Littoraria

{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Littoraria irrorata.jpg |image_caption = The shell of this individual of ''Littoraria irrorata'' is covered with the lichen ''Pyrenocollema halodytes'' |image_alt = The shell of this individual of Littoraria irrorata is covered with the lichen Pyrenocollema halodytes |display_parents = 3 |taxon = Littoraria |authority = Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834<ref>Griffith & Pidgeon (1834). In: ''Griffith's Cuvier, Anim. Kingd., Moll., etc.'': 578.</ref> |type_species = ''Littorina pulchra'' |type_species_authority = Sowerby I, 1832 |synonyms = * ''Littoraria (Bulimilittorina)'' D. Reid, 1989· accepted, alternate representation * ''Littoraria (Lamellilitorina)'' Tryon, 1887· accepted, alternate representation * ''Littoraria (Lamellitorina)'' [sic] (misspelling) * ''Littoraria (Littoraria)'' Gray, 1833· accepted, alternate representation * ''Littoraria (Littorinopsis)'' Mörch, 1876· accepted, alternate representation * ''Littoraria (Palustorina)'' D. Reid, 1986· accepted, alternate representation * ''Littoraria (Protolittoraria)'' D. Reid, 1989· accepted, alternate representation * ''Littorina (Littoraria)'' Gray, 1833 * ''Littorina (Littorinopsis)'' Mörch, 1876 (basionym) * ''Littorinopsis'' Mörch, 1876 * † ''Littorinopsis (Touzinia)'' Cossmann, 1916 (original rank) }}

'''''Littoraria''''' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.<ref name="WoRMS">Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206218 on 2011-04-15</ref>

There are more than fifty species in this genus of which more than 20 species are believed to be synonyms of ''Littoraria scabra'', a very variable species.<ref>Reid, D.G. (1986). ''The littorinid molluscs of mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region''. British Museum (Natural History), London</ref>

Many of the species in this genus occur in the Indo-West Pacific region and in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, where they are found in large numbers on the trunks, trees and prop roots of tropical mangrove forests a few metres above high tide level. These snails feed on the thin film of algae, epiphytes, fungi, diatoms and leaf epidermis of these mangroves.<ref name="Littoraria">{{cite journal | author=J.T. Christensen| title=Diet in Littoraria| journal=Hydrobiologia| year=1998| volume=378| pages=235–236| doi=10.1023/A:1003226713667}}</ref> The species living on higher levels of the trees have thinner shells, and are more variable in shell colour.

Within this genus, ''Littoraria aberrans'' is the only ovoviviparous species with an intracapsular metamorphosis.

==Species== Species in the genus ''Littoraria'' include: {{Div col}} *''Littoraria aberrans'' Philippi, 1846 *''Littoraria ahenea'' Reid, 1986 {{cn|date=May 2021}} *''Littoraria albicans'' Metcalfe, 1852 *''Littoraria angulifera'' Lamarck, 1822 - mangrove periwinkle **''Littoraria angulifera hessei'' Boettger 1912 *''Littoraria ardouiniana'' (Heude, 1885) *''Littoraria articulata'' Philippi, 1846 *''Littoraria bengalensis'' Reid, 2001 *''Littoraria carinifera'' Menke, 1830 *''Littoraria cingulata'' Philippi, 1846 *''Littoraria cingulifera'' Dunker, 1845 *''Littoraria coccinea'' (Gmelin, 1791) *''Littoraria conica'' Philippi, 1846 *''Littoraria delicatula'' Nevill, 1885 *''Littoraria filosa'' (G.B. Sowerby I, 1832) *''Littoraria fasciata'' Sowerby I, 1832 *† ''Littoraria flammea'' Philippi, 1847 *''Littoraria flava'' King & Broderip, 1832 *''Littoraria flavaosa'' King & Broderip, 1832 *''Littoraria ianthostoma'' Stuckey & D.G. Reid, 2002 *''Littoraria intermedia'' Philippi, 1846 *''Littoraria irrorata'' Say, 1822 - marsh periwinkle *''Littoraria lutea'' Philippi, 1847 *''Littoraria luteola'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 * † ''Littoraria massicardi'' Pacaud, 2019 *''Littoraria mauritiana'' Lamarck, 1822 *''Littoraria melanostoma'' Gray, 1839 *''Littoraria miodelicatula'' Oyama, 1950 {{cn|date=May 2021}} *''Littoraria nebulosa'' Lamarck, 1822 - cloudy periwinkle *''Littoraria obesa'' Gmelin, 1791 *''Littoraria pallescens'' Philippi, 1846 *''Littoraria philippiana'' Reeve, 1857 *''Littoraria pintado'' Wood, 1820 **''Littoraria pintado pullata'' Carpenter, 1864 *''Littoraria planaxis'' Philippi, 1846 {{cn|date=May 2021}} * † ''Littoraria prevostina'' (Basterot, 1825) *''Littoraria punctata'' Philippi, 184 {{cn|date=May 2021}} *''Littoraria rosewateri'' Reid, 1999 *''Littoraria scabra'' Philippi, 1847 *''Littoraria sinensis'' Philippi, 1847 *''Littoraria strigata'' Philippi, 1846 * † ''Littoraria subangulata'' (Deshayes, 1861) *''Littoraria subvittata'' Reid, 1986 *''Littoraria sulculosa'' Philippi, 1846 *''Littoraria tessellata'' Philippi, 1847 *''Littoraria undulata'' Gray, 1839 *''Littoraria varia'' Sowerby I, 1832 *''Littoraria variegata'' Souleyet, in Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852 *''Littoraria vespacea'' Reid, 1986 *''Littoraria zebra'' Donovan, 1825 - zebra periwinkle {{Div col end}}

;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Littoraria dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012: synonym of ''Mainwaringia dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012 *''Littoraria glabrata'' Philippi, 1846 : synonym of ''Littoraria coccinea glabrata'' (Philippi, 1846) * ''Littoraria kraussi'' (Rosewater, 1970): synonym of ''Littoraria coccinea glabrata'' (Philippi, 1846) * ''Littoraria pulchra'' Gray, 1833: synonym of ''Littoraria zebra'' (Donovan, 1825) (junior synonym)

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== *{{cite journal | author=REID David G.| title=New data on the taxonomy and distribution of the genus ''Littoraria'' Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in Indo-West Pacific mangroveforests| journal=The Nautilus| year=2001| volume=115| issue=4| pages=115–139}} *REID, D G 1986. The Littorinid Molluscs of Mangrove Forests in the Indo-Pacific Region: the genus ''Littoraria''. British Museum (Natural History), London. 228 pp. *{{cite journal | author=Reid D.G.| title=The genus ''Littoraria''| journal=Veliger| year=1999| volume=42| pages=21–53}} *{{cite journal | author=Reid D.G. & Mak, Y-M| title=Indirect evidence for ecophenotypic plasticity in radular dentition of ''Littoraria'' species (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)| journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies| year=1999| volume=65| pages=355–370| doi=10.1093/mollus/65.3.355 | issue=3| doi-access=}} *{{cite journal | author=Reid D.G.| title=The phylogeny of ''Littoraria'' (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): an example of the practice and application of cladistic analysis| journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication| year=1999| volume=19| pages=283–322}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210512151648/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48278664/Global_diversification_of_mangrove_fauna20160824-30590-19pdc1u.pdf?1472038401=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DGlobal_diversification_of_mangrove_fauna.pdf&Expires=1620835154&Signature=XEM3VqUGe7Q9lfIVtomW9dJQuuFBI7f5~TkRozaBDOGsvWGU-Xd9IIagEAGMyIBHZMgPObjXJULiwr1TrcYqpAPfH~4Tfrk3LsZu3vpjJ87WdO7e-TgEGqYTFD7BVn8TVY6APE2N3opMa5g1ONuyvUXIMYdOqRqhPQh1B1CCSAFcQIPjYCXDEFV01IKGF0-GYVgJFUrID6CN-o-xVdRU2bFNcJkqnbgZDAK2BSyDTDKzg-tC7~iAWHLxTei~NK4rZo6hVU4eZxU5ns9yVZ82k7-iEPeFoiterCy6Eks8YPQPXiGh5Im~L6s3lqosURCtL0qkn6DU5vu4rQ13SjQD~w__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA Reid, D. G., P. Dyal, and S. T. Williams. "Global diversification of mangrove fauna: a molecular phylogeny of ''Littoraria'' (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)." Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55.1 (2010): 185-201.]

Category:Littorinidae Category:Gastropod genera Category:Taxa named by Edward Griffith (zoologist) Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Littoraria

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