Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton

{{short description|British geographer and politician (1911–1994)}} {{Use British English|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = The Right Honourable | name = The Lord Shackleton | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=|KG|AC|OBE|PC|FRS|FRGS|FRCGS}} | image = Edward Shackleton.jpg | caption = 1969 photograph, by Godfrey Argent | office = Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords Shadow Leader of the House of Lords | leader = {{ubl|Harold Wilson}} | term_start = 19 June 1970 | term_end = 4 March 1974 | predecessor = The Lord Carrington | successor = The Lord Carrington | office1 = Leader of the House of Lords | monarch1 = Elizabeth II | prime_minister1 = Harold Wilson | term_start1 = 16 January 1968 | term_end1 = 20 June 1970 | predecessor1 = The Earl of Longford | successor1 = The Earl Jellicoe | office2 = Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal | term_start2 = 16 January 1968 | term_end2 = 6 April 1968 | predecessor2 = The Earl Longford | successor2 = Fred Peart | term_start3 = 1 November 1968 | term_end3 = 20 June 1970 | predecessor3 = Fred Peart | successor3 = The Earl Jellicoe | office4 = Paymaster General | term_start4 = 6 April 1968 | term_end4 = 1 November 1968 | predecessor4 = George Wigg | successor4 = Judith Hart | office5 = Deputy Leader of the House of Lords | term_start5 = 7 January 1967 | term_end5 = 16 January 1968 | monarch5 = Elizabeth II | prime_minister5 = Harold Wilson | leader5 = The Earl of Longford | predecessor5 = The Lord Champion | successor5 = The Lord Shepherd | office6 = Minister without Portfolio | term_start6 = 7 January 1967 | term_end6 = 16 January 1968 | monarch6 = Elizabeth II | prime_minister6 = Harold Wilson | predecessor6 = Douglas Houghton | successor6 = Patrick Gordon Walker | office7 = Minister of State for the Air Force | term_start7 = 19 October 1964 | term_end7 = 7 January 1967 | monarch7 = Elizabeth II | prime_minister7 = Harold Wilson | predecessor7 = Hugh Fraser | successor7 = ''Office abolished'' | office11 = Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal | term_start11 = 11 August 1958 | term_end11 = 22 September 1994 Life peerage | office12 = Member of Parliament for Preston South | term_start12 = 23 February 1950 | term_end12 = 6 May 1955 | predecessor12 = ''Constituency established'' | successor12 = Alan Green | office13 = Member of Parliament for Preston | term_start13 = 31 January 1946 | term_end13 = 3 February 1950 | predecessor13 = John William Sunderland | successor13 = ''Constituency abolished'' | birth_date = 15 July 1911 | birth_place = Wandsworth, London, England | death_date = 22 September 1994 (aged 83) | death_place = Winchester, Hampshire, England | alma_mater = Magdalen College, Oxford | spouse = {{marriage|Betty Horman|1938}} | children = 2 | parents = Ernest Shackleton Emily Dorman | module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = United Kingdom | branch = Royal Air Force | service_years = 1940–1956 | rank = Wing Commander | service_number = 83143 | unit = | battles = Second World War | awards = Officer of the Order of the British Empire }} }}

'''Edward Arthur Alexander Shackleton, Baron Shackleton''' (15 July 1911 – 22 September 1994) was a British geographer, Royal Air Force officer and Labour Party politician.

==Early life and career== Born in Wandsworth, London, Shackleton was the younger son of Emily Mary and Sir Ernest Shackleton, the Antarctic explorer. Edward Shackleton was educated at Radley College, an independent boarding school for boys in Oxfordshire, followed by Magdalen College, Oxford.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-shackleton-1450860.html|title=Obituary: Lord Shackleton|author=Tam Dalyell|author-link=Tam Dalyell|work=The Independent newspaper|date=24 September 1994|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>

Shackleton arranged the 1932 Oxford University Exploration Club expedition to Sarawak in Borneo organised by Tom Harrisson. During this trip, he made the first ascent of Mount Mulu.

In 1934 Shackleton organised the Oxford University Ellesmere Land Expedition and chose Gordon Noel Humphreys to lead it. Shackleton accompanied the party as assistant surveyor to Humphreys. The expedition was eventually responsible for naming Mount Oxford (after the University of Oxford) and the British Empire Range. On leaving the university, he worked as a Talks Producer for the BBC in Northern Ireland – an experience that turned him away from the Conservatives towards Labour.

===Royal Air Force service=== Shackleton served in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. On 29 July 1940, he was commissioned into the Administrative and Special Duties Branch, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, as a pilot officer on probation.<ref name="LG 27 August 1940">{{London Gazette |issue= 34932 |date= 27 August 1940 |pages= 5224–5225 |supp= y }}</ref> On 1 March 1941, he was promoted and granted the war substantive rank of flying officer.<ref name="LG 8 August 1941">{{London Gazette |issue= 35241 |date= 8 August 1941 |page= 4581 }}</ref> Following the probationary period, his commission was confirmed on 29 July 1941.<ref name="LG 29 August 1941">{{London Gazette |issue= 35260 |date= 29 August 1941 |page= 5031 }}</ref> He was promoted to flight lieutenant (temporary) on 1 September 1942,<ref name="LG 29 September 1942">{{London Gazette |issue= 35725 |date= 29 September 1942 |pages= 4260–4261 |supp= y }}</ref> and made a war substantive flight lieutenant on 15 February 1944.<ref name="LG 25 April 1944">{{London Gazette |issue= 36488 |date= 25 April 1944 |pages= 1945 |supp= y }}</ref> He was an acting squadron leader by June 1944,<ref name="LG 2 June 1944" /> and an acting wing commander by June 1945.<ref name="LG 14 June 1945" />

In 1944, Shackleton was mentioned in despatches.<ref name="LG 2 June 1944">{{London Gazette |issue= 36544 |date= 2 June 1944 |pages= 2613–2618 |supp= y }}</ref> In the 1945 King's Birthday Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).<ref name="LG 14 June 1945">{{London Gazette|issue=37119|date=14 June 1945|pages=2947–2949 |supp=y}}</ref>

Shackleton relinquished his commission on 15 July 1956 and was granted permission to retain the rank of wing commander.<ref name="LG 16 October 1956">{{London Gazette |issue= 40902 |date= 16 October 1956 |page= 5852 |supp= y }}</ref>

==Political life== Shackleton stood unsuccessfully for Labour at Epsom in the 1945 general election and in the 1945 Bournemouth by-election. In 1946, he was elected for Labour as Member of Parliament for Preston in a by-election. In 1949 he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Minister of Supply, George Strauss.

A boundary change divided Preston into two seats, and in 1950 Shackleton was elected as MP for Preston South on a much-reduced majority. In the following year he was promoted to be PPS to Lord President of the Council and Foreign Secretary Herbert Morrison, one of the heavyweight political figures in the post-war government. He was re-elected in 1951.

At the 1955 election, he was defeated. Hugh Gaitskell recommended Shackleton to the Prime Minister, and on 11 August 1958 he was created a life peer by letters patent as '''Baron Shackleton''', of Burley in the County of Southampton.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=41473|date=15 August 1958|page=5077}}</ref> Shackleton delivered his maiden speech in the House of Lords on 11 November 1958, in a debate on a Wages Councils bill, one he thoroughly approved of and welcomed, to increase understanding between unions and management.

In Harold Wilson's government, he served as Minister of Defence for the RAF from 1964 to 1967. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1966 and made Deputy Leader of the House of Lords a year later. As Minister without Portfolio in 1967–1968 and Paymaster General in 1968, he had a seat in the Cabinet. During the Aden Emergency he was sent on a Special Mission as British Resident to help with the British withdrawal.

In April 1968, after the budget, Wilson made Shackleton Leader of the House of Lords, succeeding the Earl of Longford.

Shackleton was active in Wilson's proposals for House of Lords reform, designed to reduce the delaying powers of the Lords from two years to just six months, and he liaised between committees and sub-committees, but in April 1969 Wilson dropped the bill to "concentrate on priorities". Sitting on the committee for Civil Service Reform, Shackleton successfully widened access to entry for scientists.<ref name="ODNB">{{Cite ODNB|id=55707|title=Shackleton, Edward Arthur Alexander, Baron Shackleton}}</ref><ref name="Times obit">{{cite news |title=Lord Shackleton |work=The Times |date=24 September 1994 |page=21}}</ref>

Shackleton remained Leader of the House of Lords until a Conservative government was elected in 1970 and thereafter was Opposition Leader in the Lords.

From 1971, Shackleton was President of the Royal Geographical Society. Lord Shackleton was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter in 1974.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=46274|date=26 April 1974|page=5227}}</ref> From 1976 until 1992 he was Chairman of the joint-Political Honours and Scrutiny Committee. Lord Shackleton's report, commissioned by James Callaghan, described the economic future of the Falkland Islands, the value of the being British to the islanders, and how their lot could be improved. It included the invaluable role eventually played by HMS ''Endurance''.

Between 1988 and 1989 he chaired the Lords Science and Technology Committee and in 1989 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society under Statute 12, effectively an honorary fellow.<ref name="Jellicoe 1999">{{cite journal |last=Jellicoe |first=George |author-link=George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe |title=Lord Edward Arthur Alexander Shackleton. 15 July 1911 – 22 September 1994 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |date=1 November 1999 |volume=45 |pages=485–505 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1999.0032 |doi-access=free|s2cid=186214379 }}</ref> He also served as Chairman of the East European Trade Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2016-07-07a.2142.0|title = My Lords, it is with a certain}}</ref>

In 1990 Shackleton was appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), Australia's highest civilian honour, "for service to Australian/British relations, particularly through the Britain–Australia Society.<ref>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/882096 Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129123030/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/882096 |date=29 January 2019 }}, itsanhonour.gov.au; accessed 7 April 2016.</ref>

Lord Shackleton was Pro-Chancellor of the University of Southampton, in which role he was deeply interested in the development of geography at Southampton.<ref name="Jellicoe 1999"/> A portrait photograph of Lord Shackleton was unveiled by his daughter Alexandra Shackleton in December 1997 in the university's Shackleton Building, which houses the Departments of Geography and Psychology.

In 1994 he became the Life President of the newly founded James Caird Society, named after the boat in which his explorer father and crew escaped Antarctica (itself, in turn, named for James Key Caird <nowiki>[</nowiki>1837–1916], jute baron and philanthropist). He acted also as patron of the British Schools Exploring Society (B.S.E.S.) from 1962 until his death in Winchester.

==Personal life== In 1938 Shackleton married Betty Homan, and they had two children, Alexandra (born 1940) and Charles (1942–1979).<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Arms== {{Infobox COA wide |image = Coat of Arms of Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton, KG, AC, OBE, PC, FRS, FRGS.png |imagesize = 250 |notes = |escutcheon = Or on a Fess Gules three Lozengy Buckles tongues palewise of the field, on a Canton of the second a Cross Humettée of the field. |crest = A Poplar Tree proper charged with a Buckle as in the arms |orders = Order of the Garter ''(Appointed 23 April 1974)'' |motto = FORTITUDINE VINCIMIS (By Endurance We Conquer) }}

Lord Shackleton's Garter banner, which hung in St. George's Chapel in Windsor during his lifetime, is now on display in Christ Church Cathedral, Falkland Islands.<ref>[http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/assets/files/News%20Announcements/BannerListJune2015.pdf Lord Shackleton's Garter banner] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118033952/http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/assets/files/News%20Announcements/BannerListJune2015.pdf |date=18 November 2015 }}, stgeorges-windsor.org, June 2015; accessed 7 April 2016.</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} * Hattersley-Smith, Geoffrey. ''Geographical Names of the Ellesmere Island National Park Reserve and Vicinity''. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Arctic Institute of North America, 1998. {{ISBN|0-919034-96-9}}.  {{refend}}

==External links== *{{NPG name}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20030125041501/http://www.soton.ac.uk/~newrep/vol15/no8people.html University of Southampton website ("Shackleton portrait unveiled in Geography Department")] *[http://www.bses.org.uk BSES] *[https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-edwardshackleton Archive collection of Edward Shackleton collection with bio/history] * {{Hansard-contribs | wing-commander-edward-shackleton |Edward Shackleton }} * [https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_S Parliamentary Archives, Papers of Arthur Edward Alexander Shackleton MP, Baron Shackleton, 1911–1994]

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