{{Short description|Burying a living being}} {{Redirect|Buried alive|the short story|The Premature Burial|the film|The Premature Burial (film){{!}}''The Premature Burial'' (film)||Buried Alive (disambiguation){{!}}Buried Alive}} {{use mdy dates |date=April 2024}} [[File:Wiertz burial.jpg|thumb|[[Antoine Wiertz]]'s painting of a man buried alive]] '''Premature burial''', also known as '''live burial''', '''burial alive''', or '''vivisepulture''', refers to the act of being [[burial|buried]] while still alive.
Animals, including humans, may be buried alive accidentally on the mistaken assumption that they are dead, or intentionally as a form of torture, murder, or [[Capital punishment|execution]]. It may also occur with the consent of the victim as a part of a [[stunt]], with the intention to escape. [[Taphophobia]], the fear of being buried alive, is reported to be among the most common [[phobia]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Bondeson|2002}}</ref>
==Physiology== Premature burial can lead to death through [[asphyxiation]], [[dehydration]], [[starvation]], or [[hypothermia]]. A person trapped with fresh air to breathe can last a considerable time and burial has been used as a very cruel method of execution.
== Types == === Unintentional === ==== Accidental burial ==== According to a popular legend recorded by [[Joannes Zonaras]] and [[George Kedrenos]], two 11th-century and 12th-century [[Byzantine Greek]] historians, the 5th century [[Roman emperor]] [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] was buried alive in [[Constantinople]] after becoming insensible from drinking or an illness.<ref>[[Cedrenus]], I; Joannes Zonaras, 14.2.31–35. Cited in Whitby, ''ibidem''. [[Michael Psellus]], 68.</ref> For three days cries of "Have pity on me!" could be heard from within his [[verd antique]] sarcophagus in the [[Church of the Holy Apostles]], but because of the hatred of his wife and subjects, the empress [[Ariadne (empress)|Ariadne]] refused to open the tomb.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Grierson|first1=Philip|last2=Mango|first2=Cyril|last3=Ševčenko|first3=Ihor|date=1962|title=The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors (337–1042); With an Additional Note|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291157|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=16|pages=1–63|doi=10.2307/1291157|jstor=1291157|issn=0070-7546|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This tale is likely apocryphal, as earlier and contemporary sources do not mention it even though they too were hostile to Zeno's memory.<ref name=":0" />
Revivals of supposed "corpses" have been triggered by dropped coffins, grave robbers, embalming, and attempted dissections.<ref>E.g. {{harvnb|Mikkelson|2006}}</ref> Folklorist Paul Barber has argued that the incidence of unintentional live burial has been overestimated and that the normal, physical effects of decomposition are sometimes misinterpreted as signs that the person whose remains are being exhumed had revived once in the coffin.<ref>{{harvnb|Barber|1988}}</ref> Nevertheless, patients have been documented as late as the 1890s as accidentally being sent to the [[morgue]] or trapped in a steel box after erroneously being declared dead.<ref>{{harvnb|Mikkelson|2006}}</ref>
Newspapers have reported cases of exhumed corpses that appear to have been accidentally buried alive. On February 21, 1885, ''[[The New York Times]]'' gave a disturbing account of such a case. The victim was a man from [[Buncombe County, North Carolina]] whose name was given as "Jenkins". His body was found turned over onto its front inside the coffin, with much of his hair pulled out. Scratch marks were also visible on all sides of the coffin's interior. His family was reportedly "distressed beyond measure at the criminal carelessness" associated with the case.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 1885 |title=A Man Buried Alive – What His Friends Discovered When the Coffin was Opened |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/02/21/109780353.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020827/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/02/21/109780353.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> Another similar story was reported in ''The Times'' on January 18, 1886, the victim of this case being described simply as a "girl" named "Collins" from [[Woodstock, Ontario]], Canada. When she was exhumed it was found "Her shroud was torn into shreds, her knees were drawn up to her chin, one of her arms was twisted under her head, and her features bore evidence of dreadful torture." <ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 1886 |title=Buried Alive |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/01/19/103950202.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111161944/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/01/19/103950202.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
According to a newspaper story from 1955, Essie Dunbar, an African American woman from South Carolina, was prematurely buried in 1915 at the age of 30 after reportedly suffering a bout of epilepsy, being exhumed a few minutes later after her sister asked to see her body one more time. The shock of her survival reportedly resulted in several ministers falling into her grave and the mourners fleeing in terror.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bondeson |first=Jan |url=https://archive.org/details/buriedaliveterri0000bond |title=Buried alive : the terrifying history of our most primal fear |date=2001 |location=New York |publisher=Norton |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-393-04906-0 |pages=259}}</ref>
In 2001, a body bag was delivered to the Matarese Funeral Home in [[Ashland, Massachusetts]] with a live occupant. Funeral director John Matarese discovered this, called paramedics, and avoided live [[embalming]] or premature burial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Body-bagged Woman Still Alive |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=94291 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023212026/https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=94291 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Abel |first=David |date=25 January 2001 |title=The Corpse is Alive |url=http://davidabel9.blogspot.com/2005/05/corpse-is-alive.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218034655/http://davidabel9.blogspot.com/2005/05/corpse-is-alive.html |archive-date=18 December 2014 |website=David Schwab Abel}}</ref>
In 2014 in [[Peraia, Thessaloniki]], in [[Greek Macedonia|Macedonia]], Greece, the police discovered that a 45-year-old woman was buried alive and died of asphyxia after being declared clinically dead by a private hospital; she was discovered just shortly after being buried, by children playing near the cemetery who heard screams from inside the earth; her family was reported to be considering suing the hospital which was responsible.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=25 September 2014 |title=Ανατριχιαστική καταγγελία: Έθαψαν ζωντανή 45χρονη στη Θεσσαλονίκη |url=https://www.news247.gr/koinonia/anatrichiastiki-kataggelia-ethapsan-zontani-45chroni-sti-thessaloniki.6295321.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106185918/https://www.news247.gr/koinonia/anatrichiastiki-kataggelia-ethapsan-zontani-45chroni-sti-thessaloniki.6295321.html |archive-date=6 November 2018 |website=news247 |language=el}}</ref> In 2015, it was reported that a separate incident also occurred in 2014 in Peraia, Thessaloniki. In Macedonia, Greece, a police investigation concluded that a 49-year-old woman was buried alive after being declared dead due to cancer; her family reported that they could hear her scream from inside the earth at the cemetery shortly after burial, and the investigation revealed that she died of heart failure inside her coffin. Later, it was discovered that medication given to her by her physicians as part of her cancer treatment was what caused her to be mistakenly declared clinically dead.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=9 September 2015 |title=Πόρισμα σοκ: Η 49χρονη καρκινοπαθής στην Περαία ήταν ζωντανή όταν την έθαψαν |url=https://www.news247.gr/koinonia/porisma-sok-i-49chroni-karkinopathis-stin-peraia-itan-zontani-otan-tin-ethapsan.6373299.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106192431/https://www.news247.gr/koinonia/porisma-sok-i-49chroni-karkinopathis-stin-peraia-itan-zontani-otan-tin-ethapsan.6373299.html |archive-date=6 November 2018 |website=news247 |language=el}}</ref>
In 2018, according to some reports, Rosangela Almeida dos Santos was buried alive in [[Riachão das Neves]], Brazil. The woman, who was declared dead in hospital at the age of 37, was soon buried, but visitors to the cemetery heard noises coming from the depths of her grave. After 11 days, the grave was dug up and the woman's mutilated body was discovered. Some say she was buried alive and tried to get out of the coffin. She was already dead at the time of the excavation. It is believed that she may have died not long before. The incident was also recorded on video.<ref>{{cite web | last=Polianskaya | first=Alina | title=Woman who was 'buried alive' may have spent 11 days trying to dig herself out, family say | website=The Independent | date=2018-02-16 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/woman-buried-alive-coffin-brazil-11-days-rosangela-almeida-dos-santos-a8213646.html | access-date=2025-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Woman spent 11 days trying to get out of coffin after being buried alive | website=St Vincent Times | date=2023-08-16 | url=https://www.stvincenttimes.com/brazil-woman-spent-11-days-trying-to-get-out-of-coffin-after-being-buried-alive/ | access-date=2025-04-02}}</ref>
The family of Timesha Beauchamp of [[Southfield, Michigan]] called 911 on August 23, 2020, when they found her unresponsive at home. Upon arrival, paramedics found her to be unresponsive and not breathing. After they provided [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] for 30 minutes, she was pronounced dead by a local emergency department physician based on the medical information provided by the paramedics on the scene. Resuscitation efforts were discontinued, and Beauchamp was taken to Cole funeral home in Detroit. Staff at the funeral home were preparing to embalm her body when they found her to be breathing.<ref name=NYT2020>{{cite news|last1=Waller|first1=Allyson|last2=Taylor|first2=Derrick Bryson|title=They Thought She Was Dead. Then She Woke Up at a Funeral Home|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York|date=25 August 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/25/us/michigan-woman-alive-funeral-home.html |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref> She was first taken to Sinai-Grace Hospital then later transferred to Children's Hospital of Michigan, where she died on October 18, 2020.<ref name=CNN2020>{{cite news|first1=Harmeet |last1=Kaur |first2=Gregory |last2=Lemos |first3=Jennifer |last3=Henderson|title=Family of woman who died weeks after she was found alive at a funeral home sues paramedics for $50 million|agency=[[CNN]]|date=October 20, 2020|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/20/us/timesha-beauchamp-dies-lawsuit-trnd |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=NYT20260106>{{cite news|author=Mark Walker|title=Michigan City to Pay $3.25 Million After Woman Was Mistakenly Declared Dead|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 January 2026|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/06/us/woman-found-alive-body-bag-settlement.html|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref>
In 2022, a body bag was delivered to a Shanghai funeral home during the [[Omicron variant]] of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Two of the employees detected life signs in the bag, saved the woman and stopped a premature burial.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tang |first1=Didi |title='Body' of woman sent to Chinese funeral home was still alive |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/body-of-woman-sent-to-chinese-funeral-home-was-still-alive-5hpns98jm |website=[[The Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201010111/https://www.thetimes.com/article/body-of-woman-sent-to-chinese-funeral-home-was-still-alive-5hpns98jm |archive-date=2024-12-01 |date=2022-05-03}}</ref>
==== Natural disasters ==== Natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, mudslides, avalanches) have also buried people alive, as have collapsing mines.
==== Attempts at prevention ==== [[File:Premature Burial Vault.JPG|thumb|A burial vault built {{circa|1890}} with internal escape hatches to allow the victim of accidental premature burial to escape]] According to the history of [[Nikephoros I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] and perhaps because of the legend of Zeno's premature entombment, or perhaps for other reasons, the [[Proconnesian]] marble sarcophagus of the 7th-century emperor [[Heraclius]] was left open, on his own instructions, for three days after his interment in the Church of the Holy Apostles' Mausoleum of [[Justinian I|Justinian]].<ref name=":0" />
According to Shane McCorristine, one of the purposes of an [[Irish wake]] (which entailed a prolonged waiting period before burial) was to ensure that the person was definitely dead.<ref name="McCorristine">{{cite book |last1=McCorristine |first1=Shane |title=Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Mortality and Its Timings |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |page=6}}</ref>
[[Robert Robinson (Dissenting minister)|Robert Robinson]] died in [[Manchester]] in 1791. A movable glass pane was inserted in his coffin, and the mausoleum had a door for purposes of inspection by a watchman, who was to see if he breathed on the glass. He instructed his relatives to visit his grave periodically to check that he was actually dead.<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Cocks |title=Memorials of Hatherlow and of the old Chadkick Chapel |location=Stockport |date=1895}}</ref>
[[Safety coffin]]s were devised to prevent premature burial, although there is no evidence that any have ever been successfully used to save an accidentally buried person. On 5 December 1882, J. G. Krichbaum received {{US patent|268693}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00268693&SectionNum=1&IDKey=21E9B9F5F7EE|title=Patent US000268693 |access-date=2010-07-20|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035710/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00268693&SectionNum=1&IDKey=21E9B9F5F7EE|url-status=dead}}</ref> for his "Device For Life In Buried Persons". It consisted of a movable periscope-like pipe that provided air and, when rotated or pushed by the person interred, indicated to passersby that someone was buried alive. The patent text refers to "that class of devices for indicating life in buried persons", suggesting that such inventions were common at the time.
In 1890, a family designed and built a burial vault at the [[Wildwood Cemetery (Pennsylvania)|Wildwood Cemetery]] in [[Williamsport, Pennsylvania]], with an internal hatch to allow the victim of accidental premature burial to escape. The vault had an air supply and was lined in felt to protect a panic-stricken victim from self-inflicted injury before the escape. Bodies were to be removed from the casket before interment.<ref>{{harvnb|Windsor|1921|p=47–48}}</ref>
The [[London Association for the Prevention of Premature Burial]] was co-founded in 1896 by [[William Tebb]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Durbach |first=Nadja |title=William Tebb |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/74781 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216235725/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/74781 |archive-date=16 December 2011 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref> and [[Walter Hadwen]]. Tebb suggested methods such as stethoscopic [[auscultation]] of the heart and lungs, application of electric current, and [[artificial ventilation]].<ref name=Tebb1896>{{cite book|last1=Tebb|first1=W|authorlink=William Tebb|last2=Vollum|first2=EP|title=Premature burial, and how it may be prevented|chapter=Suggestions for prevention|pages=257–275|publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Company|location=London|year=1896|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/prematureburialh00tebb/page/256/mode/2up}}</ref>
=== Intentional === ==== Execution ==== [[File:Killing the Scholars, Burning the Books.jpg|thumb|''Killing the Scholars and Burning the Books'', anonymous 18th century Chinese painted album leaf depicts [[Confucianism|Confucian scholars]] being buried alive in [[history of China|Imperial China]] during the 3rd century BC]]
The [[burning of books and burying of scholars]] ({{Lang-zh|t=焚書坑儒|s=焚书坑儒|p=fénshū kēngrú}}) was purportedly carried out by [[Qin Shi Huang]], the first emperor of a [[Imperial China|unified China]]. Books and texts deemed to be subversive [[Book burning|were burned]] and 460 [[Confucianism|Confucian scholars]] were reportedly buried alive in 212 BC.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Lois Mai|last=Chan|title=The Burning of the Books in China, 213 B.C.|journal=The Journal of Library History|volume=7|issue=2|pages=101–108|year=1972|jstor=25540352}}</ref> Modern scholars doubt these events – [[Sima Qian]], author of the account of these events in the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'', was an official of the Han dynasty, which could be expected to portray the previous rulers unfavorably.<ref>{{harvnb|Chang|Owen|2010|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=qY32-zfTU9AC&q=%22status+of+the+Classics%22 111–112]}}</ref> The single most numerous case of people being buried alive as a way of execution was after the [[Battle of Changping]], where around 200,000 surviving and captured soldiers of the state of Zhao were buried alive.
[[Tacitus]], in his work ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', records that German tribes practiced two forms of [[capital punishment]]; the first where the victim was hanged from a tree, and another where the victim was tied to a wicker frame, pushed face down into the mud and buried. The first was used to make an example of traitors; the second was used for punishment of dishonorable or shameful vices, such as cowardice. According to Tacitus, the Ancient Germans thought that crime should be exposed, whereas infamy should be buried out of sight.<ref>{{harvnb|Tacitus|Church|Brodribb|1868|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=P9pUAAAAcAAJ&q=buried&pg=PA50 9]}}</ref>
''[[Fleta]]'', a medieval commentary on English common law, specified live burial as the punishment for [[sodomy]], [[Zoophilia|bestiality]] and those who had dealings with [[Jews]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Law in England, 1290–1885 |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/englaw.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001122943/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/englaw.asp |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project |publisher=Fordham University}}</ref>
[[Herodotus]] in his book ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' wrote that burying people alive was an ancient Persian custom, which they practiced in order to be blessed by gods. {{Quote|They [Xerxes and his troops] marched into the Nine Ways of the Edonian to the bridges and found the banks of the Strymon united by a bridge, but being informed that this place was called by the name of the Nine Ways, they buried alive so many in it so many sons and daughter of inhabitants. It is a Persian custom to bury people alive for I have heard that [[Amestris]], wife of [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]], having grown old, caused fourteen children of the best families in Persia to be buried alive, to show her gratitude to the god who is said to be beneath the earth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Herodotus: A New and Literal Version from the Text of Baehr, with a Geographical and General Index|page=447|publisher=Henry G. Bohn|location=|year=1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnLzqfGGUmwC&q=for+I+have+heard+that+Amestris%2C+wife+of+Xerxes%2C+having+grown+old%2C+caused+fourteen+children+of+the+best+families+in+Persia+to+be+buried+alive&pg=PA447}}</ref>}}
In ancient Rome, a [[Vestal Virgin]] convicted of violating her vows of [[celibacy]] was "buried alive" by being sealed in a cave with a small amount of bread and water,<ref>{{cite book |author=Plutarch, Perrin |date=1914 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#10 |title=Life of Numa Pompilius}}</ref> ostensibly so that the goddess [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]] could save her were she truly innocent, essentially making it into a [[trial by ordeal]]. Vesta never intervened.<ref>Parker, N., Holt, "Why were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the safety of the Roman State," ''American Journal of Philology'', 125, (2004) p. 586. See also Staples, Ariadne, ''From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion'', Routledge, (1998), p. 133</ref> This practice was, strictly speaking, [[immurement]] (being walled up and left to die) rather than premature burial. According to Christian tradition, a number of saints were martyred this way, including [[Saint Castulus]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baxandall |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFkpS1VsXOcC&dq=Castulus+buried+alive&pg=PA312 |title=The Limewood Sculptors of Renaissance Germany |date=1980-01-01 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-02829-4 |pages=312 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Saint Vitalis of Milan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Douglas Raymond |date=1912 |title=St. Vitalis |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15486a.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316033833/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15486a.htm |archive-date=16 March 2022 |website=New Advent}}</ref>
In Denmark, in the [[Ribe]] city statute, which was promulgated in 1269, a female thief was to be buried alive, and in the law by [[Margaret I of Denmark|Queen Margaret I]], adulterous women were to be punished with premature burial, men with beheading.<ref>{{harvnb|Stemann|1871|p=[https://archive.org/details/dendanskeretshi00stemgoog/page/n654 633–634]}}</ref>
In old Swedish province laws ("landskapslagarna"), live burial ("kvick i jord", literally "live into earth"), could be stipulated for a variety of crimes, most notably theft of money or goods of more than one [[Mark (currency)|mark]]'s value, though only for women; men were instead hanged. Men could be sentenced to be buried alive as a punishment for bestiality.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://runeberg.org/strindbg/svfolk1/0334.html | page=334 |title=Samlade skrifter |first=August |last=Strindberg |chapter=Svenska folket. Del 1 |access-date=2 April 2025 |language=sv}}</ref>
In 1611, within Sunnerbo härad in Småland, Sweden, a man faced a death sentence from the Sunnerbo district court for committing bestiality with a horse. The court's archives indicate that the prescribed punishment was either burial alive or burning at the stake, along with the animal. However, the final outcome remains unknown, as the sentence required the King's approval and the relevant documents from that period are believed to be lost.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://runeberg.org/gohcwow/2/0414.html | page=407 |title=Wärend och wirdarne : Ett försök i svensk ethnologi |chapter=Andra delen |first=Gunnar Olof |last=Hylten-Cavallius |access-date=2 April 2025 |language=sv}}</ref>
In 1616, the 18-year old farmhand Tiufrid was sentenced by the governor in Jönköping, Sweden, Nils Stiernsköld, to be buried alive together with the cow with which he had committed bestiality. The execution was carried out in January 1616 at Kinnevalds häradsting (district court). The court records tell how Tiufrid was buried, together with the animal, inside a large stone mound.<ref>{{cite book | last=Liliequist | first=Jonas | title=Brott, synd och straff | publisher=Univ | publication-place=Umeå | date=1991 | isbn=91-7174-693-5 | language=sv |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:580279/FULLTEXT02.pdf}}</ref>
Within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] a variety of offenses, including rape, infanticide, and theft, could be punished with live burial. For example, the ''[[Schwabenspiegel]]'', a law code from the 13th century, specified that the rape of a virgin should be punished by live burial (whereas the rapist of a non-virgin was to be beheaded).<ref>{{harvnb|Berner|1866 |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6PFCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA417 p. 417]}}</ref> Female murderers of their own employers also risked being buried alive. In [[Augsburg]] in 1505, for example, a 12-year-old boy and a 13-year-old girl were found guilty of killing their master in conspiracy with the cook. The boy was beheaded, and the girl and the cook were buried alive beneath the gallows.<ref>{{harvnb|Welser|Werlich|Gasser|1595|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=TodPAAAAcAAJ&q=k%C3%B6chin+m%C3%A4gdlin pp. 264–265]}}</ref> The jurist [[Eduard Henke]] observed that in the Middle Ages, live burial of women guilty of infanticide was a "very frequent" punishment in city statutes and ''[[Landrecht (medieval)|Landrechten]]''. For example, he notes those in [[Landgraviate of Hesse|Hesse]], [[Bohemia]], and [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]].<ref>{{harvnb|Henke|1809|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G0MUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA96 p. 96, footnote r]}}</ref> The ''Berlinisches Stadtbuch'' records that between 1412 and 1447, 10 women were buried alive there,<ref>{{harvnb|Fidicin|1837|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=x6BSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA275 pp. 275–276]}}</ref> and as late as 1583, the archbishop of Bremen promulgated (alongside the somewhat milder 1532 [[Constitutio Criminalis Carolina]] punishment of [[drowning]]) live burial as an alternate execution method for punishing mothers found guilty of infanticide.<ref name="Observationes iuris universi">{{harvnb| von Pufendorf|1757|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MQpBAAAAcAAJ&q=gliedmassen+empfangen p. 649, p. 57 in "Appendix Variorum Statutorum et Jurium", article 16]}}</ref>
As noted by Elias Pufendorf,<ref name="Observationes iuris universi"/> a woman buried alive would afterward be impaled through the heart. This combined punishment of live burial and impalement was practiced in [[Nuremberg]] until 1508 also for women found guilty of theft, but the city council decided in 1515 that the punishment was too cruel and opted for drowning instead.<ref>{{harvnb|Siebenkees|Kiefhaber|1792|p=[https://archive.org/details/materialienzurn02siebgoog/page/n235 pp. 599–600]}}</ref> Impalement was, however, not always mentioned together with live burial. [[Eduard Osenbrüggen]] relates how the live burial of a woman convicted of infanticide could be pronounced in a court verdict. For example, in a 1570 case in [[Ensisheim]]: {{Quote|The verdict commanded the executioner to place the perpetrator in the grave alive, "and place two layers of thorns, the one beneath, the other above her. Prior to that he should place a bowl over her face, in which he had made a hole, and to give her through that (in order that she would live for a longer time and expiate the evil act she was condemned for), a reed/tube into the mouth, then jump three times upon her, and lastly cover her with earth".<ref>German original: Das Urtheil befahl dem Nachrichter, die Thäterin lebendig in das Grab zu legen, "und zwo Wellen Dornen, die eine under, die ander uff sie,-, doch das es Irn zuvor ein Schüssel uff das Angesicht legen, in welche er ein Loch machen und ihr durch dasselb (damit sie desto lenger leben und bemelte böse Misshandlung abbiesen möge) ein Ror in Mund geben, volgens uff sie drey spring thun und sie darnach mit Erden bedecken solle</ref>}} In this particular case, however, some noblewomen made an appeal for relative mercy, and the convicted woman was drowned instead.<ref>{{harvnb|Osenbrüggen|1868|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YWE7AAAAcAAJ/page/n371 p. 357]}}</ref>
Dieter Furcht speculates that the impalement was not so much to be regarded as an execution method, but as a way to prevent the condemned from becoming an avenging, undead ''[[Wiedergänger]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Feucht|1967}}</ref> In medieval Italy, unrepentant murderers were buried alive, head down, feet in the air, a practice referred to in passing in Canto XIX of [[Dante]]'s ''[[The Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Alighieri|O'Donnell|1852|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1qFWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA120 p. 120]}}</ref>
In the [[Faroe Islands]], a powerful 14th-century female landowner in the village of [[Húsavík, Faroe Islands|Húsavík]] was said to have buried two servants alive.
[[File:Anneken van den Hove te Brussel levend begraven (Jan Luyken, 1597).PNG|thumb|[[Jan Luyken]]'s drawing of the [[Anabaptist]] [[Anna Utenhoven]] being buried alive at [[Vilvoorde]] in 1597. In the drawing, her head is still above the ground, and the priest is exhorting her to recant her faith, while the executioner stands ready to completely cover her up upon her refusal.]] In the 16th century [[Habsburg Netherlands]], when the Catholic authorities made a prolonged effort to stamp out the Protestant churches, live burial was commonly used as the punishment for women found guilty of heresy. The last to be so executed was [[Anna Utenhoven]], an [[Anabaptist]] buried alive at [[Vilvoorde]] in 1597. Reportedly, when her head was still above the ground, she was given the last chance to recant her faith, and upon her refusal, she was completely covered up and suffocated. The case aroused a great deal of protest in the [[Dutch Revolt|rebellious northern provinces]] and foiled the peace feelers which King [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] was at the time extending to the Dutch. Thereafter, the Habsburg authorities avoided further such cases, punishing heresy with fines and deportations rather than death.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}
In the seventeenth century in feudal Russia, live burial as an execution method was known as "the pit" and used against women who were condemned for killing their husbands. In 1689, the punishment of live burial was changed to beheading.<ref>{{harvnb|Rosslyn|Tosi|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rUqU5305GxEC&pg=PA227 p. 227]}}. Source in Russian:{{cite web |url=http://allpravo.ru/library/doc101p/instrum2363/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109092448/http://www.allpravo.ru/library/doc101p/instrum2363/|archive-date=2006-01-09 |title=Очерк истории смертной казни в России}}</ref>
Among some contemporary indigenous people of Brazil with no or limited contact with the outside world, children with disabilities or other undesirable traits are still customarily buried alive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Oliveira |first=Cleuci |date=9 April 2018 |title=The Right to Kill |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/09/the-right-to-kill-brazil-infanticide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304181627/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/09/the-right-to-kill-brazil-infanticide/ |archive-date=4 March 2022 |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
During [[the Holocaust]] many victims of mass executions were not shot dead and instead were buried alive. Some people were able to escape the mass graves after the execution was over.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Christian|authorlink=Christian Gerlach |year=2016 |title=The Extermination of the European Jews |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-70689-6|page=70}}</ref>
==== Wars ==== Premature burial has been used during wars and by [[mafia]] organizations.
[[Serbia in the Balkan Wars|Serbian]] officials are documented to have buried living [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgarian]] civilians from [[Pehčevo]] (now in the [[Republic of North Macedonia]]) during the [[Balkan Wars]].<ref>Николов, Борис Й. Вътрешна македоно-одринска революционна организация. Войводи и ръководители (1893–1934). Биографично-библиографски справочник, София, 2001, стр. 89–90.</ref> During World War II, Japanese soldiers were documented to have buried living Chinese civilians, notably during the [[Nanking Massacre]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chang|1997}}</ref> This method of execution was also used by German leaders against Jews, Romani, and Soviet civilians in Ukraine and Belarus during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Администрация |date=2008 |url=http://holocaust-museum.org.ua/articles/arkhiv-nomerov-za-2008-god/sentyabr-2008-god-9-110/article-204.htm |title=ЙОРЦАЙТ |website=holocaust-museum.org.ua |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927111715/http://holocaust-museum.org.ua/articles/arkhiv-nomerov-za-2008-god/sentyabr-2008-god-9-110/article-204.htm |archive-date=2013-09-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Sciolino, Elaine |date=6 October 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/europe/06priest.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=A Priest Methodically Reveals Ukrainian Jews' Fate |website=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Other witnesses described how the German were allowed only one bullet to the back per victim and that the Jews sometimes were buried alive.|access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=Yad Vashem |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/institute/killing_sites_catalog_details_full.asp?region=Stalino |title=Killing Sites: Stalino Region, 1941–1942 |quote=On January 9, 1942... About 1,244 Jews (max. 3,000) were shot to death or buried alive; the little children were poisoned. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107022131/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/institute/killing_sites_catalog_details_full.asp?region=Stalino |archive-date=7 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Arem, Bock |date=2003 |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/belarus/AremFamilyTrip/index.html |title=My Family Trip to Belarus |quote= Witness from [[Urechye]]: Mikhail remembered that in 1942, people who the Nazis thought wouldn't be helpful to them were marched to the forest and shot. Meyer Zalman and his family would be amongst the 625 families that shared this fate. In 1943 the remaining 93 Jewish families were buried alive. The ground moved for three days afterward, but the Nazis heavily guarded the site. |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Manie |last=Feinholtz |quote=On the morning of September 21, 1941, all the Jews were collected and sent out to work. During the course of the day, they discovered that some of them had been sent to dig a pit. More than a thousand people were buried alive. |url=https://worldholocaustforum.org/the-holocaust-in-faces/uman-memoirs-of-manie-feinholtz/ |title=Uman. Memoirs of Manie Feinholtz |website=World Holocaust Forum |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
During the [[Algerian War]], French troops used to bury Algerian prisoners or civilians alive.<ref>{{cite news |editor1-first=Patrick |editor1-last=Le Hyaric |editor1-link=Patrick Le Hyaric |publication-place=[[Paris]], [[France]] |url=https://www.humanite.fr/prise-de-tete-marcel-bigeard-un-soldat-propre-229751 |language=French |last=Zerrouky |first=E. |date=24 June 2000 |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=[[L'Humanite]] |title=Prise de tête Marcel Bigeard, un soldat propre ? }}</ref>
During the [[Vietnam War]], live burials by the Viet Cong were documented during the [[massacre at Huế]] in 1968.
During the [[Gulf War]], Iraqi soldiers were knowingly buried alive by American tanks of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|First Infantry Division]] shoveling earth into their trenches. Estimates for the number of soldiers killed this way vary: one source puts it at "between 80 and 250", while Colonel Anthony Moreno suggested it may have been thousands.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times|last=Schmitt |first=Eric |title=U.S. Army Buried Iraqi Soldiers Alive in Gulf War |format=PDF |access-date=30 June 2021 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/15/world/us-army-buried-iraqi-soldiers-alive-in-gulf-war.html |date=15 September 1991 |page=A10 |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States |archive-date=30 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930122814/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/15/world/us-army-buried-iraqi-soldiers-alive-in-gulf-war.html |editor1-first=A.G. |editor1-last=Sulzberger |editor1-link=A.G. Sulzberger |editor2-first=Dean |editor2-last=Baquet |editor3-first=Joseph |editor3-last=Kahn |editor3-link=Dean Baquet }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Patrick J. |last=Sloyan |date=12 September 1991 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-12-mn-2959-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=U.S. Tank-Plows Said to Bury Thousands of Iraqis |editor1-first=Patrick |editor1-last=Soon-Shiong |editor1-link=Patrick Soon-Shiong |editor2-first=Kevin |editor2-last=Merida |editor2-link=Kevin Merida |publication-place=[[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States of America |language=English |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905233922/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-12-mn-2959-story.html |archive-date=5 September 2019|issn=0458-3035 |oclc=3638237 |editor3-first=Chris |editor3-last=Argentieri |editor4-first=Scott |editor4-last=Kraft |editor5-first=Kimi |editor5-last=Yoshino |editor6-first=Shelby |editor6-last=Grad |editor7-first=Shani O. |editor7-last=Hilton |editor8-first=Amy |editor8-last=King }}</ref>
In 2014, [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] buried [[Yazidis|Yazidi]] women and children alive in an attempt to annihilate the Yazidi religion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-crisis-islamic-militants-buried-alive-yazidi-women-and-children-in-attack-that-killed-500-9659695.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810153904/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-crisis-islamic-militants-buried-alive-yazidi-women-and-children-in-attack-that-killed-500-9659695.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 10, 2014|title=Iraq crisis: Islamic militants 'buried alive Yazidi women and children in attack that killed 500'|website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=10 August 2014 |first=Adam |last=Withnall}}</ref>
==== Voluntary ==== [[File:Codice Casanatense Hindu Burial.jpg|thumb|16th-century Portuguese illustration from the [[Códice Casanatense]], depicting a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ritual, in which a widow is buried alive with her dead husband]] On rare occasions, people have willingly arranged to be buried alive, reportedly as a demonstration of their controversial ability to survive such an event. In one story taking place around 1840, [[Sadhu Haridas]], an Indian [[yogi]], is said to have been buried in the presence of a British military officer and under the supervision of the local [[maharajah]], by being placed in a sealed bag in a wooden box in a vault. The vault was then interred, the earth was flattened over the site, and crops were sown over the place for a very long time. The whole location was guarded day and night to prevent fraud and the site was dug up twice in a ten-month period to verify the burial before the yogi was finally dug out and slowly revived in the presence of another officer. The yogi said that his only fear during his "wonderful sleep" was being eaten by underground worms. However, according to current medical science, it is not possible for a human to survive for a period of ten months without food, water, and air.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haughton |first=Brian |date=2003 |title=Strange Powers |url=http://www.mysteriouspeople.com/suspended_animation.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125181244/http://www.mysteriouspeople.com/suspended_animation.htm |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=Mysterious People}}</ref> According to other sources the entire burial was 40 days long. The Indian government has since made the act of voluntary premature burial illegal, because of the unintended deaths of individuals attempting to recreate this feat.
In 1992, escape artist [[Bill Shirk]] was buried alive under seven tons of dirt and cement in a Plexiglas coffin. The coffin collapsed and almost killed Shirk.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=Escape artist Bill Shirk can't escape the allure of broadcasting |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/40990-escape-artist-bill-shirk-can-t-escape-the-allure-of-broadcasting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511211916/https://www.ibj.com/articles/40990-escape-artist-bill-shirk-can-t-escape-the-allure-of-broadcasting |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=Indianapolis Business Journal}}</ref>
In 2010, a Russian man died after being buried alive to try to overcome his fear of death but was crushed to death by the earth on top of him. The following year, another Russian died after being buried overnight in a makeshift coffin "for good luck".<ref name="bbc2011">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2011 |title=Russian who buried himself alive dies by mistake |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13623938 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602190726/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13623938 |archive-date=2 June 2011 |website=BBC}}</ref>
In 2021, the [[YouTuber]] [[MrBeast]] was voluntarily buried alive for 50 hours. This event was documented and filmed. In late 2023, he again buried himself alive for one week.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorvino |first=Chloe |title=Could MrBeast Be The First YouTuber Billionaire? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chloesorvino/2022/11/30/could-mrbeast-be-the-first-youtuber-billionaire/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Forbes |language=en |date=30 November 2022}}</ref>
''[[Buried Alive (performance)|Buried Alive]]'' is a controversial art and lecture performance series by art-tech group [[monochrom]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kobayashi |first=Erin |date=6 February 2007 |title=Alarm raised over burial performance |newspaper=The Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/02/06/alarm_raised_over_burial_performance.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081649/https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/02/06/alarm_raised_over_burial_performance.html |archive-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> Participants have the opportunity to be buried alive in a coffin for fifteen to twenty minutes. As a framework program monochrom offers lectures about the history of the science of determining death and the medical and cultural history of premature burial.
== Myths and legends == [[Oran of Iona|St. Oran]] was a [[druid]] living on the island of [[Iona]] in Scotland's [[Inner Hebrides]]. He became a follower of [[St. Columba]], who brought Christianity to Iona from [[Ireland]] in 563 AD. When St. Columba had repeated problems building the original [[Iona Abbey]], citing interference from the [[Devil]], St. Oran offered himself as a human sacrifice and was buried alive. He was later dug up and found to be still alive, but when he described the afterlife he had seen and how it involved no heaven or hell, he was ordered to be covered up again. The building of the abbey went ahead, untroubled, and St. Oran's chapel marks the spot where the saint was buried.<ref>{{harvnb|MacLeod Banks|1931|p=55-60}}</ref>
In [[Greek mythology]], [[Philonome (daughter of Tragasus)|Philonome]] was buried alive by her husband [[Cycnus (son of Poseidon)|Cycnus]] for falsely accusing his son [[Tenes]] of raping her, which had caused Cycnus to unjustly exile Tenes.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/newcenturyclassi00aver/page/278/mode/2up | title = New Century Classical Handbook | editor-first = Catherine B. | editor-last = Avery |publisher = Appleton-Century-Crofts | location = New York, US | year = 1962 | page = [https://archive.org/details/newcenturyclassi00aver/page/890/mode/2up?view=theater 891]}}</ref> The princess [[Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)|Leucothoe]] was buried alive by her father for losing her virginity.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph4.php#anchor_Toc64106256 4.192–270]</ref>
In the fourteenth through nineteenth centuries, a popular tale about premature burial in European [[folklore]] was the "[[Lady with the Ring]]". In the story, a woman who was prematurely buried awakens to frighten a grave robber who is attempting to cut a ring off her finger.<ref>''Bondeson'' (2001), pp.35-50</ref>
The TV show ''[[MythBusters]]'' tested the myth to see if someone could survive being buried alive for two hours before being rescued. Host [[Jamie Hyneman]] attempted the feat, but when his steel coffin began to bend under the weight of the earth used to cover it, the experiment was aborted.<ref>{{cite episode |series=MythBusters |series-link=MythBusters |episode-link=MythBusters (2003 season)#Episode 5 – "Buried Alive"|season=1 |issue=5 |title=Buried Alive |date=October 24, 2003}}</ref>
== See also == * [[Edgar Allan Poe]] returned to the topic of being buried alive repeatedly in his writing. Stories that include the trope are "[[The Premature Burial]]", "[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]", "[[Berenice (short story)|Berenice]]", and "[[The Cask of Amontillado]]". * [[Alice Blunden]], a 17th century woman buried alive * [[Eleanor Markham]], well known late-19th-century case of narrowly averted premature burial * [[Lazarus syndrome]], spontaneous return of circulation after failed attempts at resuscitation * [[List of premature obituaries]] * [[Locked-in syndrome]], medical condition described as "the closest thing to being buried alive" * ''[[Kraven's Last Hunt]]'', a [[Spider-Man]] story published by [[Marvel Comics]] where Peter Parker is buried alive by the villainous [[Kraven the Hunter]]
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Bibliography == === Books === {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|last1=Alighieri|first1=Dante|last2=O'Donnell|first2=E.|year=1852|publisher=Thomas Richardson & Son|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qFWAAAAcAAJ|title=Translation of the Divina Commedia}} *{{cite book|last=Barber|first=Paul|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|title=Vampires, Burial and Death: Folklore and Reality|isbn=978-0-300-04859-9}} *{{cite book|last=Berner|first=Albert F.|year=1866|publisher=Bernhard Tauchnitz|title=Lehrbuch des deutschen Strafrechtes|location=Leipzig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PFCAAAAcAAJ}} *{{cite book|last=Bondeson|first=Jan|year=2001|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|title=Buried Alive: The Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear|isbn=0-393-04906-X|url=https://archive.org/details/buriedalive00janb}} *{{cite book|last=Bondeson|first=Jan|year=2002|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|title=Buried Alive: The Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear|url=https://archive.org/details/buriedalive00janb|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-393-32222-4}} *{{cite book|last= Chang|first= Iris|title= The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II|year= 1997|publisher= Basic Books|place= New York|isbn= 0-465-06835-9|url= https://archive.org/details/rapeofnankingfor00chan}} *{{cite book | last1=Chang | first1=Kang-i Sun | last2=Owen | first2=Stephen | title=The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, UK; New York | date=2010 | isbn=978-0-521-85558-7 | page=}} *{{cite book|last=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=1823|publisher=Archibald Constable|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8YnAAAAMAAJ|location=London}} *{{cite book|last=Feucht|first=Dieter|year=1967|publisher=J.C.B. Mohr|title=Grube und Pfahl: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der deutschen Hinrichtungsbräuche|location=Tübingen|oclc= 462909742}} *{{cite book|last=Fidicin|first=E.|year=1837|publisher=A. W. Hayn|title=Berlinisches Stadtbuch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6BSAAAAcAAJ|location=Berlin}} *{{cite book|last=Henke|first=Hermann W. E.|year=1809|publisher=J.E. Seidel|title=Grundriss einer Geschichte des deutschen peinlichen Rechts und der peinlichen Rechtwissenschaft, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0MUAAAAQAAJ|location=Sulzbach}} *{{cite book|editor-last1=Rosslyn|editor-first1=Wendy|editor-last2=Tosi|editor-first2=Alessandra|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge|title='Between Law and Morality' in Women in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Lives and Culture|pages=209–238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUqU5305GxEC|isbn=978-1-906924-65-2}} *{{cite book|last=Osenbrüggen|first=Eduard|year=1868|publisher=F. Hurter|title=Studien zur deutschen und schweizerischen Rechtsgeschichte |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YWE7AAAAcAAJ|location=Schaffhausen}} *{{cite book|last=von Pufendorf|first=Friedrich E.|year=1757|publisher=Gsellius|title=Observationes iuris universi: Quibus Praecipue Res Judicatae Summi Tribunalis Regii Et Electoralis Continentur. Adjecta Est Appendix Variorum Statutorvm Et Jurium, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQpBAAAAcAAJ|location=Lüneburg}} *{{cite book|last=Stemann|first=Christian L.E.|year=1871|publisher=Gyldendal (F. Hegel)|location=Copenhagen|title=Den danske retshistorie indtil Chistian v.'s lov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gF4DAAAAQAAJ}} *{{cite book|last1=Tacitus|first1=Lucius Cornelius|last2=Church|first2=Alfred J. (tr.)|last3=Brodribb|first3=William J. (tr.)|year=1868|publisher=MacMillan & Co|location=London|title=The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9pUAAAAcAAJ}} *{{cite book|last1=Siebenkees|first1=Johann C.|last2=Kiefhaber|first2=Johann C. S.|year=1792|publisher=Schneider|location=Nuremberg|title=Materialien zur Nürnbergischen Geschichte, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2X8AAAAAcAAJ}} *{{cite book|last=Weinryb|first=Bernard D.|year=1973|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|title=The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800|isbn=978-0-8276-0016-4}} *{{cite book|last1=Welser|first1=Marcus|last2=Werlich|first2=Engelbertus|last3=Gasser|first3=Achilles P.|year=1595|publisher=Hartmann, Wolffgangus|location=Frankfurt am Main|title=Chronica der Weitberuempten... Statt Augspurg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TodPAAAAcAAJ}} {{Refend}}
=== Journals, newspapers, periodicals === {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{cite journal |author=BBC News |title=Russian who buried himself alive dies by mistake |journal=BBC News |date=2 June 2011 |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13623938}} *{{cite news |title=Pakistani police arrest man accused of burying alive his newborn daughter |url=https://calgaryherald.com/Pakistani+police+arrest+accused+burying+alive+newborn+daughter/6935003/story.html |access-date=16 July 2012 |newspaper=Calgary Herald |date=14 July 2012 |agency=Associated Press}} *{{cite journal |last=MacLeod Banks |first=M. |title=A Hebridean Version of Colum Cille and St. Oran |journal=Folklore |volume=42 |issue=1 |year=1931 |pages=55–60 |jstor=1256410}} *{{cite journal |title=A Man Buried Alive |journal=The New York Times |date=20 February 1885 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/02/21/109780353.pdf}} *{{cite journal |title=Buried Alive |journal=The New York Times |date=19 January 1886 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/01/19/103950202.pdf}} *{{cite journal |first=Henry H. |last=Windsor |title=Odd Family Vault Prevents Premature Burial |journal=Popular Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4bVAAAAMAAJ |volume=36 |publisher=Popular Mechanics Co |date=July 1921}} *{{cite journal |last=Dibble |first=Christopher |date=2010 |title=The Dead Ringer: Medicine, Poe, and the fear of premature burial |journal=Historia Medicinae |volume=2 |issue=1 |eissn=1946-3316 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027182101/https://sites.google.com/a/medicinae.org/historia-medicinae/e16 |archive-date=2020-10-27 |url=https://sites.google.com/a/medicinae.org/historia-medicinae/e16}} {{Refend}}
=== Web resources === {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{cite web|last1=Arem|first1=Jacob|editor-last=Bock|editor-first=Fran|date=August 2003|title=My Family Trip to Belarus|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/belarus/AremFamilyTrip/index.html|publisher=jewishgen.org|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite web|author=Администрация, опубликовано|year=2008|title=ЙОРЦАЙТ|url=http://holocaust-museum.org.ua/articles/arkhiv-nomerov-za-2008-god/sentyabr-2008-god-9-110/article-204.htm|publisher=holocaust-museum.org|access-date=2013-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927111715/http://holocaust-museum.org.ua/articles/arkhiv-nomerov-za-2008-god/sentyabr-2008-god-9-110/article-204.htm|archive-date=2013-09-27|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|author=Catholic Encyclopedia|title=St. Vitalis|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15486a.htm|website=New Advent|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite web|author=Cheong, Shahan|year=2011|title=The Killing Fields – Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge|url=https://scheong.wordpress.com/2011/11/17/the-killing-fields-pol-pot-and-the-khmer-rouge/|publisher=scheong.wordpress.com|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite news|author=Medicine Net.com|title=Definition of Taphephobia|newspaper=Medicinenet |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11719|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite web|last=Mikkelson|first=Barbara|year=2006|title=Just Dying To Get Out|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/just-dying-to-get-out/|website=Snopes.com|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite web|last=Mysterious People|title=Mind Power – Strange Cases of Suspended Animation |url=http://www.mysteriouspeople.com/suspended_animation.htm|publisher=mysteriouspeople.com|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite web|last1=Plutarch|last2=Perrin|first2=Bernadotte|year=1914|title=The Parallel Lives by Plutarch|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/|publisher=LacusCurtius (Loeb Classical Library)|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite web|last=Rosen|first=Rachel|year=2005|title=Virtual Jewish History Tour: Ukraine|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/ukraine.html|publisher=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite news|last=Sciolino|first=Elaine|date=October 6, 2007|title=A Priest Methodically Reveals Ukrainian Jews' Fate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/europe/06priest.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite web|last=World Holocaust Forum|title=Uman. Memoirs of Manie Feinholtz|url=https://worldholocaustforum.org/the-holocaust-in-faces/uman-memoirs-of-manie-feinholtz/|publisher=World Holocaust Forum|access-date=2013-07-29}} *{{cite web|last=Yad Vashem|title=Killing Sites: Stalino Region 1941–1942|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/institute/killing_sites_catalog_details_full.asp?region=Stalino|publisher=yadvashem.org|access-date=2013-07-29}} {{Refend}}
== External links == {{Commons category}} * {{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/yourplaceandmine/armagh/mccall_grave.shtml|title=Your Place And Mine – The Living Dead in Lurgan|last=Gracey|first=James|date=August 2004|work=[[BBC Online]]}} {{Gutenberg book|no=50460|name=Premature Burial and How it may be Prevented|author=[[William Tebb]]}} {{Capital punishment}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Premature burials| ]] [[Category:Execution methods]]