{{Short description|Emperor of Southern Ming from 1645 to 1646}} {{Confused|Zhu Youjian}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} {{Family name hatnote|[[Zhu (surname)|Zhu]]|lang=Chinese}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Longwu Emperor <br/>{{langn|zh|隆武帝}} | image = Long-wu.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = [[Qing Dynasty]] portrait of the Longwu Emperor | succession = [[Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty]] | reign = 18 August 1645 – 6 October 1646 | predecessor = [[Hongguang Emperor]] | successor = [[Shaowu Emperor]] | succession1 = Prince of Tang | reign1 = 18 July 1632 – 17 December 1632 | reign-type1 = First tenure | predecessor1 = Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan | successor1 = Zhu Yuse, Prince Min | reign2 = 31 July 1645 – 18 August 1645 | reign-type2 = Second tenure | predecessor2 = Zhu Yuse, Prince Min | successor2 = [[Zhu Yuyue]] | succession3 = Prince of Nanyang | reign3 = 1644 – 31 July 1645 | reign-type3 = Tenure | birth_date = 25 May 1602 | death_date = {{death date and age|1646|10|6|1602|5|25|df=yes}} | burial_place = Luohanling (羅漢嶺), Tingzhou | father = Zhu Qisheng | mother = Lady Mao | spouse = [[Empress Xiaoyixiang]] | issue = Zhu Linyuan, Crown Prince Zhuangjing | full name = Zhu Yujian{{efn|{{zh|t=朱聿鍵|s=朱聿键|p=Zhū Yùjiàn}}}} | regnal name = Emperor Siwen{{efn|{{zh|c=思文皇帝}} (conferred by the [[Zhu Youlang|Yongli Emperor]])}} | posthumous name = Emperor Peitian Zhidao Hongyi Sumu Siwen Liewu Minren Guangxiao Xiang{{efn|{{zh|t=配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝襄皇帝|s=配天至道弘毅肃穆思文烈武敏仁广孝襄皇帝}} (conferred by the Yongli Emperor)}} | house = [[House of Zhu|Zhu]] | dynasty = [[Southern Ming]] | temple name = Shaozong{{efn|{{zh|t=紹宗|s=绍宗|p=Shàozōng}} (conferred by the Yongli Emperor)}} | era dates = Longwu:{{efn|{{zh|c=隆武|p=Lóngwǔ}}}} 18 August 1645 – 4 February 1647 |module={{Infobox Chinese |child= yes |c = 隆武帝 |l = |mi = |p=Lóngwǔ Dì }}}}

'''Zhu Yujian''' (1602 – 6 October 1646), nickname '''Changshou''',{{efn|{{zh|t=長壽|s=长寿|p=Chángshòu}}}} originally the '''Prince of Tang''', later reigned as the '''Longwu Emperor''' of the [[Southern Ming|Southern Ming dynasty]] from 18 August 1645, when he was enthroned in [[Fuzhou]], to 6 October 1646, when he was captured and executed by a contingent of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] army.<ref>{{harvnb|Struve|1988}}, pp. 665 (date of enthronement) and 676 (date of capture and execution).</ref> He was an eighth generation descendant of Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, who was the 23rd son of Ming founder [[Hongwu Emperor|Zhu Yuanzhang]] (Hongwu Emperor).<ref>{{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=665}}, note 24.</ref>

==Early life== Before ascending to the throne, he followed his father as the Prince of Tang, their [[fief]] being situated in [[Nanyang, Henan|Nanyang]] prefecture, in [[Henan]] province. In 1636, he was stripped of his title by the [[Chongzhen Emperor]] and put under house arrest in [[Fengyang]]. His former title was transferred to his younger brother [[Zhu Yumo]] ({{lang|zh|朱聿鏌}}). In 1641, Zhu Yumo committed suicide when [[Li Zicheng]] invaded Nanyang. After the death of the Chongzhen Emperor 1644, his successor on the Ming throne, the [[Prince of Fu|Hongguang Emperor]], released the Prince of Tang from his arrest.

==Reign== When [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] forces captured [[Nanjing]] in June 1645, he fled to [[Hangzhou]]. However, when [[Hangzhou]] fell to the Qing on 6 July 1645, the Prince of Tang managed to escape by land to the southeastern province of Fujian.{{sfn|Struve|1988|pp=660–665}}

In August of the same year, at the behest of several high officials, he ascended to the Ming throne in [[Fuzhou]], taking the [[era name|reign title]] "Longwu" (隆武; pinyin: Lóngwǔ). His [[era name]] means "plentiful and martial". After a promising start, [[Fujian]]'s geographical position on the margin of the empire, cut off from the heartland by several mountain ranges, as well as his lack of effective troops and the failure on part of the officialdom to find a united stance doomed the Longwu government. When Qing forces invaded Fujian in the late summer of 1646, [[Zheng Zhilong]], the emperor's strongest ally, surrendered while his son Zheng Chenggong (the famous [[Koxinga]]) retreated to the sea.

The Prince of Tang was left with a dwindling court. On 6 October 1646, he was captured and immediately executed.

==Personality== Against the Ming policy of keeping imperial princes out of politics, the Prince of Tang early on showed interest in the government of the empire and strove for a larger role of the princes in it. His initiatives had brought him under house arrest during the reign of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], but his knowledge of history and of Ming institutions, paired with a diligent personality, made him take his imperial role seriously.<ref name="Struve 669">{{harvnb|Struve|1988|p=669}}.</ref>

Zhu Yujian is said to have had a very close relationship with his wife, who had shared his hardship when he was incarcerated.<ref name="Struve 669"/> Contrary to Chinese custom, he steadfastly declined to take any [[concubine]]s.

==Consorts and issue== * [[Empress Zeng (Longwu)|Empress Xiaoyixiang]], of the Zeng clan (孝毅襄皇后 曾氏; d. 1646) ** Zhu Linyuan, Crown Prince Zhuangjing (莊敬太子 朱琳源; 1646－1646), first son * Concubine, of the Shen clan (沈嫔) * Concubine, of the Chen clan (陳嬪)

==Ancestry== {{chart top|text-align=left|Patrilineal descent}} Zhu Yujian was the senior-most male-line descendants of Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, the 23rd son of [[Zhu Yuanzhang]], after his father's death. Therefore, he was an eighth cousin of the [[Wanli Emperor]]. This chart only showed the latest actual title of the person(s). # [[Zhu Yuanzhang]], the Hongwu Emperor, 1328–1398 # Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang, 1386–1415 (23rd son) # Zhu Qiongda, Prince Xian of Tang, 1412–1475 (4th son & 2nd son as son by primary consort) # Zhu Zhizhi, Prince Zhuang of Tang, 1432–1485 (2nd son) # Zhu Miqian, Comm. Prince Gongjing of Wencheng, d.1516 (3rd son) # Zhu Yuwen, Prince Jing of Tang, 1490–1560 # Zhu Zhouyong, Prince Shun of Tang, 1538–1564 # Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan of Tang, d.1630 # Zhu Qisheng, the Hereditary Prince of Tang, d.1629 (1st son) # '''Zhu Yujian''', the Longwu Emperor, 1602–1646 (1st son) {{chart bottom}}

== Notes == {{notelist}}

==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book|last=Struve|first=Lynn A.|chapter=The Southern Ming, 1644–1662|editor-last=Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett|title=The Cambridge History of China'', Volume 7,'' The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988}} *{{cite ECCP|title=Chu Yü-chien}} {{Refend}}

{{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[House of Zhu]]<br>Prince of Tang's line<br><small>(line of one of the [[Hongwu Emperor]]'s son)</small>||1602||1646}} {{s-roy|cn}} {{S-bef|before=Zhu Shuohuang, Prince Duan}} {{S-ttl|title=Prince of Tang<br/>(First time)|years=1632–1636}} {{S-aft|after=Zhu Yuse, Prince Min}} {{S-new|}} {{S-ttl|title=Prince of Nanyang|years=1644–1645}} {{S-non|reason=Princedom later repealed, for regency of the Ming dynasty}} {{S-bef|before=Zhu Yuse, Prince Min}} {{S-ttl|title=Prince of Tang<br/>(Second time)|years=1645}} {{S-aft|after=[[Zhu Yuyue]]}} {{S-reg|}} {{S-bef|before=[[Zhu Changfang]], Prince Min of Lu}} {{S-ttl|title=Regent of the Southern Ming|years=1645}} {{S-aft|after=[[Zhu Yihai]], Prince of Lu<br>[[Zhu Changqing]], Prince of Huai<br>[[Zhu Youlang]], Prince of Gui}} {{S-bef|before=[[Zhu Yousong|Hongguang Emperor]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[List of emperors of the Ming dynasty|Emperor of the Southern Ming]]|years=1645–1646}} {{S-aft|after=[[Zhu Yuyue|Shaowu Emperor]]}} {{S-end}}

{{Ming emperors}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhu, Yujian}} [[Category:Southern Ming emperors]] [[Category:1602 births]] [[Category:1646 deaths]] [[Category:Executed people from Henan]] [[Category:People executed by the Qing dynasty]] [[Category:People from Nanyang, Henan]] [[Category:17th-century Chinese monarchs]] [[Category:17th-century executions by China]] [[Category:Executed monarchs]]