{{Short description|Geologic formation in Germany}} {{Expand German|Löwenstein-Formation|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox rockunit | name = Löwenstein Formation | image = | caption = | type = Geological formation | age = Mid Norian (Alaunian) {{fossilrange|215.6|212}} | period = Norian | prilithology = Sandstone | otherlithology = Marl | namedfor = | namedby = | region = Europe | country = Germany, Switzerland | coordinates = | unitof = Keuper | subunits = | underlies = Trossingen Formation | overlies = Mainhardt Formation | thickness = At least 80 m | extent = Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg | area = | map = | map_caption = }} The '''Löwenstein Formation''' ('''Stubensandstein''' in Baden-Württemberg, '''Burgsandstein''' in Bavaria) is a lithostratigraphic formation of the Keuper in Germany. It is underlain by the Mainhardt Formation and overlain by the Trossingen Formation. It dates back to the middle Norian.<ref name="triassicdistribution">Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Triassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 521–525. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref>
==Fauna== Theropod tracks and an unnamed herrerasaur genus are known from the Lower Stubensandstein.<ref name="lower-stub" /> {{Paleobiota-key-compact}} === Archosaurs === ==== Dinosaurs ==== ===== Sauropodomorphs ===== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | '''Sauropodomorphs of the Stubensandstein''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- |''Efraasia'' |''E. minor'' | |Lower | | |frameless |- |''Plateosaurus''<ref name="both">"17.2 Baden-Württemberg, Germany; '1. Lower Stubensandstein' and '2. Middle Stubensandstein,'" in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 524.</ref> | ''P. gracilis''<ref name="both" /> | | * Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> * Lower<ref name="lower-stub">"17.2 Baden-Württemberg, Germany; 1. Lower Stubensandstein," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 524.</ref> | "[Twenty one] partial skeletons, isolated elements, [three] partial skulls, juvenile to adult."<ref name="table-12-1-236">"Table 12.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 236.</ref> | Yates assigned the type material of ''Sellosaurus gracilis'' to ''Plateosaurus gracilis'' <ref name="Yates2003">Yates, A.M. (2003). "Species taxonomy of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Löwenstein Formation (Norian, Late Triassic) of Germany". Palaeontology 46 (2): 317–337</ref> |frameless |- |}
===== Theropods ===== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | '''Theropods of the Stubensandstein''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- style="background:#E6E6E6; | ''Dolichosuchus''<ref name="middle-stub">"17.2 Baden-Württemberg, Germany; 2. Middle Stubensandstein," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 524.</ref> | ''D. cristatus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> | "Tibia"<ref name="table-3-1-50">"Table 3.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 50.</ref> | Actually indeterminate coelophysoid remains<ref name="middle-stub" /> | |-style="background:#E6E6E6; | ''Halticosaurus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | ''H. longotarsus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> | "Mandibular fragment, vertebrae, humerus, illium, femur, metatarsal."<ref name="table-3-1-50" /> | Later found to be indeterminate coelophysoid remains<ref name="middle-stub" /> | |- |''Liliensternus'' |''L. liliensterni'' | | | | |frameless |- | ''Procompsognathus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | ''P. triassicus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> | "Partial postcranial skeleton."<ref name="table-3-1">"Table 3.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 48.</ref> | | center|200px |- |}
==== Reptiles ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | '''Archosaurs of the Stubensandstein''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- |rowspan = 2|''Aetosaurus'' |''A. feratus'' |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|Lower | |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|frameless |- |''A. crassicauda'' |- |''Apatosuchus'' |''A. orbitoangulatus'' | |Lower |"Partial skull" | | |- |''Mystriosuchus'' |''M. ?'' | | | | |frameless |- |rowspan = 2|''Nicrosaurus'' |''N. kapffi'' |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|Middle | |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|frameless|185x185px |- |''N. meyeri'' |- |''Paratypothorax'' |''P. andressi'' | |Middle | | |frameless |- |rowspan = 2|''Saltoposuchus'' |''S. connectens'' |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2| | |rowspan = 2| |rowspan = 2|frameless |- | ''S. longipes'' |- style="background:#E6E6E6; |''Tanystrosuchus'' |''T. posthomus'' | |Middle |" Neck vertebra" | | |- | ''Teratosaurus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | ''T. suevicus''<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | Middle<ref name="middle-stub" /> | | Galton and Benton showed that ''Teratosaurus'' is actually a rauisuchian.<ref name="Galton85">Galton, P. M. (1985). "The poposaurid thecodontian ''Teratosaurus suevicus'' von Meyer, plus referred specimens mostly based on prosauropod dinosaurs". ''Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde'', B, '''116''': 1-29.</ref><ref name="Benton86">Benton, M.J. (1986). "The late Triassic reptile ''Teratosaurus'' - a rauisuchian, not a dinosaur". ''Palaeontology'' '''29''': 293-301.</ref> | center|200px |}
=== Other Amniotes ===
* ''Cyclotosaurus'' * ''Metoposaurus''
== See also == * List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations * List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany * List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Switzerland
== References == {{Reflist|2}}
=== Bibliography === * {{citation |last1=Weishampel |first1=David B. |author2-link=Peter Dodson |last2=Dodson |first2=Peter |author3-link=Halszka Osmólska |last3=Osmólska |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |accessdate=2019-02-21 |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |author1-link=David B. Weishampel }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowenstein Formation}} Category:Triassic System of Europe Category:Triassic Germany Category:Triassic Switzerland Category:Norian Stage Category:Sandstone formations Category:Paleontology in Germany Category:Paleontology in Switzerland Category:Geologic formations of Germany Category:Geologic formations of Switzerland