | Aug sun = 177.7 | Sep sun = 159.9 | Oct sun = 162.3 | Nov sun = 153.3 | Dec sun = 158.4 | year sun = | Jan percentsun = 45 | Feb percentsun = 46 | Mar percentsun = 49 | Apr percentsun = 54 | May percentsun = 52 | Jun percentsun = 48 | Jul percentsun = 41 | Aug percentsun = 43 | Sep percentsun = 43 | Oct percentsun = 47 | Nov percentsun = 50 | Dec percentsun = 52 | year percentsun = | Jan snow days = 4.3 | Feb snow days = 4.0 | Mar snow days = 1.9 | Apr snow days = 0.2 | May snow days = 0 | Jun snow days = 0 | Jul snow days = 0 | Aug snow days = 0 | Sep snow days = 0 | Oct snow days = 0 | Nov snow days = 1.5 | Dec snow days = 3.0 | year snow days = | source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical" /><ref> {{cite web|title=Experience Template |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =12 August 2023}}</ref> }}

==Culture== thumb|Museum of the site of Yingtian Gate, with recreations of Bright Hall (明堂) and Heaven Hall (天堂) rebuilt in the Tang dynasty style behind it. ;Sites thumb|228x228px|right|Guanlin Temple in May 2007 thumb|Drum tower in the old city The Luoyang Museum (established 1958) features relics dating back to the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. The total number of exhibits on display is 1,700.<ref>''China Culture''. "[http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_29944.htm Luoyang Museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215165628/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_29944.htm |date=2016-02-15 }}".</ref>

The Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory (also known as the Dengfeng Observatory or the Tower of Chou Kong) stands {{convert|80|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} south-east of Luoyang. It was constructed in 1276 during the Yuan dynasty by Guo Shoujing as a gnomon for "the measurement of the sun's shadow". Prior to the Jesuit China Missions, it was used for establishing the summer and winter solstices in traditional Chinese astronomy.<ref>Needham, Joseph. ''Science and Civilisation in China''.</ref>

Luoyang is the foundation of Confucianism, the birth of Taoism, the first transmission of Buddhism, the formation of metaphysics, and the origin of neo-Confucianism. All kinds of cultural thoughts are integrated and symbiosis here, and the compass, paper making and printing among the four great inventions of ancient China were born here. Luoyang is the cultural root and ancestral lineage of the global Chinese, more than 100 million Hakka ancestral home in the world, 70% of China's clan name originated here, Heluo culture represented by "Hetu Luoshu" is the ancestral source of Chinese civilization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=基本概况 |url=https://www.ly.gov.cn/html/1/m/2/49/50/index.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.ly.gov.cn |archive-date=2023-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030063641/https://www.ly.gov.cn/html/1/m/2/49/50/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Botany Luoyang is celebrated for the cultivation of peonies, its city flower. Since 1983, Luoyang hosts the annual National Peony Fair (牡丹花会) and is the birthplace of the "Luoyang Water Banquet" (洛阳水席), a 24-course culinary tradition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Luoyang Peony Festival and Water Banquet |url=http://en.ly.gov.cn/Culture/Traditions/202103/t20210325_456789.html |website=Luoyang Municipal Government |date=2021-03-25 |access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref> More than 19 million tourists visited Luoyang during the 2014 festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=河南频道_凤凰网 |url=http://hn.ifeng.com/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=hn.ifeng.com |archive-date=2024-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710123535/http://hn.ifeng.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Archaeological Site Conservation Mobile Lab === The Luoyang Municipal Institute of Archaeology operates a mobile laboratory for the on-site conservation of artifacts during excavations. This vehicle is equipped with tools for emergency stabilization, cleaning, and preliminary analysis of unearthed objects, particularly fragile organic materials and metals, allowing for immediate intervention before transfer to a full conservation facility.<ref>{{cite web |title=洛阳市文物局考古发掘现场保护移动实验室项目 |url=http://wwj.ly.gov.cn/ |website=洛阳市文物局 |access-date=2025-10-26}}</ref>

==Subway== {{main|Luoyang Subway}} Line 1 of Luoyang Subway opened 28 March 2021.<ref name=lyd28>{{cite web|url=http://news.lyd.com.cn/system/2021/03/26/031994407.shtml|title=官宣！洛阳地铁1号线3月28日开通中西部非省会城市第一个|date=2021-03-26|access-date=2021-03-26|archive-date=2021-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327122759/http://news.lyd.com.cn/system/2021/03/26/031994407.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also== * Roman Catholic Diocese of Luoyang

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading== * Abramson, Marc. ''Ethnic Identity in Tang China''. University of Pennsylvania Press (Philadelphia), 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-4052-8}}. * Cotterell, Arthur. ''The Imperial Capitals of China: An Inside View of the Celestial Empire''. Pimlico (London), 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-84595-010-1}}. * Hill, John E. ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE''. BookSurge (Charleston), 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-4392-2134-1}}. * Jenner, W. J. ''Memories of Loyang''. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1981. * Yang Hsüan-chih. ''Lo-yang ch'ien-lan chi'', translated by Wang Yi-t'ung as ''A Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Lo-yang.'' Princeton University Press (Princeton), 1984. {{ISBN|0-691-05403-7}}.

==External links== {{commons category|Luoyang}} {{wikivoyage|Luoyang}} {{Wiktionary|Luoyang|Loyang|Lo-yang}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190714131119/http://www.ly.gov.cn/ Official website] of the Luoyang Municipal Government {{in lang|zh}} * "[http://www.china.org.cn/travel/where_to_go/2009-06/24/content_18003940.htm Wangcheng Park in Luoyang]" at China.org

{{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=Fenghao|row=1}} {{s-ttl|title=Primary capital of China |years=771–256 BC|row=1}} {{s-aft|after=— then Xianyang|row=1}} {{s-bef|before=Xianyang then{{nbsp}}—|row=1}} {{s-ttl|title=Primary capital of China |years=202–200 BC|row=1}} {{s-aft|after=Chang'an|row=1}} {{s-bef|before=Chang'an|row=1}} {{s-ttl|title=Primary capital of China |years=AD{{nbsp}}25–190|row=1}} {{s-aft|after=— then Chang'an|row=1}} {{s-bef|before=Chang'an|row=1}} {{s-ttl|title=Primary capital of China |years=AD{{nbsp}}196|row=1}} {{s-aft|after=Xuchang|row=1}} {{s-end}}

{{Authority control}} {{Henan}} {{Major cities along the Yellow River}} {{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}} {{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

Category:12th-century BC establishments Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments in China Category:Ancient Chinese capitals Category:Holy cities Category:Luoyang Category:National Civilized City Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City Category:National forest cities in China Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Henan

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