The following table attempts to list the oldest-known Paleolithic and Paleo-Indian sites where hominin tools have been found. It includes sites where compelling evidence of hominin tool use has been found, even if no actual tools have been found.

Stone tools preserve more readily than tools of many other materials.[1][2] So the oldest tools that we can find in many areas are going to be stone tools. It could be that these tools were once accompanied by, or even preceded by, non-stone tools that we cannot find because they did not preserve.

Similarly, hard materials like bone or shell are more likely than softer materials to leave discernible cut marks on bone. Bamboo has been shown to leave cut marks on bone that are harder to see than cut marks by stone.[3] So the earliest evidence of tool use that we are likely to find are often cut marks made on bone by stone or shell tools. Therefore, it should not be assumed that the items on this list represent the earliest uses of tools in each area, but rather the earliest uses of tools that have been found.

Because it focuses on only the earliest evidence of tools, and since the earliest evidence is biased towards stone by stone's increased likelihood of preservation, this page necessarily omits mention of many significant ancient tools of non-stone materials simply because those cases are not among the earliest found within their geographic area. See Timeline of historic inventions for other noteworthy tools and other inventions.

With its focus on tools, this list also omits some sites with the earliest evidence for the existence of hominins, but without evidence for tools. Many such sites have hominin bones, teeth, or footprints, but unless they also include evidence for tools or tool use, they are omitted here.

This list excludes tools and tool use attributed to non-hominin species. See Tool use by non-humans. Since there are far too many hominin tool sites to list on a single page, this page attempts to list the 6 or fewer top candidates for oldest tool site within each significant geographic area.

Geographic areas covered

For much of the 20th century, a "Clovis first" idea dominated American archeology. Many sites with dates too old to be compatible with "Clovis first" were published, but these were mostly dismissed under the hegemony of "Clovis first."[5][6] Meanwhile, some indigenous archeologists insisted throughout the "Clovis first" era that the peopling of the Americas was much older than Clovis.[7] Recent publications with very strong evidence for pre-Clovis sites seem to have ended the hegemony of "Clovis first."[8][7][6][9]

List of tools

NameDate
(Ma)		LocationGeographic
area		SpeciesTypeNotes
Dikika[10]3.39Hadar, EthiopiaEast AfricaA. afarensis (presumed)Cut marks on boneControversial[11][12][13]
Lomekwi 3[14]3.3West Turkana, KenyaEast AfricaStone toolsMode 0 or Pre-Mode 1 stone tools are named after this site - see Stone tool
Nyayanga[15]3.0–2.6Nyayanga, KenyaEast AfricaParanthropus (associated)Hominin remains, stone toolsSome, e.g. Kathy Shick,[16] have suggested that the user of the tools may have been early Homo butchering Paranthropus as food. Earliest known Oldowan tools[17]
Masol[18][19]2.9–2.7Chandigarh, IndiaSouth AsiaCut marks on boneControversial[20]
Bokol Dora 1[21] (BD 1)2.6Ledi-Geraru, EthiopiaEast AfricaStone tools
Gona[22]2.6EthiopiaEast AfricaStone tools
Bouri Hatayae layer[23]2.5EthiopiaEast AfricaCut marks and percussion marks on bone
Longgupo[24]2.48[25]Longgupo, southwest ChinaEast AsiaStone tools and dental fragmentsControversial. Russell L. Ciochon has retracted the attribution to Homo and casts doubt on the dates of the tools: "Although I no longer consider the Longgupo jaw to be human, the two stone tools still stand as described. They must have been more recent additions to the site."[26] Ciochon provides no direct evidence for his conclusion that the tools were "more recent additions." See Wushan Man
Aïn Boucherit[27]2.4AlgeriaNorth AfricaStone tools
Xihoudu[28]2.4Shanxi Province, ChinaEast AsiaStone toolsControversial[29][30][31][32]
Renzidong[33][34] (Renzi Cave)2.4–2.0[35]Renzidong, southeast ChinaEast AsiaStone toolsControversial[36][37]
Shangchen[38]2.1Shaanxi, ChinaEast AsiaStone tools and much later hominin remains (H. erectus)Controversial
Drimolen Main Quarry (DMQ)[39][40]2South AfricaSouthern AfricaH. erectus,
P. robustus (associated)		Hominin remains, stone tools, bone tools
Melka Kunture[41]1.95EthiopiaEast AfricaStone toolsPossibly earliest known Acheulean tools, or "proto-Acheulean" or late Oldowan tools.[41]
Riwat[42]1.9Riwat, PakistanSouth AsiaStone toolsControversial - the tools were found in a "secondary context"[43]
Aïn al Fil[44]1.8El Kowm, SyriaWest AsiaStone tools
Dmanisi[45]1.8Dmanisi, GeorgiaWest AsiaH. erectus (associated)Hominin remains, stone tools, butchery
Swartkrans[46]1.8South AfricaSouthern AfricaHomo, P. robustus (associated)Hominin remains, bone tools
Sterkfontein StW 53[47]1.8–1.5[48]South AfricaSouthern AfricaCut marks on hominin boneControversial[49]
West Turkana[50]1.76KenyaEast AfricaStone toolsEarliest known Acheulean tools[51]
Sangiran[52]1.6–1.5Java, IndonesiaSunda ShelfH. erectus (associated)Hominin remains, shell tool cut marks on bone
Socotra Island[53]2.5–1.4Socotra IslandIndian OceanH. erectus (presumed)Stone toolsOldowan stone tools. May very well be earliest evidence of seafaring.
Kozarnika, Dimovo Municipality[54]1.4-1.6BulgariaEastern EuropeH. erectus (associated)Stone tools, hominin remains, cut marks on bone
Pirro Nord[55]1.3-1.6[56]ItalyWestern EuropeStone tools
Sterkfontein Member 5[57]1.1-1.6South AfricaSouthern AfricaStone tools, Homo and Paranthropus remains
Barranco León[58]1.2-1.4SpainWestern EuropeStone tools, animal bones, bone flakes
Bois de Riquet US 2[59][60]1.2FranceWestern EuropeStone tools
Wolo Sege, So'a Basin[61]1Flores, IndonesiaIsland Southeast AsiaH. floresiensis (presumed)Stone tools
Happisburgh[62]0.9–0.7Great BritainWestern EuropeStone tools
Kalinga site[63]0.7Luzon, PhilippinesIsland Southeast AsiaH. luzonensis (presumed)Stone tools, cut marks on boneSee Nesorhinus
Mata Menge, So'a Basin[64]0.7Flores, IndonesiaIsland Southeast AsiaH. floresiensis (presumed)Stone tools
Ounjougou[65]0.5–0.15MaliWest AfricaStone tools
Talepu[66]0.2SulawesiIsland Southeast AsiaStone tools
Cerutti Mastodon site[67]0.13CaliforniaNorth AmericaCobbles, percussion marks on bonesControversial[68][69][70]
Warratyi Rockshelter[71]0.049South AustraliaSahulH. sapiens (presumed)Stone and bone tools, numerous animal remains
Carpenter's Gap Shelter 1[72]0.049–0.044Western AustraliaSahulH. sapiens (presumed)Ground stone axe flake
Pedra Furada[73]0.048–0.023BrazilSouth AmericaH. sapiens (presumed)Stone toolsControversial[74][75]
Topper site[76]0.05–0.016South Carolina, USANorth AmericaH. sapiens (presumed)Stone toolsControversial[77][78][79]
Hartley Mammoth Site[80]0.037New MexicoNorth AmericaButchered bonesControversial[81][82]
Arroyo del Viscaino[83]0.03UruguaySouth AmericaCut marks on boneControversial[84][85]
Chiquihuite cave[86]0.03MexicoNorth AmericaH. sapiens (presumed)Stone tools, animal bones, charcoalControversial[87][88]
Santa Elina Shelter[89][90]0.027[91]BrazilSouth AmericaStone tools, animal bonesControversial[92]
Cactus Hill[93]0.018Virginia, USANorth AmericaH. sapiens (presumed)Stone toolsControversial[94]
Rimrock Draw Rockshelter[95]0.018–0.017Oregon, USANorth AmericaH. sapiens (presumed)Stone tools, animal bones
Monte Verde I[96]0.018–0.014ChileSouth AmericaH. sapiens (presumed)Stone tools, bone fragments, charcoal
Arroyo Seco 2[97]0.014ArgentinaSouth AmericaH. sapiens (presumed)Stone tools, cut marks on bone

See also

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