{{Short description|Capital of the Chinese Jiao Province and Jiaozhi Commandery during the Han dynasty}} {{hatnote|For the district of modern [[Hanoi]], see [[Long Biên, Hanoi|Long Biên Ward]] and [[Long Biên Bridge]].}} {{History of Hanoi}} '''Long Biên''' ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]), also known as '''Longbian''' ({{zh|t=龍編|s=龙编|p=Lóngbiān|w=Lung-pien|labels=no}} < [[Eastern Han Chinese]]: *''lioŋ-pian/pen'';<ref>Schuessler, Axel. (2009) ''Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i p. 167, 249</ref> {{nowrap|<small>{{abbr|lit.|Literally}}</small> "[[Chinese dragon|Dragon]]s}} Interweaving") was the capital of the Chinese [[Jiao Province]] and [[Jiaozhi]] [[Commandery (China)|Commandery]] during the [[Han dynasty]]. It was located on the [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River]] in modern-day [[Bac Ninh]]. After [[Ly Bi]]'s successful revolt in AD 544, it served as the capital of [[Van Xuan]]. When the [[Sui dynasty]] of China retook the territory in 603, the Sui general [[Liu Fang (general)|Liu Fang]] moved the capital to nearby [[Tống Bình]]. Long Biên flourished as a trading port in the late 8th and early 9th centuries. [[Thăng Long]] was founded in 1010 at the site of earlier Chinese fortresses nearby. This grew into modern Hanoi, which incorporated [[Long Biên District|Long Biên]] as one of its [[Hanoi#Districts|districts]].
{{anchor|Longbian County|Longzhou}}
==Name== The name has been translated as "[[Chinese dragon|Dragons]] Interweaving" or "Dragon Twist",{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=32}} traditionally in reference to a ''[[jiao (dragon)|jiao]]'' seen in the river shortly after the founding of the city.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=32}} It was also known as '''Longyuan''' (''{{lang|vi|Long Uyên}}''),{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/6b & seq.}} briefly known as '''Longzhou''' ({{zh|t=龍州|s=龙州|p=Lóngzhou|w=Lung-chou|labels=no}}) in the 7th century, and known as "Dragon's Gulf".{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=32}} It was also known by the name of its [[city wall]] as '''Luocheng''' or '''La Thành''' ({{zh|t=羅城|s=羅城|p=Luóchéng|w=Lo-ch'eng}}; {{nowrap|{{abbr|lit.|Literally}} "Enveloping}} Wall"),{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=32}} although this name was later transferred to Songping after the Sui conquest in 602{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=32}} and to a third site which became present-day Hanoi in the later 8th century. It is also sometimes anachronistically referenced as "Hanoi".
==History== The [[List of historical capitals of Vietnam|capital]] of the early Vietnamese kingdom of [[Au Lac]] had been at [[Co Loa]] in present-day [[Hanoi]]'s [[Dong Anh]] [[Hanoi#Districts|district]].{{sfnp|Ray|2010|p=123}} The area was conquered by the [[Qin dynasty]] general [[Zhao Tuo]] between 208 and 207 BC, a few years after the death of [[Qin Shi Huang]]. With China falling into chaos during the [[Chu–Han Contention]], Zhao Tuo split off [[Nanhai Commandery]] as the separate state of [[Nanyue]], which he ruled from [[Panyu]] (modern [[Guangzhou]]).{{sfnp|Yü|1987|p=451–452}} In the 110s BC, the royal family of Nanyue mooted incorporating their realm as a [[Kings of the Han dynasty|principality]] of the [[Han dynasty]]. The local nobility reacted violently, killing King [[Zhao Xing]], the Queen Dowager [[Jiushi]] ({{lang|zh|樛氏}}), and several Chinese diplomats.{{sfnp|Yü|1987|p=453}} The first army sent by [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]] under [[Han Qianqiu]] was defeated in 112 BC,{{sfnp|Holcombe|2001|p=150}} but the next year a much larger force assembled under [[Lu Bode]] and [[Yang Pu (general)|Yang Pu]], [[Han–Nanyue War|besieging Panyu, conquering the kingdom]], and initiating the "[[First Chinese domination of Vietnam|First Northern Domination]]" of Vietnam.
The Han dynasty organised the region into a [[zhou (administrative region)|province]], [[Jiao Province]]. [[Shi Dai]] administered it from [[Lianshou]] (''{{lang|vi|[[Liên Thụ]]}}'') rather than [[Panyu]].{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/6b & seq.}} In 106 BC, this was moved to Guangxin (''{{lang|vi|Quảng Tín}}'') in [[Cangwu Commandery]].{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/6b & seq.}} Long Biên is sometimes given as the provincial capital instead,{{sfnp|Taylor|1983|p=63}} but this did not occur until the time of [[Shi Xie]] in the [[End of the Han dynasty|transition between the Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period]].{{refn|group=note|Panyu also again briefly served as capital of Jiao Province after AD 210.{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/6b & seq.}}}} Long Biên was the capital of [[Jiaozhi|Jiaozhi Commandery]] and '''Longbian County''', but it was not named before the erection of its citadel in AD 208.{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/6b & seq.}} Jiao Province also held the commanderies of [[Nanhai Commandery|Nanhai]], [[Cangwu Commandery|Cangwu]], [[Yulin Commandery|Yulin]], [[Hepu Commandery|Hepu]], [[Jiuzhen Commandery|Jiuzhen]], and [[Rinan Commandery|Rinan]].{{sfnp|Fan|c. 440b}}{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/3b & seq.}} Jiaozhi also held the [[county (China)|counties]] of Léilóu ({{lang|zh|羸𨻻}}, ''{{lang|vi|Luy Lâu}}''), Āndìng ({{lang|zh|安定}}, ''{{lang|vi|An Định}}''), Gǒulòu ({{lang|zh|苟屚}}, ''{{lang|vi|Cẩu Lậu}}''), Mílíng ({{lang|zh|麊泠}}, ''{{lang|vi|[[Mê Linh District|Mê Linh]]}}''), Qūyáng ({{lang|zh|曲昜}}, ''{{lang|vi|Khúc Dương}}''), Běidài ({{lang|zh|北帶}}, ''{{lang|vi|Bắc Đái}}''), Jīxú ({{lang|zh|稽徐}}, ''{{lang|vi|Kê Từ}}''), Xīyú ({{lang|zh|西于}}, ''{{lang|vi|Tây Vu}}'') and Zhūgòu ({{lang|zh|朱覯}}, Chu Cấu).{{sfnp|Fan|c. 440b}}{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/3b & seq.}}
{{anchor|Cattigara}} Long Biên was the major Chinese entrepôt for foreign trade in antiquity and is one of major contenders for [[Ptolemy]]'s [[Cattigara]]. The local products were [[banana]]s, [[areca nut]]s, [[sharkskin]], [[pythonidae|python]] [[bile]] and [[kingfisher]] feathers,{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=32}} although the district between it and Guangzhou was rich in [[silver]], [[cinnabar]] and [[mercury (element)|mercury]].{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=31}} [[Cen Shen]] also wrote that the country "abounds in treasures and [[Gemstone|jewels]]".{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=35}} For the Chinese, it was mainly reached overland through the [[Gate of Ghosts]]{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=31}}—[[Han Yu]] noted that officials arrived "only after several months" of travel{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=35}}{{refn|group=note|[[Edward H. Schafer|Schafer]] provides an itinerary of the usual route in his ''Vermilion Bird''.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|pp=22–31}}}}—while direct maritime trade with Guangzhou, Malaysia, and India was often in the hands of Arabs and Persians.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=31}} In addition to maritime and overland routes to Guangzhou, there was a great road to [[Champa]] in the south.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=33}} Another route—often disrupted by conflict—led northwest on the upper Red River and the "Clear River" through "Feng-chou" to [[Yunnan]].{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=33}}
[[Deng Rang]] served as the grand administrator of Jiaozhi at the revival of the Han dynasty in AD 29.{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/8a & seq.}} [[Su Ding]] was appointed grand administrator in 34.{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/9b}} The revolt of the [[Trung Sisters]] from AD 40–43 was occasioned by the treatment they received by Su Ding ({{lang|zh|蘇定}}).{{sfnp|Fan|c. 440a}} They besieged the settlement as one of their first acts,{{sfnp|Fan|c. 440a}} taking the town and driving Su back to Nanhai.{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/9b & seq.}} Their [[List of historical capitals of Vietnam|capital]] was at nearby [[Mê Linh District|Me Linh]].{{sfnp|Ngo|1479|loc=Vol. III}} [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]], assisted by [[Liu Long (Yuanbo)|Liu Long]] and [[Duan Zhi]], defeated them at [[Langbo]] (''{{lang|vi|[[Tây Hồ]]}}'') in 42 and defeated and captured them in 43.{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=2/10b & seq.}} The period following their defeat is reckoned as the "[[Second Chinese domination of Vietnam|Second Northern Domination]]" in [[History of Vietnam|Vietnamese history]].
{{anchor|Marquis of Longbian}} During the [[Three Kingdoms period]], the [[grand administrator]] of [[Jiaozhi|Jiaozhi Commandery]], [[Shi Xie]], declared allegiance to [[Sun Quan]], the emperor of the [[Eastern Wu]] state, and sent his eldest son Shi Xin ({{lang|zh|士廞}}) as a hostage to Sun Quan to convince the emperor of his loyalty.{{sfnp|Chen|c. 285}}{{sfnp|Jiuwan|2004}} Using the area's thriving foreign trade, Shi Xie provided large amounts of tribute and eventually seated his three brothers Shi Yi ({{lang|zh|士壹}}), Shi Wei (士䵋), and Shi Wu ({{lang|zh|士武}}) as grand administrators over the neighbouring commanderies of [[Hepu Commandery|Hepu]], [[Jiuzhen Commandery|Jiuzhen]], and [[Nanhai Commandery|Nanhai]]{{sfnp|Chen|c. 285}}{{sfnp|Jiuwan|2004}} respectively. He received the noble title {{nowrap|'''Marquis of Longbian'''}}{{sfnp|Chen|c. 285}}{{sfnp|Jiuwan|2004}} and fostered [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] in his territories,{{sfnp|Keown|2003|p=326}} for which he is still worshipped under the name "King Si" ({{langx|vi|Sĩ Vương}}).{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=99}} After Shi Xie's death in 226, Sun Quan divided [[Jiao Province]], creating a new Guang Province from Jiao Province's northern commanderies. Shi Xie's third son, Shi Hui ({{lang|zh|士徽}}), attempted to resist this move by seizing control of Jiaozhi Commandery and opposing Dai Liang ({{lang|zh|戴良}}), whom Sun Quan had appointed as the governor of Jiao Province.{{sfnp|Chen|c. 285}}{{sfnp|Jiuwan|2004}} Huan Lin ({{lang|zh|桓鄰}}), one of Shi Hui's subordinates, spoke in favour of surrendering to the legitimate administrator but ended up being killed by Shi Hui; Huan Lin's nephew, Huan Fa ({{lang|zh|桓發}}), then led his men to besiege Jiaozhi Commandery for months. Shi Hui's cousin, Shi Kuang ({{lang|zh|士匡}}), managed to convince Shi Hui to surrender when Sun Quan's forces, led by the general [[Lü Dai]], showed up at Jiaozhi Commandery. Lü Dai pretended to accept Shi Hui's surrender, then later had him and his brothers executed and the rest of the Shi family reduced to commoner status.{{sfnp|Chen|c. 285}}{{sfnp|Jiuwan|2004}} In 248, [[Lady Triệu]] and others rebelled, but most were bought off by [[Lu Yin (Three Kingdoms)|Lu Yin]] ({{lang|zh|陸胤}}) and the revolt collapsed.{{sfnp|Fang|1952}}
At the establishment of the [[Western Jin dynasty|Jin dynasty]] in 280, [[Yin Ju]] was appointed grand administrator over Jiaozhi at Long Biên.{{sfnp|Chang|2014|p=1909}} [[Bu Zhi]] reunited Jiao and Guang provinces, but kept the capital in the latter.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=28}}
After [[Ly Bi]]'s successful revolt in AD 544, it was the [[List of historical capitals of Vietnam|capital]] of [[Van Xuan]].
The [[Sui Empire|Sui]] general [[Liu Fang (general)|Liu Fang]] [[Sui–Lý War|retook the area]] in 603, removing the Chinese administration to [[Songping]] (''{{lang|vi|Tông Binh}}'') on the south shore of the Red River.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=32}} Long Biên and Tông Binh were elevated to [[zhou (administrative region)|county or prefecture]] status under the names "Longzhou" and "Songzhou" in 621 but these were abolished only a few years later.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=32}} This period is known as the "[[Third Chinese domination of Vietnam|Third Northern Domination]]".
Under the [[Tang dynasty]], the area was organised as [[Annam (Chinese province)|Annam]] and administered from Jiaozhi.{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/3b & seq.}} The road to [[Guangzhou]] was reopened in 622 through negotiations which left the local [[Ning people|Ning tribesmen]] in control of the nominally Chinese counties in the area.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=31}} The Chinese administration was largely staffed with [[scholar-bureaucrat|mandarins]] banished from other areas of China.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=38}} Many were killed ''en route'' or succumbed to tropical diseases.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=39}} Long Biên prospered in the second half of the 8th century and early 9th century not so much on its own merits but owing to corruption at Guangzhou,{{refn|group=note|[[Wang O]], the administrator from 795–800, was said to have had more wealth on account in [[Chang'an]] than the public treasury.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=36}} [[Kong Kui]], working from 817–819 ended "voluntary gifts" from foreign merchants, reduced their fees, and ceased the practice of seizing deceased merchants' property when left unclaimed for three months.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=36}}}} continuing despite a major Arab and Persian raid on the city in 758.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=28}}{{sfnp|Southworth|2004|p=226}} and subsequent corruption there that diverted a great deal of the foreign trade to the Red River.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=78}} The Chinese garrisons in the country repeatedly mutinied during the 9th century.{{sfnp|Schafer|1967|p=33}}
At the establishment of the [[Lý dynasty]], the capital was renamed [[Thăng Long]], which name was revived by the later Trần and Lê dynasties.{{sfnp|Kelley|1998|p=TB 2/6b & seq.}}
==See also== * [[Luy Lâu]] * [[Hanoi]], the modern city * [[Long Biên District|Long Biên]], the modern district * [[Silk Road]]
==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}}
==Citations== {{reflist|20em}}
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