{{Short description|Species of bird}} {{Speciesbox | image = Long-tailed Skua (js) 26.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Stercorarius longicaudus'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22694251A132536719 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694251A132536719.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Stercorarius | species = longicaudus | authority = Vieillot, 1819 | range_map = Stercorarius longicaudus map.svg }}
The '''long-tailed jaeger''' or '''long-tailed skua''' ('''''Stercorarius longicaudus''''') is a seabird in the skua family Stercorariidae.
==Etymology== The word "jaeger" is derived from the German word {{Lang|de|Jäger}}, meaning "hunter".<ref name=OEDjaeger>{{Cite OED |Jaeger}}</ref> The English word "skua" comes from the Faroese name {{Lang|fao|skúgvur}} {{IPA|fo|ˈskɪkvʊər|}} for the great skua, with the island of Skúvoy known for its colony of that bird. The general Faroese term for skuas is {{Lang|fao|kjógvi}} {{IPA|fo|ˈtʃɛkvə|}}.<ref name=OEDskua>{{Cite OED |Skua}}</ref> The genus name ''Stercorarius'' is Latin and means "of dung"; the food disgorged by other birds when pursued by skuas was once thought to be excrement. The specific ''longicaudus'' is from Latin {{Lang|la|longus}}, "long", and {{Lang|la|cauda}}, "tail".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n229 229], 365}}</ref>
[[File:Stercorarius longicaudus MWNH 0305.JPG|thumb|Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden]]
==Description== thumb|left|Long-tailed jaeger in flight This species is unmistakable as an adult, with grey back, dark primary wing feathers without a white "flash", black cap and very long tail. Adults often hover over their breeding territories. Juveniles are much more problematic, and are difficult to separate from parasitic jaeger over the sea. They are slimmer, longer-winged and more tern-like than that species, but show the same wide range of plumage variation. However, they are usually colder toned than Arctic, with greyer shades, rather than brown.
This is the smallest of the skua family at {{convert|38|-|58|cm|in|abbr=on}}, depending on season and age. However up to {{convert|29|cm|in|abbr=on}} of its length can be made up by the tail which may include the {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} tail streamers of the summer adult. The wingspan of this species ranges from {{convert|102|to|117|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the body mass is {{convert|230|-|444|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CRC/><ref name=arkive/>
===Feeding=== When at sea, the long-tailed jaeger will catch fish and other small prey at the surface of the water. During the breeding season (summer in arctic regions, often in mountainous areas) it feeds mainly on lemmings near nesting sites. It will sometimes feed on insects and birds. Like other jaegers and skuas, it is also a kleptoparasite; chasing other seabirds to make them give up their food. This appears to be an important food source during the winter months, spent south of the equator. The bird species most commonly "robbed" this way by the long-tailed jaeger are arctic terns (''Sterna paradisaea'') and sabine's gulls (''Larus sabini'').<ref>Gilg et al., 2013. Trans-Equatorial Migration Routes, Staging Sites and Wintering Areas of a High-Arctic Avian Predator: The Long-tailed Skua (''Stercorarius longicaudus'') PlosOne 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 5 | e6461 </ref>
==Subspecies== Two subspecies are described:<ref name=IOC/> * ''S. l. longicaudus'' – <small>Vieillot, 1819</small>: nominate, found in northern Scandinavia and Russia. * ''S. l. pallescens'' – <small>Løppenthin, 1932</small>: found in eastern Siberia, Arctic North America, and Greenland.
==Breeding== [[File:Chaluha malá.jpg|left|thumb|Long-tailed jaeger illustration by Johann Friedrich Naumann]] This species breeds in the high Arctic of Eurasia and North America, with major populations in Russia, Alaska and Canada and smaller populations around the rest of the Arctic. It is a migrant, wintering in the south Atlantic and Pacific. Passage juvenile birds sometimes hunt small prey in ploughed fields or golf-courses, and are typically quite fearless of humans.
They nest on dry tundra or higher fells laying two spotted olive-brown eggs. On the breeding grounds they can be heard making yelping and rattling sounds. Outside of the breeding season they spend most of their time over open ocean and have a harsh ''kreeah'' cry. This bird feeds on fish (mainly caught from other seabirds), smaller birds, food scraps, small mammals, fruit and carrion.
==References== <!-- FaunAbh26:63. --> {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=arkive>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/long-tailed-jaeger/stercorarius-longicaudus/ |title=Long-tailed jaeger videos, photos and facts - Stercorarius longicaudus |publisher=ARKive |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029053728/http://www.arkive.org/long-tailed-jaeger/stercorarius-longicaudus/ |archive-date=2011-10-29 }}</ref> <ref name=CRC>{{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |editor-first=John B. Jr. |editor-last=Dunning |publisher=CRC Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8493-4258-5}}</ref> <ref name=IOC>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=F. |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=D. |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |title=Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks |year=2021 |journal=IOC World Bird List (V. 11.1) |doi=10.14344/IOC.ML.11.1 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/gulls/}}</ref> }}
==External links== * [https://www.oiseaux.net/oiseaux/photos/labbe.a.longue.queue.html Long-tailed jaeger photos] at [http://www.oiseaux.net Oiseaux.net] * {{BirdLife|22694251|Stercorarius longicaudus}} * {{Avibase|name=Stercorarius longicaudus}} * {{EBirdSpecies|lotjae|Long-tailed Jaeger}} * {{VIREO|long-tailed+jaeger}} * {{IUCN_Map|22694251/166271454|Stercorarius longicaudus}} * {{Xeno-canto species|Stercorarius|longicaudus|Long-tailed jaeger}} * {{field guide birds of the world|Stercorarius longicaudus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q216921}} {{Authority control}}
long-tailed jaeger Category:Birds of the Arctic Category:Holarctic birds long-tailed jaeger long-tailed jaeger