{{Short description|French physician and humanitarian (1938–2025)}} {{Expand French|topic=bio|Louis Schittly|date=February 2025}} {{infobox person | name = Louis Schittly | image = Louis Schittly 2018.jpg | caption = Schittly in 2018 | birth_name = Louis Henri Marie Schittly | birth_date = {{birth date|1938|07|07|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Bernwiller]], [[Alsace]], [[French Third Republic|France]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1 January 2025|7 July 1938|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Mulhouse]], France | occupation = Physician | known_for = Cofounder of [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] | awards = Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]]<br>[[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate }}
'''Louis Schittly''' (7 July 1938 – 1 January 2025) was a French physician and humanitarian. He was one of the founders of [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]. Schittly died on 1 January 2025 in [[Mulhouse]] at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite news |title=Louis Schittly, « médecin-paysan » sundgauvien, cofondateur de médecin sans frontières, est décédé |trans-title=Louis Schittly, Sundgauvian “farmer doctor” and co-founder of Doctors Without Borders, has died |url=https://www.lalsace.fr/culture-loisirs/2025/01/02/louis-schittly-medecin-paysan-sundgauvien-prix-nobel-de-la-paix-1999 |access-date=2 January 2025 |newspaper=[[L'Alsace]] |language=French |date=2 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Louis Schittly, cofondateur de Médecins sans frontière et prix Nobel de la paix, est mort à 86 ans |trans-title=Louis Schittly, co-founder of Doctors Without Borders and Nobel Peace Prize winner, dies at 86 |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/louis-schittly-cofondateur-de-medecins-sans-frontiere-et-prix-nobel-de-la-paix-est-mort-a-86-ans-20250102_HIKXDMQVINCJBHHPWMWPIF5FPI/ |access-date=2 January 2025 |newspaper=[[Libération]] |language=French|date=2 January 2025}}</ref>
During his career, Schittly worked in [[Biafra]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Vietnam]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Mali]], [[Serbia]] and [[South Sudan]].<ref name="EA">{{citation |author=Louis Schittly |title=L'homme qui voulait voir la guerre de près Biafra, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Soudan, Un médecin libre et audacieux raconte |trans-title=The man who wanted to see the war up close- Biafra, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Sudan, A free and daring doctor talks |location=Paris |publisher=Editions Arthaud |year=2011 |pages=408 |ISBN=9782081258419 |url=https://www.arthaud.fr/lhomme-qui-voulait-voir-la-guerre-de-pres/9782081258419 |via=www.arthaud.fr}}.</ref>
==Early life and education== Louis Schittly was born in [[Altkirch]], France, on July 7, 1938 and grew up on his parents' farm in [[Bernwiller]] in the [[Sundgau]] region of [[Alsace]]. His father had been a soldier in the German army during the First World War, first on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)]] and then in the Somme. His mother lost three brothers and sisters to a French bombing raid on August 10, 1915.<ref name="EA"/> His family took in a German prisoner of war. His brother Jean-Pierre spent thirty months as a soldier during the [[Algerian War]] near [[Souk Ahras]].<ref name="EA"/>
Schittly considered becoming a missionary, but fell in love during a stay of adoration at [[Mont Sainte-Odile]], and abandoned this vocation.<ref name="EA"/>
After studying at the minor seminary of [[Zillisheim]], he went to study medicine in [[Strasbourg]] and then in [[Lille]], where he defended his thesis on June 4, 1968. In March 1968, he obtained a scholarship from the Roux Foundation of the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris and then took courses in medical entomology at [[ORSTOM]].<ref name="EA"/> He joined the May 68 movement of civil unrest in Paris.<ref name="lancet">{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=Jacqui |date=February 2025 |title=Louis Schittly |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673625002533 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=405 |issue=10478 |pages=538 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00253-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Career== ===Biafra=== In December 1968, Schittly volunteered to join the Red Cross for a mission in [[Biafra]], which had been ravaged by a famine. He embarked with a Slovak surgeon colleague and was dropped off in a pediatric hospital in Santana, joining [[Jean Picard]], Michel Castet, Anne-Marie Barbé, and Guy Hanon. The hospital was a nutrition center treating children with nutritional deficiencies, scabies, intestinal parasites and malaria who had a high mortality rate at around 10%.<ref name="EA"/>
The hospital was set up in former classrooms converted into hospital wards with eight beds that held between five and eight children, and they carried out 4,000-5,000 consultations per week. There was a kitchen, a laundry room, a pharmacy and a laboratory, three trucks, three cars and two motorcycles, a carpentry workshop and, to feed the patients, a large vegetable garden with banana and cassava fields and a goat farm. The team was made up of French aid workers who stayed on average between two and four months, 28 local nurses, and auxiliaries in charge of cleaning, security, 6 laboratory technicians and auxiliaries, and a team of cooks and handymen.<ref name="EA"/>
At Uli, the airport where international aid arrived in Biafra, Schittly encountered the horror of war, particularly the bombings by East German mercenaries.<ref name="EA"/>
After Jean Picard left, Schittly was appointed team leader. Three or four times a week he went into the bush with the help of Irish [[Missionaries of the Holy Spirit]] to care for the inhabitants and to pick up children to be treated at the hospital; in dry weather, 110 children were transported, and during rainy weather 35 children. It was during these tours that [[Bernard Kouchner]] accompanied him.<ref name="EA"/>
In January 1970, the ICRC requested a general evacuation. At that time, Schittly and 3 others remained. On 5 January, the general evacuation order was given, they had to go to [[Libreville]] and [[Sao Tomé]]. Schittly initially decided to evacuate with 120 children, but the Swiss and the Swedes refused to embark with them and so Schittly also decided to stay. While waiting for the armistice, the team took refuge in an Irish mission. On January 7, 1970, the war was over, the authorities told them that they could go to Santana without worries. They met [[Baron Hunt]], who was on an official means-testing tour. After a meeting with the governor of [[Port Harcourt]], the children were transferred from Santana to Port Harcourt, where the governor had allowed them to transform an old school into a hospital. Following a rumor that these doctors were mercenaries, Schittly and his colleagues were transferred to [[Lagos]] for questioning by the judicial police, then put under surveillance in a hotel in town. Since France could not intervene because of its recognition of the State of Biafra, they were tried and found guilty of illegal entry into Nigeria and sentenced to six months in prison and a fine. After fifteen days in prison, they were deported to France.<ref name="EA"/>
===Ivory Coast, 1970=== The [[Order of Malta]] offered Schittly the position of chief physician for three camps for Biafran refugee children in [[Ivory Coast]]. He immediately accepted and spent a week in each of the three refugee camps, monitoring the health of the children until December 1970, when the children were repatriated. He left Ivory Coast before Christmas 1970, and returned via [[Republic of Upper Volta|Upper Volta]], [[Gao]], [[Niamey]], [[Agadez]], [[Arlit]], to [[Algiers]], which took him three months.<ref name="EA"/>
After his return from Biafra, he considered to specialize in paediatrics. In April 1970, thanks to the elders of Biafra and Parisian friends and supporters of Bernard Kouchner, the foundation of the ''Groupement d'intervention d'intervention medical-surgicale d'urgence'' was decided, later becoming MSF.<ref name="EA"/>
===Vietnam, 1971-72=== In 1971, having no desire to settle down as a country doctor, Schittly decided to help in Vietnam, joining the Da Nang hospital of the German Order of Malta. While waiting for the hospital to be built, German personnel worked in [[Hội An (city)|Hoi An]] at the Catholic bishopric where they had built a pediatric dispensary.<ref name="EA"/>
Joel Lugern offered to work for the [[Viet Cong]] as a doctor, and arranged an interview with the head of the Sector 3 maquis. Following a security investigation carried out by [[Georges Marchais]] on his militant activity in France, Schittly was recruited six weeks later to steal medicines from the hospital cellar, remove the German labels, translate them into French, load the boxes into a jeep, drive about ten kilometers from the city, stop to take a photo, while they steal the medicines and then return to the hospital, as if nothing had happened. He regularly goes on missions with another doctor to treat people with leprosy.<ref name="EA"/>
During Easter 1972, Schittly witnessed the great Viet Cong [[Easter Offensive]] and narrowly escaped arrest. In June 1972, his contract was not renewed, and his return trip took him to [[Saigon]], [[Phnom Penh]], through Thailand, Burma, Laos, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Taiwan, Borneo, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey in over five months.<ref name="EA"/>
After returning from Vietnam, Schittly spent four years from 1973-1977 to specialize in ophthalmology.<ref name="EA"/>
===Later life=== In June 1980, Schittly participated in an exploratory mission to Afghanistan funded by Terre des Hommes Alsace. After a stopover in [[Karachi]], while waiting to cross the border at [[Peshawar]] they established a makeshift hospital treating about 50 people per day. In [[Chitral]], the group consisted of about 20 people and walked six days 50 km per day across mountain passes of more than 4000 m, avoiding a group of Taliban, led by [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]], responsible for the [[Surobi, Kabul|Surobi]] ambush. At their destination they treated many cases of TB and intestinal parasites. The return in September was complicated by four Soviet helicopters, which fired at them.<ref name="EA"/>
From 1981 to 2009 Schittly worked as a chief physician of a convalescent house in [[Sentheim]] while living with his family on the family farm in Bernwiller.<ref name="EA"/>
In December 1987/ January 1988 Schittly participated in ateh first transport of agricultural, medical and school equipment to [[Mali]] by a group called TransAfrica.<ref name="EA"/>
In 1996, [[Bernard Kouchner]] asked Louis Schittly for help to set up a clinic, following the appeal of [[Sister Emmanuelle]]. On 30 August 1996, Louis and Bernard left for [[Nairobi]]. Welcomed by Pierre Géhot, they left the next day for Lokichokio. Then Monseigneur Taban took them to South Sudan. After several visits to the area, it was agreed that the clinic should be set up in Bona.<ref name="EA"/>
For six years, the clinic treated varied health conditions encountered locally, operating from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m.; Louis recruited several doctors via France Blue Alsace. Later as a result of embezzlement by trustees, an English [[NGO]] took over.<ref name="EA"/>
==Personal life and death== Schittly had three children: Manuela, born from a liaison during his studies in Strasbourg, Martha and Jean-Baptiste, with Erika, an ethnologist specializing in Papua New Guinea.<ref name="EA"/>
In Biafra, he was in a relationship with Esther, an indigenous woman who after the war became a nurse at the hospital Enugu.
In Vietnam, he was in a relationship with Heidi, a German nurse.<ref name="EA"/>
After a life of a practicing Catholic, he became an atheist, then he converted to orthodoxy in 1981 under the name Grégoire "Gregory", at the same time as his friend René Ehni, at the monastery of Gregory of Mount Athos.<ref name="EA"/> Together with his wife renamed Anastasia and his son, he built a small Byzantine church in his orchard, dedicated to Saint Gregory the Athonite and to Saint Anastasia the Roman, and decorated with frescoes and Byzantine icons painted by Léonide Ouspensky.
In politics, he defined himself as an anarchist and had deep respect for the Amish.
Schittly died in Mulhouse on 1 January 2025 at the age of 86.<ref name="lancet" />
== Publications == * ''L'homme qui voulait voir la guerre de près. Médecin au Biafra, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Sud-Soudan''. Paris : Arthaud, 2011 {{ISBN|978-2-0812-5841-9}} * ''Fyirr et Nadala'', Conte bilingue [Français/Alsacien]. Mulhouse : Éditions du Rhin, 1996. {{ISBN|2-86339-115-1}} * ''Dr Näsdla ou Un automne sans colchiques'', Roman à lire à voix haute, Éditions Hortus Sundgauviae, 1983. {{ISBN|2-86339-011-2}}. Nouvelle édition Strasbourg, La Nuée Bleue/DNA, 2013. {{ISBN|978-2-7165-0810-0}}. Trad. all.: Näsdla oder Ein Herbst ohne Herbstzeitlosen. Hambourg: tredition, 2019 {{ISBN|978-3-7482-1790-9}} * ''La raison lunatique'' [with René Ehni]. Presses d'Aujourd'hui, 1978
==References== {{reflist}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Schittly, Louis}} [[Category:1938 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century French medical doctors]] [[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]] [[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]] [[Category:People from Haut-Rhin]]