{{short description|Sending a space probe past a planet or dwarf planet}} [[File:Mariner 10's encounter with Venus (diagram).jpg|thumb|Plot of Mariner 10 flyby of planet Venus in February 1974]]
A '''planetary flyby''' is the act of sending a space probe past a planet or a dwarf planet close enough to record scientific data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flyby|title=Flyby | Define Flyby at Dictionary.com|accessdate=2015-07-15}}</ref> This is a subset of the overall concept of a flyby in spaceflight.
The first flyby of another planet with a functioning spacecraft took place on December 14, 1962, when Mariner 2 zoomed by the planet Venus.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Planetary Flyby Occurred 50 Years Ago Today|website=Space.com |date=14 December 2012 |url=http://www.space.com/18913-nasa-mariner2-venus-flyby-anniversary.html|accessdate=2015-07-15}}</ref>
Planetary flybys are commonly used as gravity assist maneuvers to "slingshot" a space probe toward its primary target without expending fuel, but in some cases (such as with New Horizons), flybys are the primary objectives of a mission in of themselves. Flybys modify the direction of the probe and adds to its heliocentric velocity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=ANDERSON |first1=J |last2=CAMPBELL |first2=J |last3=NIETO |first3=M |date=July 2007 |title=The energy transfer process in planetary flybys |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newast.2006.11.004 |journal=New Astronomy |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=383–397 |doi=10.1016/j.newast.2006.11.004 |issn=1384-1076|arxiv=astro-ph/0608087 |bibcode=2007NewA...12..383A }}</ref>
A relatively recent example of a flyby spacecraft is ''New Horizons,'' which performed flyby maneuvers of Jupiter, Pluto and its moons in the 21st century. The flyby of Jupiter, used as a gravity assist, allowed the craft to reach Pluto at high velocity without the complications of slowing down, after which it proceeded further into the Kuiper Belt on an escape trajectory out of the Solar System.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Talbert|first=Tricia|date=2015-03-25|title=New Horizons: The First Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/overview/index.html|access-date=2020-07-10|website=NASA}}</ref>
==List of planetary flybys==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1ex auto 1ex auto" |-! class="sortable" | number of spacecraft it was like the first spacecraft has the number one of if it was the first spacecraft that NASA has sent to space ! class="sortable" | Flyby date ! class="sortable" | Launch date ! class="sortable" | Operator ! class="sortable" | Spacecraft ! class="unsortable" | Details ! class="unsortable" | Mission result |- style="background:#fbb;" | 19 May 1961 | 12 February 1961 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Venera 1 | First Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-003A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#cfc;" | 14 December 1962 | 27 August 1962 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mariner 2 | '''First successful non-lunar planetary encounter and first successful Venus flyby'''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-041A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#fbb;" | 19 June 1963 | 1 November 1962 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Mars 1 | First Mars flyby (contact lost)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-061A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#fbb;" | 19 July 1964 | 2 April 1964 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Zond 1 | Venus flyby (contact lost)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Zond 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-016D|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#cfc;" | 15 July 1965 | 28 November 1964 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mariner 4 | '''First successful Mars flyby'''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 4|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-077A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#fbb;" | 6 August 1965 | 30 November 1964 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Zond 2 | Mars flyby (contact lost)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Zond 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-078C|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#fbb;" | 27 February 1966 | 12 November 1965 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Venera 2 | Venus flyby (contact lost)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-091A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#cfc;" | 19 October 1967 | 14 June 1967 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mariner 5 | Venus flyby<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 5|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-060A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 31 July 1969 | 25 February 1969 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mariner 6 | Mars flyby<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 6|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-014A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 5 August 1969 | 27 March 1969 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mariner 7 | Mars flyby<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 7|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-030A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 3 December 1973 | 3 March 1972 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Pioneer 10 | '''First Jupiter flyby'''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Pioneer 10|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-012A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 5 February 1974 | 4 November 1973 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mariner 10 | Venus flyby; first interplanetary gravity assist<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Mariner 10|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-085A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#fbb;" | 10 February 1974 | 21 July 1973 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Mars 4 | Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars 4|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-047A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#fbb;" | 9 March 1974 | 9 August 1973 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Mars 7 | Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars lander)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars 7|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-053A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#fbb;" | 12 March 1974 | 5 August 1973 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Mars 6 | Mars flyby (flyby succeeded but lander failed)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars 6|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#cfc;" | 29 March 1974 | 4 November 1973 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mariner 10 | '''First Mercury flyby'''<ref name=":0" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 21 September 1974 | 4 November 1973 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mariner 10 | Mercury flyby<ref name=":0" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 3 December 1974 | 5 April 1973 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Pioneer 11 | Jupiter flyby<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Pioneer 11|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-019A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 16 March 1975 | 4 November 1973 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mariner 10 | Mercury flyby<ref name=":0" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 19 December 1978 | 14 September 1978 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Venera 12 | Venus flyby and lander<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 12|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-086A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 25 December 1978 | 9 September 1978 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Venera 11 | Venus flyby and lander<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 11|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-084A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 5 March 1979 | 5 September 1977 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Voyager 1 | Jupiter flyby<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Voyager 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-084A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 9 July 1979 | 20 August 1977 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Voyager 2 | Jupiter flyby<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Voyager 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-076A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1 September 1979 | 5 April 1973 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Pioneer 11 | '''First Saturn flyby'''<ref name=":1" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 12 November 1980 | 5 September 1977 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Voyager 1 | Saturn flyby<ref name=":2" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 25 August 1981 | 20 August 1977 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Voyager 2 | Saturn flyby<ref name=":3" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1 March 1982 | 30 October 1981 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Venera 13 | Venus flyby and lander<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 13|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-106A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 5 March 1982 | 4 November 1981 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Venera 14 | Venus flyby and lander<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 14|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-110A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 11 June 1985 | 15 December 1984 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Vega 1 | Venus flyby, lander, and first balloon<ref>{{Cite web|title = Vega 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 15 June 1985 | 21 December 1984 | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} | Vega 2 | Venus flyby, lander, and balloon<ref>{{Cite web|title = Vega 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-128A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 24 January 1986 | 20 August 1977 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Voyager 2 | '''First and only Uranus flyby'''<ref name=":3" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 25 August 1989 | 20 August 1977 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Voyager 2 | '''First and only Neptune flyby'''<ref name=":3" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 10 February 1990 | 13 October 1989 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Galileo | Venus flyby, first of three gravity assists to Jupiter<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title = Galileo - In Depth {{!}} Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration|url = http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/indepth|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160129221343/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/indepth|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2016-01-29|website = NASA Solar System Exploration|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2 July 1990 | 2 July 1985 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Giotto | '''First Earth flyby''', gravity assist for extended mission to 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup<ref>{{Cite web|title = Giotto|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-056A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 8 October 1990 | 13 October 1989 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Galileo | Earth flyby, second of three gravity assists to Jupiter<ref name=":4" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 8 January 1992 | 7 January 1985 | {{flagicon|Japan}} | Sakigake | Earth flyby<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sakigake|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-001A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 8 February 1992 | 6 October 1990 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}} | Ulysses | Jupiter flyby, inclination change gravity assist for solar mission<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ulysses - In Depth {{!}} Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration|url = http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ulysses/indepth|website = NASA Solar System Exploration|accessdate = 2015-12-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151218141225/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ulysses/indepth|archive-date = 2015-12-18|url-status = dead}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 8 December 1992 | 13 October 1989 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Galileo | Earth flyby, last of three gravity assists to Jupiter<ref name=":4" /> | Success |- style="background:#fbb;" | 24 August 1993 | 25 September 1992 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mars Observer | Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars Observer|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1992-063A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#cfc;" | 23 January 1998 | 17 February 1996 | {{flagicon|United States}} | NEAR Shoemaker | Earth flyby, gravity assist to 433 Eros<ref>{{Cite web|title = NEAR Shoemaker|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-008A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 26 April 1998 | 15 October 1997 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}} | Cassini–Huygens | Venus flyby, first of four gravity assists to Saturn<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cassini Completes First Venus Flyby|url = http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19980426/|website = Cassini Solstice Mission|accessdate = 2015-12-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430053936/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19980426/|archive-date = 2013-04-30|url-status = dead}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 24 June 1999 | 15 October 1997 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}} | Cassini–Huygens | Venus flyby, second of four gravity assists to Saturn<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cassini Completes Second Venus Flyby|url = http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19990624/|website = Cassini Solstice Mission|accessdate = 2015-12-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120921023650/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19990624/|archive-date = 2012-09-21|url-status = dead}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 18 August 1999 | 15 October 1997 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}} | Cassini–Huygens | Earth flyby, third of four gravity assists to Saturn<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cassini Completes Earth Flyby|url = http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19990817/|website = Cassini Solstice Mission|accessdate = 2015-12-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120921023656/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19990817/|archive-date = 2012-09-21|url-status = dead}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 30 December 2000 | 15 October 1997 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}} | Cassini–Huygens | Jupiter flyby, last of four gravity assists to Saturn<ref>{{cite news|title=Press release: Cassini Celebrates 10 Years Since Jupiter Encounter|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20101229.html|work=NASA|date=December 29, 2010|language=en}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 15 January 2001 | 27 February 1999 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Stardust | Earth flyby, gravity assist to 81P/Wild<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title = Stardust/NExT|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-003A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 21 April 2002 | 4 July 1998 | {{flagicon|Japan}} | Nozomi | Earth flyby, first of two gravity assists to Mars<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title = Nozomi|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-041A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 19 June 2003 | 4 July 1998 | {{flagicon|Japan}} | Nozomi | Earth flyby, last of two gravity assists to Mars<ref name=":6" /> | Success |- style="background:#fbb;" | 14 December 2003 | 4 July 1998 | {{flagicon|Japan}} | Nozomi | Mars flyby (inadvertent; planned Mars orbiter)<ref name=":6" /> | Failure |- style="background:#cfc;" | 19 May 2004 | 9 May 2003 | {{flagicon|Japan}} | Hayabusa | Earth flyby, gravity assist to 25143 Itokawa<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hayabusa|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-019A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 4 March 2005 | 2 March 2004 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Rosetta | Earth flyby, first of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title = Rosetta|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-006A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2 August 2005 | 3 August 2004 | {{flagicon|United States}} | MESSENGER | Earth flyby, first gravity assist to Mercury<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title = MESSENGER|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-030A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 15 January 2006 | 27 February 1999 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Stardust | Earth flyby and sample return capsule reentry<ref name=":5" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 24 October 2006 | 3 August 2004 | {{flagicon|United States}} | MESSENGER | Venus flyby, second gravity assist to Mercury<ref name=":8" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 25 February 2007 | 2 March 2004 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Rosetta | Mars flyby, second of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko<ref name=":7" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 28 February 2007 | 19 January 2006 | {{flagicon|United States}} | New Horizons | Jupiter flyby, gravity assist to Pluto/Charon system | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 5 June 2007 | 3 August 2004 | {{flagicon|United States}} | MESSENGER | Venus flyby, third gravity assist to Mercury. Also characterized the planet's atmosphere.<ref name=":8" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 13 November 2007 | 2 March 2004 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Rosetta | Earth flyby, third of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko<ref name=":7" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 31 December 2007 | 12 January 2005 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Deep Impact (EPOXI) | Earth flyby<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title = Deep Impact/EPOXI|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-001A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 14 January 2008 | 3 August 2004 | {{flagicon|United States}} | MESSENGER | Mercury flyby, fourth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission<ref name=":8" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 6 October 2008 | 3 August 2004 | {{flagicon|United States}} | MESSENGER | Mercury flyby, fifth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission<ref name=":8" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 29 December 2008 | 12 January 2005 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Deep Impact (EPOXI) | Earth flyby<ref name=":9" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 14 January 2009 | 27 February 1999 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Stardust | Earth flyby, gravity assist to 9P/Tempel<ref name=":5" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 18 February 2009 | 27 September 2007 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Dawn | Mars flyby, gravity assist to 4 Vesta<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dawn|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-043A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 29 June 2009 | 12 January 2005 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Deep Impact (EPOXI) | Earth flyby (distant)<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title = NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission|url = http://epoxi.umd.edu/1mission/flybys.shtml|website = epoxi.umd.edu|accessdate = 2015-12-23|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091214105059/http://epoxi.umd.edu/1mission/flybys.shtml|archivedate = 2009-12-14}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 29 September 2009 | 3 August 2004 | {{flagicon|United States}} | MESSENGER | Mercury flyby, sixth and final gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission<ref name=":8" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 13 November 2009 | 2 March 2004 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Rosetta | Earth flyby, last of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko<ref name=":7" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 28 December 2009 | 12 January 2005 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Deep Impact (EPOXI) | Earth flyby (distant)<ref name=":10" /> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 27 June 2010 | 12 January 2005 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Deep Impact (EPOXI) | Earth flyby<ref name=":9" /> | Success |- style="background:#fbb;" | 6 December 2010 | 20 May 2010 | {{flagicon|Japan}} | Akatsuki | Venus flyby (inadvertent; was intended to be orbit insertion; later successfully inserted into orbit in 2015)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Akatsuki|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2010-020D|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Failure |- style="background:#cfc;" |8 December 2010 |20 May 2010 |{{Flagicon|Japan}} |IKAROS |Venus flyby, probe was a technological demonstrator that launched with Akatsuki<ref>{{Cite web|title = IKAROS|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2010-020E|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2016-01-05}}</ref> |Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 9 October 2013 | 5 August 2011 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Juno | Earth flyby, gravity assist to Jupiter<ref>{{Cite web|title = Juno|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-040A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 14 July 2015 | 19 January 2006 | {{flagicon|United States}} | New Horizons | '''First and only Pluto/Charon flyby'''<ref group="Note">The International Astronomical Union classifies Charon as a moon. See Charon (moon)#Classification for details.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-001A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 3 December 2015 | 3 December 2014 | {{flagicon|Japan}} | Hayabusa2 | Earth flyby, gravity assist to 162173 Ryugu<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hayabusa 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2014-076A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 22 September 2017 | 8 September 2016 | {{flagicon|United States}} | OSIRIS-REx | Earth flyby, gravity assist to 101955 Bennu | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 3 October 2018 | 12 August 2018 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Parker Solar Probe | Venus flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 26 November 2018 | 5 May 2018 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Mars Cube One | Mars flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 10 April 2020 | 20 October 2018 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | BepiColombo | Earth flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 23 July 2020 | ~10 February 2021 | {{flagicon|China}} | Tianwen 1 deployable camera | Mars flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 15 October 2020 | 20 October 2018 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | BepiColombo | Venus flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 5 December 2020 | 3 December 2014 | {{flagicon|Japan}} | Hayabusa2 | Earth flyby, gravity assist to 98943 Torifune | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 27 December 2020 | 10 February 2020 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Solar Orbiter | Venus flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 9 August 2021 | 10 February 2020 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Solar Orbiter | Venus flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 10 August 2021 | 20 October 2018 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | BepiColombo | Venus flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1 October 2021 | 20 October 2018 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | BepiColombo | Mercury flyby #1 | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 27 November 2021 | 10 February 2020 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Solar Orbiter | Earth flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 23 June 2022 | 20 October 2018 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | BepiColombo | Mercury flyby #2 | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 4 September 2022 | 10 February 2020 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Solar Orbiter | Venus flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 16 October 2022 | 16 October 2021 | {{flagicon|United States}} | Lucy | Earth flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 19 June 2023 | 20 October 2018 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | BepiColombo | Mercury flyby #3 | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 24 September 2023 | 8 September 2016 | {{flagicon|United States}} | OSIRIS-REx/ApEx | Earth flyby, gravity assist to 99942 Apophis | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 19-20 August 2024 | 14 April 2023 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | JUICE | '''First double flyby and first Lunar-Earth flyby''' <ref>{{Cite web|title = Juice rerouted to Venus in world's first lunar-Earth flyby|url = https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice/Juice_rerouted_to_Venus_in_world_s_first_lunar-Earth_flyby|accessdate = 2025-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Juice's lunar-Earth flyby: all you need to know |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice/Juice_s_lunar-Earth_flyby_all_you_need_to_know |website=ESA |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref> | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 4 September 2024 | 20 October 2018 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | BepiColombo | Mercury flyby #4 - '''Closest planetary flyby ever done''' (165 km altitude) | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1 December 2024 | 20 October 2018 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | BepiColombo | Mercury flyby #5 | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 8 January 2025 | 20 October 2018 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | BepiColombo | Mercury flyby #6 | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 1 March 2025 | 14 October 2024 | {{flagicon|USA}} | Europa Clipper | Mars flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 12 March 2025 | 7 October 2024 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | Hera | Mars flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 31 August 2025 | 14 April 2023 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | JUICE | Venus flyby | Success |- style="background:#cfc;" | 15 May 2026 | 13 October 2023 | {{flagicon|USA}} | Psyche | Mars flyby | Success |- | September 2026 | 14 April 2023 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | JUICE | Earth flyby | Planned |- | December 2026 | 14 October 2024 | {{flagicon|USA}} | Europa Clipper | Earth flyby | Planned |- | January 2029 | 14 April 2023 | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}} | JUICE | Earth flyby | Planned |}
==Gallery== <gallery> Galileo trajectory Ida.svg|The Galileo flybys featured both purely gravitational assists and scientific experiments. </gallery> {{clear}}
== See also == * Mariner program * Mars program * Pioneer program * Vega program * Venera * Voyager program * Zond program * List of Earth flybys * Mars flyby * Timeline of the Space Race * Timeline of Solar System exploration
== Notes == {{Reflist|group=Note}}
== References == {{reflist}}
Category:Spaceflight *