Longnose trevally

{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Speciesbox | image = Longnose trevally Weipa.JPG | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn | author1 = Smith-Vaniz, W.F. | author2 = Williams, I. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = ''Carangoides chrysophrys'' |errata=2017 | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T20257324A115371478 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20257324A46664049.en}}</ref> | taxon = Carangoides chrysophrys | authority = ([[George Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1833) | range_map = Carangoides chrysophrys distribution.png | range_map_caption = Approximate range of the longnose trevally | synonyms = *''Caranx chrysophrys'' Cuvier, 1833 *''Citula chrysophrys'' (Cuvier, 1833) *''Carangoides chrysophryoides'' [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1851 *''Caranx nigrescens'' [[Francis Day|Day]], 1868 *''Caranx jayakari'' [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1888 *''Caranx typus'' [[John Gilchrist (zoologist)|Gilchrist]] & [[William Wardlaw Thompson|Thompson]], 1917 }}

The '''longnose trevally''' (''Carangoides chrysophrys''), also known as the '''tea-leaf trevally''', '''club-nosed trevally''', '''grunting trevally''' or '''dusky trevally''', is a [[species]] of inshore [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[fish]] in the jack [[Family (taxonomy)|family]], [[Carangidae]]. The species is distributed throughout the [[tropical]] and subtropical waters of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and west [[Pacific Ocean]]s from [[South Africa]] to [[New Zealand]] and [[Japan]], inhabiting coastal waters, especially [[reef]]s, to a depth of 90 m. The longnose trevally is distinguished from similar species by a combination of a scaleless breast and the number of [[gill raker]]s and fin rays. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a maximum known length of 72 cm and 4.35 kg. The longnose trevally is a [[predator]]y fish, consuming small fish, [[crustacean]]s and [[molluscs]]. The species is of minor [[fishery|commercial importance]] throughout its range, and is considered to be a good [[fish (food)|table fish]].

==Taxonomy and naming== The longnose trevally is classified within the genus ''[[Carangoides]]'', a group of fish commonly called jacks and trevallies. ''Carangoides'' falls into the jack and horse mackerel family [[Carangidae]], the Carangidae are part of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carangiformes]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=380–387 |publisher=Wiley |isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref>

The species was first [[scientific classification|scientifically described]] by the French [[taxonomist]] [[Georges Cuvier]] in 1833, based on the [[holotype]] specimen collected from the waters of the [[Seychelles]]. He named the new species ''Caranx chrysophrys'', with the specific name meaning 'golden eyebrow' in [[Greek language|Greek]].<ref name = "Zoocat" >{{cite book | last = Hosese | first = D.F. |author2=Bray, D.J. |author3=Paxton, J.R. |author4=Alen, G.R. | title = Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes | publisher = CSIRO | year = 2007 | location = Sydney | page = 1150 | isbn =978-0-643-09334-8 }}</ref> The generic position of the species was revised twice, being placed in ''Citula'' by [[William Ogilby]] and finally into ''Carangoides'' by Ian Munro, where it has remained. The species has been independently described on a number of occasions, the first when [[Pieter Bleeker]] identified a fish he believed was similar, but not the same as ''Carangoides chrysophrys'', and named it ''Carangoides chrysophryoides''. Other [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]]s include ''Caranx nigrescens'', ''Caranx jayakari'' and ''Caranx typus''.<ref name = "Gunn">{{cite journal | last = Gunn | first = John S. | title = A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters | journal = Records of the Australian Museum Supplement| volume = 12 | pages =1–78 | year = 1990 | doi = 10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92 | url = https://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17723/92.pdf }}</ref> These are all considered to be [[junior synonym]]s under the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]] rules and are no longer used. The species has a number of [[common names]], with the most often used names, 'longnose trevally' (or 'longnose kingfish') and 'club-nosed trevally' in reference to the snout profile of the fish. The names 'dusky trevally' and 'grunting trevally' are used for the fish in the [[United States]].<ref name = "fishbase">{{FishBase | genus = Carangoides | species = chrysophrys | year = 2008 | month = January}}</ref>

==Description== [[File:Longnose.jpg|thumb|left]][[File:Carangoides_chrysophrys_DubaiMall.jpg|thumb|240px]]The longnose trevally is similar to other jacks in its overall body profile, having a strongly compressed, [[wikt:ovate|ovate]] shape as a juvenile, gradually becoming more [[wikt:oblong|oblong]] with age.<ref name = "Barrier">{{cite book | last = Randall | first = John Ernest |author2=Roger C. Steene |author3=Gerald R. Allen | title = Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1997 | page = 161 | isbn = 0-8248-1895-4 }}</ref> It is a moderately large fish, recorded up to 72 cm in length and 4.35 [[kilogram|kg]] in weight.<ref name = "fishbase"/> The [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|dorsal]] profile is more convex than the [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|ventral]] profile. One of the species major diagnostic characters is its snout shape, having a gently sloped dorsal profile from the [[nape]] to near the snout, but becoming abruptly vertical just before the mouth cleft.<ref name = "Gunn"/> Both of the [[jaw]]s contain anteriorly widening bands of small [[Ichthyology terms#V|villiform]] teeth, with larger individuals also having a number of conical outer teeth. There are two separate [[dorsal fin]]s, the first consisting of 8 [[Fish anatomy#Spines and rays|spines]] and the second of 1 spine and 18 to 20 [[Fish anatomy#Spines and rays|soft rays]]. The [[anal fin]] comprises two detached [[Anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior|anterior]] spines, followed by 1 spine and 14 to 17 soft rays.<ref name = "FAO">{{cite book |editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first=Kent E. |editor2=Volker H. Niem | title = FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) | year = 2001 | location = Rome |page= 2694 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/x2400e/x2400e52.pdf | isbn = 92-5-104587-9 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> The lobes of both the soft anal and dorsal fin are [[Ichthyology terms#F|falcate]], with juveniles having the anteriormost rays extended into filaments. These are lost in adults, with the lobes becoming shorter than the head. The [[pectoral fin]]s are long and falcate, not quite reaching the intersection of the arched and straight sections of the [[lateral line]].<ref name = "Gunn"/> The lateral line is moderately curved anteriorly, with this section up to twice as long as the straight section, which has between 20 and 37 weak [[scutes]] present. The breast of the longnose trevally is scaleless, extending up to behind the [[pelvic fin]] origin and laterally to the pectoral fin base.<ref name = "Lin1999">{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = Pai-Lei |author2=Shao, Kwang-Tsao | title = A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records | journal = Zoological Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–68 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944 | date = 20 April 1999 }}</ref> Five to 9 [[gill raker]]s occur on the first arch and 15 to 18 on the second arch, and the species has 24 [[vertebrae]].

The longnose trevally is generally silver in colour, with the body and head greenish-blue above, becoming silvery with yellow-green reflections below. The [[operculum (fish)|operculum]] has a small black blotch on the upper margin. The dorsal and anal fins range in colour from whitish to pale yellow to dusky, with the membranes of soft anal fin rays often having a white spot at the base. The [[caudal fin|caudal]] and pectoral fins are pale to dusky yellow. Large adults often exhibit very dark head and fin colouration, nearing black. These fish are perhaps exhibiting mating or [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] colouration.<ref name = "FAO"/>

==Distribution and habitat== The longnose trevally inhabits [[tropical]] to subtropical waters in the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and west [[Pacific Ocean]]s, ranging from [[South Africa]] and [[Madagascar]], north to the [[Red Sea]] and [[Persian Gulf]], east to [[India]], [[South East Asia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]] and to [[Fiji]]. The longnose trevally has been reported from many west Pacific islands, indicating that it is widespread in this region. The species ranges as far north as the [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], Japan and as far south as [[northern Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name = "fishbase"/>

The longnose trevally is an [[inshore]] fish, normally found on coastal [[reef]]s<ref>{{cite web | last = McGrouther | first = M. | title = Longnose Trevally ''Carangoides chrysophrys'' (Cuvier, 1833) | work = Find a Fish | publisher = Australian Museum | year = 2004 | url = http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/cchrysop.htm | access-date = 2008-08-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090313085148/http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/cchrysop.htm | archive-date = 2009-03-13 }}</ref> and occasionally in large protected [[bay]]s. It appears to be more tolerant of dirty, [[turbid]] waters than most of it relatives, but is not seen in [[estuaries]].<ref name = "SAfrica">{{cite book | last = van der Elst | first = Rudy |author2=Peter Borchert | title =A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa | publisher = New Holland Publishers | year = 1994 | page = 142 | isbn = 1-86825-394-5 }}</ref> Juveniles reportedly inhabit shallow bays close to the coast, and are occasionally seen near [[beaches]]. Adults live in much deeper water, normally between 30 and 60 m, although have been recorded at depths of around 90 m.<ref name = "Gunn"/>

==Biology and fishery== The longnose trevally is an epibenthic [[predator]], taking prey from the seafloor or just above it,<ref name = "FAO"/> with only one study ever to thoroughly record its diet, which was carried out in the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] of Australia. Here it was found its main prey were small fish, with considerable quantities of [[mollusc]]s, [[brachyura]]ns, and other [[crustacean]]s also taken.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Brewer | first = D.T. |author2=S.J.M. Blaber |author3=J.P. Salini | title = Predation on penaeid prawns by fishes in Albatross Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria | journal = Marine Biology | volume = 109 | issue = 2 | pages = 231–240 | year = 1991 | doi = 10.1007/BF01319391| bibcode = 1991MarBi.109..231B | s2cid = 84359435 }}</ref> In South Africa, the species is thought to prefer [[prawn]]s as its major dietary component, with [[crab]]s and small fish also taken. The longnose trevally has a fairly soft mouth, which may partly determine its diet. Very little is known of reproduction in the species, although juveniles have been recorded from shallow coastal bays.<ref name = "SAfrica"/>

The longnose trevally is of minor importance to [[fisheries]] throughout its range, taken by hook and line, bottom [[trawl]]s, gill nets and various types of trap.<ref name = "FAO"/> It is usually sold fresh, and is often not distinguished from other species of carangid. The species is occasionally caught by boat [[angling|angler]]s, as well as beach fishermen on the South African coast. They take small baits and are considered good for eating.<ref name = "SAfrica"/>

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==External links== *[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4441 Longnose trevally at Fishbase] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090313085148/http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/cchrysop.htm Australian Museum fact sheet]

[[Category:Carangoides|longnose trevally]] [[Category:Marine fish of East Africa]] [[Category:Fish of Oceania]] [[Category:Fish described in 1833|longnose trevally]] [[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier|longnose trevally]]