{{Short description|Geologic formation in Germany}} {{Expand German|Löwenstein-Formation|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox rockunit | name = Löwenstein Formation | image = | caption = | type = [[Geological formation]] | age = Mid [[Norian]] ([[Alaunian]]) {{fossilrange|215.6|212}} | period = Norian | prilithology = [[Sandstone]] | otherlithology = [[Marl]] | namedfor = | namedby = | region = [[Europe]] | country = [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]] | coordinates = | unitof = [[Keuper]] | subunits = | underlies = [[Trossingen Formation]] | overlies = [[Mainhardt Formation]] | thickness = At least 80 m | extent = [[Bavaria]], [[Baden-Württemberg]] | area = | map = | map_caption = }} The '''Löwenstein Formation''' ('''Stubensandstein''' in Baden-Württemberg, '''Burgsandstein''' in [[Bavaria]]) is a [[lithostratigraphic]] [[Formation (geology)|formation]] of the [[Keuper]] in [[Germany]]. It is underlain by the [[Mainhardt Formation]] and overlain by the [[Trossingen Formation]]. It dates back to the middle [[Norian]].<ref name="triassicdistribution">Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Triassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 521–525. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref>
==Fauna== Theropod tracks and an unnamed herrerasaur genus are known from the Lower Stubensandstein.<ref name="lower-stub" /> {{Paleobiota-key-compact}} === Archosaurs === ==== Dinosaurs ==== ===== Sauropodomorphs ===== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Sauropodomorph]]s of the Stubensandstein''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- |''[[Efraasia]]'' |''E. minor'' | |Lower | | |[[File:Efraasia.png|frameless]] |- |''[[Sellosaurus|Plateosaurus]]''<ref name="both">"17.2 Baden-Württemberg, Germany; '1. Lower Stubensandstein' and '2. Middle Stubensandstein,'" in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 524.</ref> | ''P. gracilis''<ref name="both" /> | | * Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> * Lower<ref name="lower-stub">"17.2 Baden-Württemberg, Germany; 1. Lower Stubensandstein," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 524.</ref> | "[Twenty one] partial skeletons, isolated elements, [three] partial skulls, juvenile to adult."<ref name="table-12-1-236">"Table 12.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 236.</ref> | Yates assigned the type material of ''Sellosaurus gracilis'' to ''Plateosaurus gracilis'' <ref name="Yates2003">Yates, A.M. (2003). "Species taxonomy of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Löwenstein Formation (Norian, Late Triassic) of Germany". Palaeontology 46 (2): 317–337</ref> |[[File:Plateosaurus Skelett 2.jpg|frameless]] |- |}
===== Theropods ===== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Theropod]]s of the Stubensandstein''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- style="background:#E6E6E6; | ''[[Dolichosuchus]]''<ref name="middle-stub">"17.2 Baden-Württemberg, Germany; 2. Middle Stubensandstein," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 524.</ref> | ''D. cristatus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> | "Tibia"<ref name="table-3-1-50">"Table 3.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 50.</ref> | Actually indeterminate coelophysoid remains<ref name="middle-stub" /> | |-style="background:#E6E6E6; | ''[[Halticosaurus]]''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | ''H. longotarsus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> | "Mandibular fragment, vertebrae, humerus, illium, femur, metatarsal."<ref name="table-3-1-50" /> | Later found to be indeterminate coelophysoid remains<ref name="middle-stub" /> | |- |''[[Liliensternus]]'' |''L. liliensterni'' | | | | |[[File:Liliensternus NT.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''[[Procompsognathus]]''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | ''P. triassicus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> | "Partial postcranial skeleton."<ref name="table-3-1">"Table 3.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 48.</ref> | | [[File:Procompsognathus.jpg|center|200px]] |- |}
==== Reptiles ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Archosaur]]s of the Stubensandstein''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- |rowspan = 2|''[[Aetosaurus]]'' |''A. feratus'' |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|Lower | |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|[[File:Aetosaurus ferratus Model.jpg|frameless]] |- |''A. crassicauda'' |- |''[[Apatosuchus]]'' |''A. orbitoangulatus'' | |Lower |"Partial skull" | | |- |''[[Mystriosuchus]]'' |''M. ?'' | | | | |[[File:Mystriosuchus planirostris NT.jpg|frameless]] |- |rowspan = 2|''[[Nicrosaurus]]'' |''N. kapffi'' |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|Middle | |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|[[File:Nicrosaurus kapffi skull.JPG|frameless|185x185px]] |- |''N. meyeri'' |- |''[[Paratypothorax]]'' |''P. andressi'' | |Middle | | |[[File:Paratypothorax andressorum.JPG|frameless]] |- |rowspan = 2|''[[Saltoposuchus]]'' |''S. connectens'' |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2| | |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|[[File:Saltoposuchus BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''S. longipes'' |- style="background:#E6E6E6; |''[[Tanystrosuchus]]'' |''T. posthomus'' | |Middle |" Neck vertebra" | | |- | ''[[Teratosaurus]]''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | ''T. suevicus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | [[Peter Galton|Galton]] and [[Michael J. Benton|Benton]] showed that ''Teratosaurus'' is actually a [[rauisuchia]]n.<ref name="Galton85">[[Peter Galton|Galton, P. M.]] (1985). "The poposaurid thecodontian ''Teratosaurus suevicus'' von Meyer, plus referred specimens mostly based on prosauropod dinosaurs". ''Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde'', B, '''116''': 1-29.</ref><ref name="Benton86">[[Michael J. Benton|Benton, M.J.]] (1986). "The late Triassic reptile ''Teratosaurus'' - a rauisuchian, not a dinosaur". ''[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]]'' '''29''': 293-301.</ref> | [[File:Teratosaurus BW.jpg|center|200px]] |}
=== Other Amniotes ===
* ''[[Cyclotosaurus]]'' * ''[[Metoposaurus]]''
== See also == * [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]] * [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany]] * [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Switzerland]]
== References == {{Reflist|2}}
=== Bibliography === * {{citation |last1=Weishampel |first1=David B. |author2-link=Peter Dodson |last2=Dodson |first2=Peter |author3-link=Halszka Osmólska |last3=Osmólska |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |accessdate=2019-02-21 |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |author1-link=David B. Weishampel }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowenstein Formation}} [[Category:Triassic System of Europe]] [[Category:Triassic Germany]] [[Category:Triassic Switzerland]] [[Category:Norian Stage]] [[Category:Sandstone formations]] [[Category:Paleontology in Germany]] [[Category:Paleontology in Switzerland]] [[Category:Geologic formations of Germany]] [[Category:Geologic formations of Switzerland]]