{{short description|Canadian photographer (1922–2020)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Lorraine Monk | honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|OOnt}} | image = Lorraine Monk and Gerald Ford 3.jpg | caption = Monk meets Gerald Ford during the United States Bicentennial, 1976 | birth_name = Lorraine Althea Constance Spurrell | birth_date = {{birth date|1922|5|26}} | birth_place = Montreal, Quebec, Canada | death_date = {{death date and age|2020|12|17|1922|5|26}} | death_place = Toronto, Ontario, Canada | nationality = | movement = | works = | awards = {{nblist|Order of Canada (1983)|Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal (2002)| Order of Ontario (2007)}} | alma_mater = McGill University }}
'''Lorraine Althea Constance Monk''' {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|OOnt|size=100%}} D.Litt (née '''Spurrell'''; May 26, 1922 – December 17, 2020) was a Canadian curator, author and executive producer with the National Film Board of Canada who led the production of multiple photography projects chronicling Canadian culture from the 1960s onward. She worked to establish the Canadian Museum of Photography in Toronto, which spawned multiple satellite museums across the country. Over 160,000 of the photographs that she commissioned to detail contemporary Canada are housed at the National Gallery of Canada. She also led the publication of photography books including ''Canada: A Year of the Land, Call Them Canadians,'' ''Canada with Love, Between Friends'' (which was Canada's gift to the United States on its bicentennial in 1976), and ''Photographs that Changed the World''.
For her contributions in documenting contemporary history of the country and her encouragement of a generation of photographers, she was first made a Member of the Order of Canada (1973) and later made an Officer of the Order of Canada (1983). She was also a recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002), and Order of Ontario (2007).
==Early life== Lorraine Althea Constance Spurrell was born on May 26, 1922, in Montreal to Eileen Marion (née Nurse) and Edwin Spurrell.<ref name=":0 " >{{Cite news|last=Stoffman|first=Judy|title=National Film Board producer Lorraine Monk was driving force in Canadian photography|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-national-film-board-producer-lorraine-monk-was-driving-force-in/|access-date=December 30, 2020|work=The Globe and Mail|date=December 29, 2020|archive-date=December 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231032414/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-national-film-board-producer-lorraine-monk-was-driving-force-in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WhoWho " >{{Cite book|editor-last=Charters|editor-first=Anderson|title=Canadian Who's Who|year=2015|publisher=Third Sector Publishing|isbn=978-1-928170-01-3|oclc=910280166|page=862}}</ref> Both her parents were from Newfoundland and Labrador, and had relocated to Quebec. Her father was a cod fisherman who had fought in World War I. Her mother was the niece of the then Archbishop of Newfoundland and was raised in his house.<ref name=":0 " />
She was the first in her family to complete a university education when she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and sociology in 1944, with honours in sociology;{{sfn|Gould|1982|p=46}} and a Master of Arts degree in 1946 from McGill University.<ref name="WhoWho " /> Her MA thesis was titled ''The Sociology of Art''.{{sfn|Gould|1982|p=46}} She dropped out of her doctorate program because she fell ill with tuberculosis.<ref name=":0 " />
== Career ==
Monk started her career in Ottawa, where she worked for the government, writing the history of the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II.{{sfn|Gould|1982|p=46}} In 1957, she joined the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) to write captions for their photo stories. These photos would be used in newspapers and magazines across the world.<ref name=":0 " />
In 1960, Monk was made the executive producer of the Photo Services at the NFB,{{sfn|Payne|2013|p=45}} whose name she would later go on to change to Still Photography Division. The group had a mandate to provide photographs to various government departments. Over a period of time, she would move away from in-house photographers and look to freelance photographers who would be commissioned for works.<ref name=":0 " /> She and others at the Still Photography Division grew frustrated with what Payne calls the "cheerful didacticism" of NFB production at the time, arguing in favour of a more documentary-oriented style of photography.{{sfn|Payne|2013|p=45}} She inaugurated the NFB Photo Gallery in Ottawa in 1967, which was Canada's first photo gallery dedicated to contemporary Canadian photography.<ref name=":1 " />{{sfn|Gould|1982|p=149}} She also started a program of touring photography exhibitions that toured both Canada and internationally.<ref name=":1 " />
[[File:Lorraine Monk - Pierre Trudeau - Gerald Ford - Between Friends Entre Amis.jpg|thumb|Monk and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau (middle) showing President Gerald Ford ''Between Friends / Entre Amis'', Canada's bicentennial gift to the United States (1976)]] Monk would leave Ottawa to move to Toronto in 1980, where she would continue to organize photography exhibitions and produce photo books.<ref name=":1 " /> In 1985, she helped establish the Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography in Toronto with satellite museums in other cities.<ref name=":0 " />
Through her career, Monk is credited with having commissioned photographs that detail the landscapes, people, and culture of the country, including books such as ''Canada: A Year of the Land, Call Them Canadians,'' and ''Canada with Love''.<ref name=":0 " /><ref name=":1 " >{{Cite web|title=Monk, Lorraine |url=https://mediacommons.library.utoronto.ca/fonds/monk-lorraine|access-date=December 31, 2020|website=mediacommons.library.utoronto.ca|archive-date=December 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231032357/https://mediacommons.library.utoronto.ca/fonds/monk-lorraine|url-status=live}}</ref> The photography projects that she commissioned during her role with the Still Photography Division would not only contribute to the cultural documentation of the country, but would also encourage a whole generation of photographers. Over 160,000 of these photographs are at the National Gallery of Canada.<ref name=":0 " /> In an article in ''The Globe and Mail'', the newspaper noted that her role at the NFB's Still Photography Division coincided with the time that "photographs were not merely vehicles of information or reportage but a means of personal expression and a collectible art form".<ref name=":0 " />
Monk's photo book, ''Between Friends / Entre Amis'' (1976), was designed as Canada's gift to the United States for the United States Bicentennial in 1976.<ref name=":0 " /> Monk accompanied then Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to hand over the gift to then US President Gerald Ford in a ceremony in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Between Friends / Entre Amis |url=https://www.librarycat.org/lib/WAAC/item/156841626|access-date=December 31, 2020|website=Women's Art Association of Canada Library|language=en|archive-date=January 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102230203/https://www.librarycat.org/lib/WAAC/item/156841626|url-status=live}}</ref> The 262-page photo book documented the life, scenes, and people, from both sides of the shared border between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stevens|first=William K.|date=July 3, 1976|title=A Michigan City and Its Ontario Twin Neighborly on Near-Invisible Border|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/03/archives/a-michigan-city-and-its-ontario-twin-neighborly-on-nearinvisible.html|access-date=December 31, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102230205/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/03/archives/a-michigan-city-and-its-ontario-twin-neighborly-on-nearinvisible.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anna Porter, editor-in-chief at McClelland & Stewart, the publishing house that published much of Monk's works, complimented her on her judgement, and went on to say that ''Between Friends / Entre Amis'' (1976), "became the gift book of the decade".<ref name=":0 " />
Some of Monk's notable award winning photobooks included ''Photographs that Changed the World'' (1989) and ''Canada: These Things We Hold Dear'' (1999).<ref name=":0 " /> Some of the photographers whom she encouraged through her career included Thaddeus Holownia, John Max, Freeman Patterson, Nina Raginsky, John Reeves, and John de Visser.<ref name=":0 " />
Monk was a member of the board of the Roloff Beny Foundation starting in 1998. In this position she helped create an annual prize for the best photo book, which was discontinued in 2004.<ref name=":0 " />
==Honours== In 1973, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada "for the standard of excellence she has set in the publication and exhibition of photography and for the support she has given to young photographers".<ref name=":2 " /> She was promoted to Officer in 1983.<ref name=":2 " >{{Cite web|date=|title=Mrs. Lorraine Monk|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-13748|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231032427/https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-13748|archive-date=December 31, 2020|access-date=December 31, 2020|website=|publisher=Governor General of Canada}}</ref> In 2007, she was awarded the Order of Ontario for having "brought acclaim to Ontario through her contributions as a photographer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citizenship.gov.on.ca/english/news/2007/n20071219.shtml|title=Order of Ontario Recipients Announced|publisher=Ontario Ministry Of Citizenship And Immigration|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513214020/http://www.citizenship.gov.on.ca/english/news/2007/n20071219.shtml|archive-date=May 13, 2008}}</ref> She was also awarded the Canadian Centennial Medal<ref name=":3 " /> and the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002. In 1982, she received an honorary degree from York University and another from Carleton University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secretariat.info.yorku.ca/senate/sub-committee-on-honorary-degrees-and-ceremonials/honorary-degree-recipients/#M|title=Honorary Degree Recipients |publisher=York University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318112748/http://secretariat.info.yorku.ca/senate/sub-committee-on-honorary-degrees-and-ceremonials/honorary-degree-recipients/|archive-date=March 18, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=April 18, 2012|title=Lorraine Monk Donation|url=https://library.ryerson.ca/monkreception/|access-date=December 31, 2020|publisher=Ryerson University Library|language=en-US|archive-date=December 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231032425/https://library.ryerson.ca/monkreception/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Many of her books were recipients of awards, including ''Canada'' (1975) which was the recipient of the silver medal at the Leipzig Book Fair, and ''Between Friends'' (1976) which won the gold medal at the Leipzig Book Fair.<ref name=":3 " >{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Abbott|first=Louise|date=December 15, 2013|title=Lorraine Monk|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorraine-monk|url-status=live|access-date=December 31, 2020|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|archive-date=December 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231032358/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorraine-monk}}</ref>
== Personal life == Monk's first marriage to Lloyd Hackwell ended in divorce after the birth of their daughter, after which she moved back with her parents who took care of the daughter when she worked.<ref name=":0 " /> When she moved to Ottawa, she married John Monk, with whom she had gone to university at McGill University. John had returned injured from having fought in World War II. In order to support John through law school at Osgoode Hall Law School, Lorraine took on a job at the Department of National Defence, researching the history of the Royal Canadian Navy.{{sfn|Gould|1982|p=46}} The couple had two sons and a daughter, author Karyn Monk,<ref name=":0 " /> and were married until John's death in 1979. In 2010 Monk married Daniel Fernandez, a music composer.<ref name=":0 " />
In the 1980s, Monk lost money to fraudster Albert Rosenberg, nicknamed ''Yorkville Swindler,'' who promised returns on reselling a Picasso painting only to defraud her. This incident would impact her negatively, and she would later say in a court hearing that she had considered death by suicide due to this incident.<ref name=":0 " />
Monk died on December 17, 2020, at a nursing home in Toronto, Ontario. She was aged 98.<ref name=":0 " />
==Selected bibliography== * {{Cite book|last=Canada|first=National Film Board of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbUqzQEACAAJ&q=Canada:+A+Year+of+the+Land+1967|title=Canada: A Year of the Land|year=1967|publisher=Copp Clark Pitman|isbn=978-0-7730-4036-6|language=en}} * {{Cite book|last1=National Film Board of Canada|title=Ces visages qui sont un pays: recueillis par des photographes du Canada|last2=Monk|first2=Lorraine|last3=Lasnier|first3=Rina|year=1968|publisher=Imprimeur de la Reine|language=English|oclc=959666473}} * {{Cite book|last1=Canada|title=Stones of history.|last2=Public Works and Government Services Canada|year=1996|publisher=Public Works and Government Services Canada|isbn=978-0-662-62548-3|oclc=46494461}} * {{Cite book|last1=Canada|first1=National Film Board of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZSnQAAACAAJ&q=Call+Them+Canadians+1968|title=Call Them Canadians: A Photographic Point of View|last2=Waddington|first2=Miriam|year=1968|publisher=Queen's Printer|language=en}} * {{Cite book|last1=National Film Board of Canada|title=A time to dream|last2=Monk|first2=Lorraine|year=1971|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|isbn=978-0-7710-0148-2|oclc=796952513}} * {{Cite book|last=Development|first=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMaKzQEACAAJ&q=Canada+1973|title=Canada: 1973|year=1973|publisher=OECD|language=en}} * {{Cite book|last=Division|first=National Film Board of Canada Still Photography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LV4xgEACAAJ&q=Between+Friends/Entre+Amis+1976|title=Between Friends|year=1976|publisher=National Film Board of Canada, Still Photography Division|language=en}} * {{Cite book|last1=Monk|first1=Lorraine|title=The female eye = Coup d'oeil feminin|last2=National Film Board of Canada|last3=Still Photography Division|year=1975|publisher=Produced by the National Film Board of Canada, Still Photography Division, in association with Clarke, Irwin|language=English|oclc=969568593}} * {{Cite book|last=Monk, Lorraine|title=Canada with love = Canada avec amour|year=1982|publisher=McClelland and Stewart|isbn=0-7710-6082-3|edition=Patriation|location=Toronto|oclc=9760919}} * {{Cite book|last1=Amiel|first1=Barbara|title=Celebrate our city: Toronto : 150th anniversary|last2=Monk|first2=Lorraine|year=1983|publisher=McClelland and Stewart|isbn=978-0-7710-6085-4|language=English|oclc=1131586664}} * {{Cite book|last=Monk|first=Lorraine|title=Photographs that changed the world: the camera as witness, the photograph as evidence|year=1989|publisher=Macfarlane Walter & Ross|isbn=978-0-921912-01-9|language=English|oclc=1065441775}} * {{Cite book|last=Monk|first=Lorraine|title=Canada with love = Canada avec amour|year=1993|publisher=Firefly Books|isbn=978-1-895565-27-0|language=English|oclc=28224923}} * {{Cite book|last1=Infobase|title=To Canada with Love and Some Misgivings|last2=National Film Board of Canada (Firm)|year=2019|oclc=1130900082}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Sources== * {{cite journal|last1=Gould|first1=Allan M.|title=Lorraine Monk: Woman with a Mission|journal=Chatelaine|date=June 1982|volume=55|issue=6|id={{ProQuest|1715352519}}}} *{{Cite book|last=Payne|first=Carol|title=The Official Picture: The National Film Board of Canada's Still Photography Division and the Image of Canada, 1941–1971|date=2013|publisher=McGill–Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-8894-3|oclc=1037916154|jstor=j.ctt24hnf4}}
==External links== {{Archival records}} * {{Official website}} * {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monk, Lorraine}} Category:1922 births Category:2020 deaths Category:Anglophone Quebec people Category:Canadian women curators Category:Canadian curators Category:People from Montreal Category:McGill University alumni Category:Members of the Order of Ontario Category:Officers of the Order of Canada Category:National Film Board of Canada people