{{Short description|List of tropical cyclones by scale}} [[File:Cyclone 05B.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite image of the [[1999 Odisha cyclone]] making landfall on eastern [[India]] as one of the [[list of the most intense tropical cyclones|most intense tropical cyclones]] in North [[Indian Ocean]]]] '''Super cyclonic storm''' is the highest category used by the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) to classify tropical cyclones, within the [[North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone|North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone basin]] between the [[Malay Peninsula]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Within the basin, a super cyclonic storm is defined as a [[tropical cyclone]] that has 3-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of at least {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph|round=5}}. The category was formally introduced during the [[1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1999 season]] alongside [[List of very severe cyclonic storms|Very Severe Cyclonic Storms]], in order to replace the previously used Severe Cyclonic Storm with Core of Hurricane Winds. There have been at least nine storms that have attained such an intensity. The most recent super cyclonic storm was [[Cyclone Amphan]] in [[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]].
==Background== The [[North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone|North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone basin]] is located to the north of the [[Equator]], and encompasses the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, between the [[Malay Peninsula]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name="NIO TCOP">{{cite report|author=RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |title=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea 2019|url=https://wmoomm.sharepoint.com/sites/wmocpdb/eve_activityarea/Tropical%20Cyclone%20Programme%20(TCP)_73452102-7575-e911-a98e-000d3a44bd9c/Operational%20Plans/02_WMO-ESCAP-PanelOnTropicalCyclones-PTC/2019_PTC-46/PTC-46_OperationalPlan_TCP-21_Edition%202019.pdf|access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name="IMD BT Report">{{cite report|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/best-track/bestrack.pdf|title=Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean|date=July 14, 2009|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> The basin is officially monitored by the [[India Meteorological Department]]'s [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] in New Delhi.<ref name="NIO TCOP"/><ref name="IMD BT Report"/> Within the basin a Super Cyclonic Storm is defined as a [[tropical cyclone]], that has 3-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of at least {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph}}.<ref name="NIO TCOP"/><ref name="IMD BT Report">{{cite report|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/best-track/bestrack.pdf|title=Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean|date=July 14, 2009|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> The category was introduced during 1999 alongside Very Severe Cyclonic Storms in order, to replace the previously used Severe Cyclonic Storm with Core of Hurricane Winds.<ref name="IMD BT Report"/> Should a Super Cyclonic Storm impact land at or near its peak intensity, then it is expected to cause large scale flooding and extensive structural damage to residential and industrial buildings as well as bridges.<ref name="Potential damage">{{Cite web| title=Damage Potential of Tropical Cyclone | url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/cyclone-awareness/damage-potential-cyclone/damage.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506210506/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/cyclone-awareness/damage-potential-cyclone/damage.pdf | archive-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> It is also expected to disrupt communications and the power supply as well as large-scale disruption to rail and road traffic.<ref name="Potential damage"/>
==Systems== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! scope="col" width="7.5%"|Name ! scope="col" width="11%" data-sort-type="isoDate"|Dates as a<br />super cyclonic storm{{#tag:ref|Dates are given in [[Coordinated Universal Time]].|name="UTC"|group="nb"}} ! scope="col" width="8%"|Duration ! scope="col" width="10%"|Sustained<br />wind speeds ! scope="col" width="10%"|Pressure ! scope="col" width="20%" class="unsortable"|Areas affected ! scope="col" width="5%"|Deaths ! scope="col" width="5%"|Damage<br />(USD){{#tag:ref|All damage values are in [[USD]] of their respective years.|group="nb"}} ! scope="col" width="5%" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Refs|References}} |- | [[1737 Calcutta Cyclone|Calcutta]] || {{Sort|17371001|October 1737}} || {{Sort|999|Not Specified}} || {{Sort|999|Not Specified}} || {{Sort|999|Not Specified}} || West Bengal || {{nts|300000}} || {{sort|0000000000|Unknown}} ||<ref name="Cyclone Risk">{{cite web|title=Historical records of 12 most devastating cyclones, which formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall on the East coast of India |url=http://ncrmp.gov.in/ncrmp/AnnIIb.html|publisher=National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project|archive-date=June 5, 2010|access-date=May 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605095539/http://ncrmp.gov.in/ncrmp/AnnIIb.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[1876 Bengal cyclone|Great Backerganj]] || {{Sort|18761029|October 29 - November 1, 1876}} || {{Sort|999|Not Specified}} || {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{Sort|999|Not Specified}} || Bangladesh|| {{nts|200000}} || {{sort|0000000000|Unknown}} ||<ref name="smrc">SMRC-No.1 – The impact of tropical cyclones on the coastal regions of SAARC countries and their influence in the region, SAARC Meteorological Research Center (SMRC),1998.</ref> |- | [[1885 Odisha cyclone|Odisha]] || {{Sort|18850901|September 1885}} || {{Sort|999|Not Specified}} || {{Sort|999|Not Specified}} || {{convert|919|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || Odisha || {{nts|5000}} || {{sort|0000000000|Unknown}} ||<ref name="Cyclone Risk">{{cite web|title=Historical records of 12 most devastating cyclones, which formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall on the East coast of India |url=http://ncrmp.gov.in/ncrmp/AnnIIb.html|publisher=National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project|archive-date=June 5, 2010|access-date=May 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605095539/http://ncrmp.gov.in/ncrmp/AnnIIb.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone|Rameswaram]] || {{Sort|19641208|December 8, 1964}} || {{Sort|999|Not Specified}} || {{convert|130|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{convert|970|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || Sri Lanka, India || {{nts|1800}} || {{ntsp|150000000||$}} || <ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology|author=Kulshrestha, Shashi M|author2=Gupta, Madan G|date=June 1966|title=Satellite Study of the Rameswaram Cyclonic Storm of 20–23 December 1964|doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1966)005<0373:SSOTRC>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1966JApMe...5..373K|pages=373–376|volume=5|issue=3|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | [[1968 Burma cyclone|Myanmar]] || {{Sort|19680507|May 9 - 10, 1968}} || {{Sort|024|1 day}} || {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{convert|953|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || Myanmar || {{nts|1000||>}} || ||<ref name="1968 AR">{{cite report|title=India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1968|url=ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED27E.pdf|publisher=India Meteorological Department|year=1969|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614112928/ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED27E.pdf|archive-date=2019-06-14|url-status=dead|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> |- | [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|Andhra Pradesh]] || {{sort|19891104|November 18 - 19, 1977}} || {{Sort|024|1 day}} || {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{convert|943|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || || || ||<ref name="1977 ATCR">{{cite journal|author1=Pant, P S|author2=Ramakrishnan, A R|author3=Jamdunathan, R|title=Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1977 |journal=Mausam|year=1980 |volume=31|issue=3|pages=337–356|doi=10.54302/mausam.v31i3.3533 |s2cid=246784388 |url=https://metnet.imd.gov.in/mausamdocs/43131.pdf}}</ref> |- | [[1978 Sri Lanka cyclone|Sri Lanka]] || {{sort|19781123|November 23 - 24, 1978}} || {{Sort|024|1 day}} || {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{convert|938|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || || || ||<ref name="1978 ATCR">{{cite journal|author1=Srinivasan, V|author2=Ramakrishnan, A R|author3=Jamdunathan, R|title=Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1978 |journal=Mausam|volume=31|issue=4|pages=495–506|doi=10.54302/mausam.v31i4.3444 |s2cid=246781079 |url=https://metnet.imd.gov.in/mausamdocs/43141.pdf}}</ref> |- | [[Typhoon Gay (1989)|Gay]] || {{sort|19891104|November 1989}} || {{Sort|999|Not Specified}} || {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{convert|930|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || Thailand, Myanmar, India || 1,036 || $521 million|| |- | [[1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|Andhra Pradesh]] || {{Sort|19900508|May 8, 1990}} || {{sort|018|18 hours}} || {{convert|127|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{convert|920|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || India || {{nts|967}} || {{ntsp|600000000||$}} || <ref>{{cite report |title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances (Depressions and Tropical Cyclones) over North Indian Ocean in 1990 |pages=3–18 |chapter=2. Pre Monsoon Season Cyclonic Disturbances |date=January 1991 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |url-status=dead |chapter-url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1990.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-date=January 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131151606/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1991.pdf }}</ref> |- | [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone|Bangladesh]] || {{Sort|19910429|April 29, 1991}} || {{sort|024|1 day}} || {{convert|127|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{convert|918|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || Bangladesh, Northeastern India, Myanmar || {{nts|138866}} || {{ntsp|1700000000||$}} || <ref>{{cite report|type=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances (Depressions and Tropical Cyclones) over North Indian Ocean in 1991 |page=4 |url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1991.pdf |date=January 1992 |title=Bangladesh Cyclone, April 24-30 1991 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> |- | [[1999 Odisha cyclone|Odisha]] || {{Sort|19991028|October 28 - 29, 1999}} || {{sort|018|18 hours}} || {{convert|140|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{convert|912|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India || {{nts|9887}} || {{ntsp|4440000000||$}} || <ref>{{cite report|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 1999|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1999.pdf|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=May 27, 2020|pages=50–64|date=February 2000}}</ref> |- | [[Cyclone Gonu|Gonu]] || {{Sort|20070606|June 6, 2007}} || {{sort|006|6 hours}} || {{convert|127|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}}|| {{convert|920|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || Oman, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Pakistan || {{nts|78}} || {{ntsp|4440000000||$}} || <ref>{{cite report|date=January 2008 |title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2007 |access-date=May 23, 2020|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/annual-rsmc-report/rsmc-2007.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20081126093307/http://sonicfighters.com/rattleman/other/tropics/IMD_2007_Report_HTML.html |archive-date=November 26, 2008 }}</ref> |- | [[Cyclone Kyarr|Kyarr]] || {{Sort|20191027|October 27 - 29, 2019}} || {{sort|075|2 days 3 hours}} || {{convert|130|kn|km/h mph|round=5|order=out|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || {{convert|922|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || Western India, Oman, United Arab Emirates<br />Socotra, Somalia || 5 || Minimal ||<ref>{{Cite web| title=Super Cyclonic Storm ‘KYARR’ over the Arabian Sea (24th October – 2nd November 2019): Summary | url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/kyarr.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218110437/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/kyarr.pdf | archive-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> |- | [[Cyclone Amphan|Amphan]] || {{Sort|2020518|May 18 - 19, 2020}} || {{sort|024|1 day}} || 265 km/h (165 mph) | {{convert|920|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|sortable=on}} || Sri Lanka, Eastern India, Bangladesh || {{nts|128}} || {{ntsp|14265000000||$}} || |}
==Climatology== {{col-float}} {{bar graph | title = Super cyclonic storms by month.<ref name="SuCS Frequency">{{cite web |title=Monthly and annual frequency of SuCS (Max wind 120 knots or more) over NIO during 1965-2018 |url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/climatalogy/scs.xls |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=May 8, 2020|format=xls}}</ref> | data_max = 10 | label_type = Month | data_type = Number of storms | label1 = January | data1 = | label2 = February | data2 = | label3 = March | data3 = | label4 = April | data4 = 1 | label5 = May | data5 = 3 | label6 = June | data6 = 1 | label7 = July | data7 = | label8 = August | data8 = | label9 = September | data9 = 1 | label10 = October | data10 = 3 | label11 = November | data11 = 3 | label12 = December | data12 = 1 }}
{{col-float-break}} {{bar graph | title = Super cyclonic storms by decade.<ref name="SuCS Frequency"/> | data_max = 10 | label_type = Period | data_type = Number of storms | label1 = Pre-1960's | data1 = 3 | label2 = 1960's | data2 = 2 | label3 = 1970s | data3 = 2 | label4 = 1980s | data4 = 1 | label5 = 1990s | data5 = 3 | label6 = 2000s | data6 = 1 | label7 = 2010s | data7 = 1 | label8 = 2020s | data8 = 1 }} {{col-float-end}}
==See also== {{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} *[[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]] *[[List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes]] *[[List of very intense tropical cyclones]]
==Notes== {{reflist|group="nb"}}
==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Super Cyclonic Storms}} {{Tropical cyclones by intensity}}
[[Category:Super cyclonic storms]] [[Category:Lists of tropical cyclones by intensity|NIO SUCS]]