Limnocharitaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}} [[File:Hydrocleys nymphoides Flower BotGardBln0906a.JPG|thumb|''Hydrocleys nymphoides'']] '''Limnocharitaceae''' was a family of flowering plants in the monocot order Alismatales.<ref name="haynes1998">Robert R. Haynes, Donald H. Les, and Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen. 1998. "Limnocharitaceae". pages 271-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume IV. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64061-5}}</ref> In the APG IV system, it is included in the family Alismataceae. It is commonly known as the '''water poppy''' family. Species that have been placed in this taxon are small, perennial, aquatic herbs, native to the tropics, but adventive or naturalized in the subtropics as a result of cultivation.<ref name="cook2007">Christopher D.K. Cook and Ole Seberg. 2007. "Limnocharitaceae". pages 379-380. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. 2007. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref>

The Limnocharitaceae include three genera, and these, in turn comprise eight species.<ref name="haynes1992">Robert R. Haynes and Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen. 1992. "The Limnocharitaceae" (''Flora Neotropica'' monograph 56). The New York Botanical Garden: New York, NY, USA.</ref> Some of the species are closely related and, consequently, hard to identify.<ref name="haynes1992"/> ''Butomopsis'' is monospecific (''B. latifolia'') and indigenous to tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. ''Limnocharis'' and ''Hydrocleys'' are native to the neotropics. ''Limnocharis'' has two species. ''Limnocharis flava'' is grown as a potherb in India and Isan, Thailand.<ref>[http://www.luczaj.com/tajlandia.htm Vegetables, spices and fruits of Thailand]</ref> It has become a weed in Indonesia.<ref name="cook2007"/> It is sometimes sold as an ornamental for aquaria. ''Hydrocleys'' has five species. ''Hydrocleys nymphoides'' is common in water gardens, and probably for this reason, it is persistent in the wild in Florida and Texas.<ref name="haynes">Robert R. Haynes. 2000. "Limnocharitaceae". pages 5-6. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. ''Flora of North America'' vol. 22. Oxford University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513729-3}} (vol. 22). (see ''External links'' below).</ref>

==Genera== *''Butomopsis'' Kunth **''Butomopsis latifolia'' Kunth *''Hydrocleys'' Richard *''Limnocharis'' Humboldt & Bonpland **''Limnocharis laforestii'' Duchassaing **''Limnocharis flava'' (L.) Buchenau - sawah-lettuce

== Description == The following description is based on two sources.<ref name="cook2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009), pages 605-606. Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>

Perennial herbs with unbranched stems. Leaves basal, petiolate. Stomata paracytic. Laticifers present. Inflorescence scapose, with bracts subtending each flower. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, solitary or in pseudoumbels. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, white or yellow. Stamens 3 to 100. Ovary superior. Carpels 3 to 20, in 1 (rarely 2) whorls, free or basally connate. Ovules 12 to 100 per carpel and scattered over the inner surface. Fruit a follicle.

== Taxonomy == Some authors have placed ''Butomus'' in the Limnocharitaceae because of its laminar placentation and follicular fruit, but it is now placed in the monospecific family Butomaceae.

The Limnocharitaceae are closely related to the Alismataceae, but differ from them by the fully dehiscent fruit, numerous ovules per carpel, and laminar placentation. Members of both of these families have laticifers, petioles, a terminal pore on each leaf, a sepaloid calyx, and thin, evanescent petals.

The family Limnocharitaceae was separated from the Alismataceae by Armen Takhtajan in 1954,<ref name="takhtajan1954">Armen L. Takhtajan. 1954. ''Proiskhozhdenie pokrytosemennykh rastenii''. Moskva. - English translation by O.H. Gankin. 1958. ''Origin of Angiospermatous Plants''. American Institute of Biological Sciences: Washington, DC, USA. (68 pages).</ref> but was not validly published until a Latin diagnosis was supplied by Arthur J. Cronquist in 1981.<ref name="haynes1992"/><ref name="cronquist1981">Arthur John Cronquist. 1981. "Limnocharitaceae" pages 1048-1049. In: ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants''. Columbia University Press: New York, NY, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-231-03880-5}}</ref> The Limnocharitaceae were recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in their APG II system of 2003, but in their APG III system of 2009, they sank the family back into the Alismataceae. Some molecular phylogenetic studies have indicated that the Limnocharitaceae might not be monophyletic, but paraphyletic over the Alismataceae ''sensu stricto''.

The Limnocharitaceae are recognized as a distinct family by Heywood ''et al.'' 2007.<ref name="cook2007" />

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == * {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10509 Limnocharitaceae] At: [http://www.efloras.org/volume_page.aspx?volume_id=1022&flora_id=1 Volume 22] At: [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 FNA] At: [http://www.efloras.org/ eFloras.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515081605/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/limnocha.htm Limnocharitaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). *''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 9 March 2006. http://delta-intkey.com * [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Limnocharitaceae Links at CSDL, Texas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302130314/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Limnocharitaceae |date=2007-03-02 }}

Category:Historically recognized angiosperm families