{{short description|none}} Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially medicine, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture as well as physics, economics, engineering and optics.<ref>Saliba, George. 1994. ''A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam''. New York: New York University Press. {{ISBN|0-8147-8023-7}}. pp. 245, 250, 256–57.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162}}</ref><ref>Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century]." Pp. 351–99 in ''Islam and the Challenge of Modernity'', edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization. Archived from the [http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html original] on 2 April 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com |date=February 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science}}</ref>
Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:
== Astronomers == * Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777) * Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796 or 806) * Al-Khwarizmi (d. 850) *Sanad ibn Ali (d. 864) *Al-Marwazi (d. 869) * Al-Farghani (d. 870) *Al-Mahani (d. 880) * Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. 886) *Dīnawarī (d. 896) * Banū Mūsā (d. 9th century) *Abu Sa'id Gorgani (d. 9th century) *Ahmad Nahavandi (d. 9th century) *Al-Nayrizi (d. 922) *Al-Battani (d. 929) *Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (d. 971) *Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (d. 986) * Al-Saghani (d. 990) * Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (d. 998) *Abu Al-Fadl Harawi (d. 10th century) * Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (d. 1000) *Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (d. 1000) * Al-Majriti (d. 1007) *Ibn Yunus (d. 1009) * Kushyar ibn Labban (d. 1029) * Abu Nasr Mansur (d. 1036) * Abu l-Hasan 'Ali (d. 1037) * Ibn Sina (d. 1037) *Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040) *Al-Bīrūnī (d. 1048) *Ali ibn Ridwan (d. 1061) * Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (d. 1087) * Omar Khayyám (d. 1131) * Ibn Bajjah (d. 1138) * Ibn Tufail (d. 1185) * Ibn Rushd (d. 1198) *Al-Khazini (d. 12th century) * Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (d. 1204) * Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (d. 1213) *Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi (d. 1266) * Nasir al-Din Tusi (d. 1274) *Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (d. 1310) * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311) *Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 1346) * Ibn al-Shatir (d. 1375) * Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (d. 1380) * Jamshīd al-Kāshī (d. 1429) * Ulugh Beg (d. 1449) * Ali Qushji (d. 1474)
== Psychiatrists == {{Further|Psychology in the medieval Islamic world}}
* Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation{{sfn|Haque|2004|page=375}} * Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy{{sfn|Saoud|2004}} * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology{{sfn|Haque|2004|page=361}} * Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), pioneer of mental health, {{sfn|Deuraseh|Abu Talib|2005}} medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine{{sfn|Haque|2004|page=362}} * Al-Farabi (872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies{{sfn|Haque|2004|page=363}} * Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery{{sfn|Martin-Araguz|Bustamante-Martinez|Fernandez-Armayor|Moreno-Martinez|2002}} * Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception{{sfn|Khaleefa|1999}} * Al-Biruni (973–1050), pioneer of reaction time{{sfn|Iqbal|1934}} * Avicenna (980–1037) (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry,{{sfn|Safavi-Abbasi|Brasiliense|Workman|2007}} thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness{{sfn|Nasr|Leaman|1996}} * Ibn Zuhr (1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology{{sfn|Martin-Araguz|Bustamante-Martinez|Fernandez-Armayor|Moreno-Martinez|2002}} * Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease{{sfn|Martin-Araguz|Bustamante-Martinez|Fernandez-Armayor|Moreno-Martinez|2002}} * Ibn Tufail (1126–1198), pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture{{sfn|Russell|1994}}
== Chemists and alchemists == {{Further|Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world}}
* Khalid ibn Yazid (–85 AH/ 704) (Calid) * Jafar al-Sadiq (702–765) * Jābir ibn Hayyān (d. c. 806–816) (Geber, not to be confused with pseudo-Geber) * Al-Khwārizmī (780–850), algebra, mathematics * Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887) (Armen Firman) * Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus) * Al-Majriti (fl. 1007–1008) (950–1007) * Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030) * Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048) * Avicenna (980–1037) * Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130) * Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201–1274) * Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) w
== Economists and social scientists == {{Further|History of Islamic economics}} {{See also|List of Muslim historians|Historiography of early Islam}}
*Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar *Abu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar *Al-Saghani (–990), one of the earliest historians of science{{sfn|Rosenthal|1950 |page=559}} *Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Anthropology",{{sfn|Ahmed |1984}} Indology{{sfn|Khan|2000}} *Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist *Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030), economist *Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist *Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist *Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist *Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist *Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences{{sfn|Ahmed|2002}} such as demography,{{sfn|Mowlana|2001}} cultural history,{{sfn|Abdalla|2007}} historiography,{{sfn|Ahmed|1999}} philosophy of history,{{sfn|Akhtar|1997}} sociology{{sfn|Mowlana|2001}}{{sfn|Akhtar|1997}} and economics{{sfn|Oweiss |1988}}{{sfn|Boulakia|1971}} *Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
== Geographers and earth scientists == {{Further|Arab Agricultural Revolution}}
* Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051339 |title=Mas'udi, al- |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=2006 }}</ref> * Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science{{sfn|Gari|2002}} * Zakariya al-Qazwini (1204-1283), geographer, cozmographer, physicist and mathematician. He explained the formation of mountains and collected the latitude, longitude and climate of 700 cities together with their time differences in a book. * al-Hamdani * Ibn Al-Jazzar * Al-Tamimi * Al-Masihi * Ali ibn Ridwan * Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer * Ahmad ibn Fadlan * Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, geodesy,{{sfn|Ahmed |1984}}{{sfn|Mowlana|2001}} geology and Anthropology{{sfn|Ahmed |1984}} * Avicenna * Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi * Averroes * Ibn al-Nafis * Ibn Jubayr * Ibn Battuta * Ibn Khaldun * Piri Reis * Evliya Çelebi
== Mathematicians == {{Further|Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world}}
* Ali Qushji * Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi), algebra{{sfn|Gandz|1936}} and algorithms{{sfn|Nanisetti|2006}} * 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk * Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Qalasadi|title= Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi}}</ref> * Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam * Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) * Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa) ** Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir ** Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir * Al-Mahani * Ahmed ibn Yusuf * Al-Majriti * Al-Battani (Albatenius) * Al-Farabi (Abunaser) * Al-Nayrizi * Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin * Brethren of Purity * Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi * Al-Saghani * Abū Sahl al-Qūhī * Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi * Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī * Ibn Sahl * Al-Sijzi * Ibn Yunus * Abu Nasr Mansur * Kushyar ibn Labban * Al-Karaji * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen) * Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī * Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi * Al-Nasawi * Al-Jayyani * Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) * Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud * Omar Khayyám * Al-Khazini * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Al-Ghazali (Algazel) * Al-Marrakushi * Al-Samawal * Ibn Rushd (Averroes) * Ibn Seena (Avicenna) * Hunayn ibn Ishaq * Ibn al-Banna' * Ibn al-Shatir * Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) * Jamshīd al-Kāshī * Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī * Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī * Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi * Muhammad Baqir Yazdi * Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher * Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi * Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī * Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī * Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf * Ulugh Beg * Al-Samawal al-Maghribi (1130–1180)
==Philosophers== {{further|List of Muslim philosophers}}
* Al-Kindi * Averroes * Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi * Al-Farabi * Avicenna * Ibn Arabi * Rumi * Jami * Ibn Khaldun * Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
== Physicists and engineers == {{Further|Physics in the medieval Islamic world}} * Mimar Sinan (1489–1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ * Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century * Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century ** Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir ** Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir ** Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century * Al-Saghani (d. 990) * Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century * Ibn Sahl, 10th century * Ibn Yunus, 10th century * Al-Karaji, 10th century * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, optics,{{sfn|Al Deek|2004}} and experimental physics{{sfn|Thiele|2005}} * Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics{{sfn|Rozhanskaya|Levinova|1996}} * Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century * Al-Khazini, 12th century * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century * Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century * Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert * Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer * Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century * Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century * Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
==See also== *List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars *List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world *List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
== Notes == {{reflist|2}}
==References== {{div col}}
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{{portalbar|Biography|Lists|Science}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Muslim Scientists}} Category:Islam and science Scientists Category:Scientists of the medieval Islamic world Category:Medieval Islamic world-related lists