{{short description|Rail transport system with moderate capacity}} {{Distinguish|Light railway|Light rail}} [[File:Glasgow Subway Stadler unit at West Street 160624 (53794657872).jpg|thumb|right|[[Glasgow Subway]]]] [[File:SkyTrain Mk3 440.jpg|thumb|right|[[SkyTrain (Vancouver)|Vancouver SkyTrain]] – [[Expo Line (SkyTrain)|Expo Line]]]] [[Image:Bombardier INNOVIA APM 256 approaching Daan Station 20210418.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taipei MRT]] – [[Wenhu Line]] (Brown Line)]] [[File:Innovia Metro 200 MLR and 300 at KL Sentral.jpg|thumb|[[Rapid KL]] – [[Kelana Jaya Line]]]] [[File:McCowan station.jpg|thumb|Former [[Toronto subway|Toronto]] [[Line 3 Scarborough]] used light metro technology]] '''Light metro''', '''light rapid transit''' ('''LRT''') or a '''medium-capacity system''' ('''MCS'''), is a [[rail transport]] system with a capacity greater than [[light rail]], but less than [[rapid transit]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allport|first1=Roger|editor1-last=Stares|editor1-first=Stephen|editor2-last=Zhi|editor2-first=Liu|title=China's Urban Transport Development Strategy: Proceedings of a Symposium in Beijing, November 8–10, 1995|date=1996|publisher=The World Bank|location=Washington D.C.|page=257|chapter-url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1997/01/01/000009265_3970716145200/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf|access-date=31 August 2015|chapter=Theme Paper 6: Investment in mass rapid transit}}</ref> It typically resembles a rapid transit system in terms of infrastructure, but typically features shorter (2–4 car) trains and smaller stations, and may have a differing network topology.
Since [[ridership]] determines the scale of a rapid transit system, statistical modeling allows planners to size the rail system for the needs of the area. When the predicted [[ridership]] falls between the service requirements of a light rail system and a rapid transit system, a light metro project is indicated. A light metro system may also result when a rapid transit system fails to achieve the requisite ridership due to network inadequacies (e.g. [[single-tracking]]) or changing demographics.
In contrast with light rail systems,<ref name="TRC-2006">{{cite journal |last1=Boorse |first1=Jack. W |title=Joint International Light Rail Conference: A World of Applications and Opportunities, April 9-11, 2006, St. Louis, Missouri |journal=Transportation Research Circular |date=2006 |volume=E-C112 |page=443 |url=https://trid.trb.org/view/804728 |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> a light metro system runs on an entirely [[grade separation|grade separated]] exclusive [[right of way]],<ref name="UTG2021">{{cite book |title=Leading Light: What Light Rail can do for City Regions |date=2021 |publisher=Urban Transport Group |page=3 |url=https://www.urbantransportgroup.org/resources/types/report/leading-light-what-light-rail-can-do-city-regions}}</ref> and is therefore completely separated from other traffic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van der Bijl |first1=R. |last2=Van Oort |first2=N. |title=Light rail explained |date=2014 |url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:6d5ca2e4-5c33-4c7c-957d-a5ee05c3e6c9 |access-date=2 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In some cases, the distance between [[Train station|station]]s is much longer than typically found on rapid transit systems. A light metro system may also be suitable for [[Branch line|branch line connections]] to another mode of a heavy-capacity transport system, such as an [[airport]] or a main route of a metro network. However, despite their smaller trains, some light metro systems can rival rapid transit networks in terms of capacity thanks to [[automatic train operation]] allowing extremely high-frequency service.
==Definition== [[File:Canary.wharf.dlr.station.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Docklands Light Railway]] train leaving [[Canary Wharf DLR station]]]] [[File:OC Transpo O Train LRV 1107.jpg|thumb|right|[[O-Train|Ottawa O-Train]] – [[Line 1 (O-Train)|Line 1]]]] Light metro systems typically feature shorter trains and smaller stations than [[rapid transit]] and thus, lower capacity; this is typically their defining feature, especially compared to other rail transport in the same area. [[Automatic train operation]] is more common on light metro systems than rapid transit systems, which has allowed some systems to achieve extremely high frequency, with [[Headway|headways]] as close as 90 seconds during peak hours, making them competitive with traditional human-driven metro systems in terms of capacity.
[[Rubber-tyred metro]] technology, such as the [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] system used on the [[Taipei Metro]], is sometimes used for light metro systems, due to its low running [[noise pollution|noise]], as well as the ability to climb steeper [[Grade (slope)|grades]] and turn tighter curves, thus allowing more flexible alignments.
Rapid transit systems generally have train [[headway]]s of 10 minutes or better during peak hours.<ref name="Schwandl">{{cite web |author=Robert Schwandl |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/about.htm#definition |title=What is a metro? |website=UrbanRail.Net |year=2007 |access-date=2014-02-22}}</ref> Some systems that qualify as rapid transit in other technical respects (e.g. are fully [[grade separation|grade separated]]), but which have network inadequacies (e.g. a section of single track rail) which cap headways, resulting in decreased capacity, and thus would be more accurately defined as light metro systems as a result.
=== Capacity === A report from the World Bank places the capacity of a light metro system at 15,000 to 30,000 p/h/d.<ref name="PPIAF">{{cite report |author=Cledan Mandri-Perrott |url=http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/PSP-LightRail-CMandri-Perrott.pdf |title=Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives |work=Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |page=17 |year=2010 |access-date=2015-08-30 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085357/http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/PSP-LightRail-CMandri-Perrott.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> For comparison, ridership capacity of more than 30,000 p/h/d has been quoted as the standard for rapid transit systems,<ref name="PPHPDs">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVfnWO9pC8oC&q=216 |title=Integrated Transport: The Future of Light Rail and Modern Trams in the United Kingdom |editor=Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Transport Committee |publisher=The Stationery Office |page=216 |year=2005 |access-date=2014-02-22|isbn=9780215025739 }}</ref> while [[light rail]] systems have passenger capacity volumes of around 10,000 to 12,000 p/h/d<ref name="PPIAF" /> or 12,000 to 18,000 p/h/d.<ref name="PPHPDs" /> [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] (Véhicule Automatique Léger) systems are categorised as light metro because their manufacturer defines their passenger capacities as being up to 30,000 p/h/d.<ref>{{cite web|title=VAL and NeoVAL|url=http://www.transportation.siemens.com/ts/en/pub/products/mt/products/val.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626110428/http://www.transportation.siemens.com/ts/en/pub/products/mt/products/val.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=2008-06-26|access-date=2008-06-30|publisher=Siemens TS}}</ref>
However, the capacity boundaries for a line to be categorised as a light metro system varies according to the standard used, sometimes even within a single country. For example, the [[Taiwan]] [[Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Republic of China)|Ministry of Transportation and Communications]] states that each "medium-capacity system" can board around 6,000 to 20,000 [[passengers per hour per direction]] (p/h/d or PPHPD),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motc.gov.tw/motchypage/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=stat13.asp&catid=10|title=Transportation term definition|publisher=Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC)|language=zh|access-date=2008-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004053708/http://www.motc.gov.tw/motchypage/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=stat13.asp&catid=10|archive-date=2011-10-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the Taiwan Department of Rapid Transit Systems defines a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 p/h/d, which approaches many rapid transit systems, as "medium-capacity systems".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dorts.gov.tw/tech/cyclo2.asp?t=??%2009:09:59 |title=Comparison between high capacity and medium capacity systems |publisher=Taiwan Department of Rapid Transit Systems, TCG |access-date=2008-06-30 |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723223749/http://www.dorts.gov.tw/tech/cyclo2.asp?t=%3F%3F%2009%3A09%3A59 |archive-date=July 23, 2013 }}</ref>
In [[Hong Kong]], [[MTR]]'s [[Ma On Shan line]] was locally classified as a "medium-capacity system" (as it used shorter 4-car [[SP1900|SP1950]] trains, compared to 7- to 12-car trains on other MTR lines) but can attain up to 32,000 p/h/d which is comparable to the passenger capacity of some rapid transit systems.<ref>{{cite web|title=MTR train frequencies of railway lines in different periods, number of cars on each train, train carrying capacity, train loading rates and number of seats|url=http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/psp/pressreleases/transport/land/2011/201101122a.pdf|access-date=2014-08-23|publisher=[[MTR]]}}</ref> However, it was built to the full rapid transit standard as it was designed to be extended. Full-length, 8-car trains were deployed on the line in advance of its extension into the [[Tuen Ma line]] in June 2021. Two other lines, the [[Disneyland Resort line]] [[shuttle train|shuttle service]] since 2005 and the [[South Island line]] since December 2016, are also classified as "medium-capacity systems" because of their shorter trains and smaller capacity, however they use the same technology as the other rapid transit lines.
==Terminology== [[File:Danishmetrotrain.jpg|thumb|Train on the [[Copenhagen Metro]]]] [[File:Rame VAL208 P1040082.JPG|thumb|[[Rennes Metro]] [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]]]] "Light metro" is a common term in European countries, India,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kerala-opts-for-light-metro-not-monorail-114102400510_1.html |title=Kerala opts for light metro, not monorail |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2014-10-24 |access-date=2014-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-promises-light-metro-in-bhopal-and-indore-2037210 |title=BJP promises light metro in Bhopal and Indore |website=dnaindia.com |date=2014-11-21 |access-date=2014-11-29}}</ref> and South Korea.<ref name="railjournal.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/korean-city-opens-automatic-light-metro.html?channel=542#.T_yoifVQT2k |title=Korean city opens automatic light metro |website=Rail Journal.com |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=2014-11-24}}</ref> [[File:UiTrans Ui-Sinseol Line train leaving Solbat Park.jpg|thumb|[[Ui LRT|Ui-Sinseol Line]] train leaving Solbat Park station in Seoul, South Korea]] In some countries, however, light metro systems are conflated with [[light rail]]. In South Korea, "light rail" is used as the translation for the original Korean term, "경전철" – its literal translation is "light metro", but it actually means "Any railway transit other than heavy rail, which has capacity between heavy rail and bus transit".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2789038&cid=55615&categoryId=55615 | title=경전철 | publisher=[[Korea Rail Network Authority]] |work=Railway terminology dictionary (철도용어사전)| access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2784123&cid=43667&categoryId=43667 | title = 경전철| publisher = Bakmungak(박문각) |work=General current affair knowledge dictionary (시사상식사전) |edition=May 6, 2015 | access-date = 20 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1203144&cid=40942&categoryId=32194 | title = ''경전철'' | publisher = doopedia(두산백과) | access-date = 20 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://kric.go.kr/jsp/industry/knp/userTermDictionaryDetail.jsp?p_id=984&q_x_term=%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%84%EC%B2%A0 | title = ''경전철'' | publisher = Korea Railway Industry Information Center(철도산업정보센터) |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> For example, the [[U Line]] in [[Uijeongbu]] utilises the [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] system, categorized as a variant of light metro by the LRTA and other organizations,<ref name="railjournal.com"/> though the operator itself and South Korean sources refer to the U Line as "light rail".<ref name="RW-ULine" /> [[Busan–Gimhae Light Rail Transit]] is also akin to a light metro system in its appearance and features, thought the operator refers it as a "light rail".<ref name="Busan Gimbae Light Rail Transit">{{cite web |url=http://en.bngmetro.co.kr/main/ |title=Busan-Ginhae Light Rail Transit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328092928/http://en.bngmetro.co.kr/main/ |archive-date=2012-03-28 }}</ref> Likewise, Malaysian officials and media commonly refer to the [[Kelana Jaya line|Kelana Jaya]], [[Ampang and Sri Petaling lines]] as "light rail transit" systems;<ref name="light rail malaysia ">{{cite news |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/445657/lrts-double-loop-system-expected-cut-waiting-time-kelana-jaya-line |title=RT's 'double loop' system expected to cut waiting time for Kelana Jaya line |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |access-date=2019-04-21 | date=2018-12-31}}</ref><ref name="light rail malaysia 2">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2019/04/15/kajangputrajaya-rail-link-may-be-revived/ |title=Kajang-Putrajaya rail link may be revived |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=2019-04-21 | date=2019-04-15}}</ref><ref name="light rail malaysia 3">{{cite news |url=https://www.thesundaily.my/archive/malaysia-enters-new-era-more-efficient-transportation-network-YUARCH514271 |title=Malaysia enters new era for more efficient transportation network |newspaper=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |access-date=2019-04-21 | date=2017-12-24}}</ref> when originally opened, the original Malay abbreviations for the lines, PUTRA-LRT (''Projek Usahasama Transit Ringan Automatik''/Automatic Light Transit Joint Venture Project) and STAR-LRT (''Sistem Transit Aliran Ringan''/Light Flow Transit System) did not clearly distinguish between light rail and light rapid transit. Some articles in India also refer to some "light metro"-type systems as "light rail".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/light-rail-could-be-alternative-mode-of-transport-in-future-116517-2012-09-19 |title= Light rail could be alternative mode of transport in future |author=Ajay Kumar |publisher=India today |access-date=2015-11-05 | date=2012-09-20}}</ref> The [[Light Rail Transit Association]] (LRTA), a [[nonprofit organisation]], also categorises several public transport systems as "light metro".<ref name="LRTA-CA">{{cite web |author=Michael Taplin |url=http://www.lrta.org/world/worldind.html#index |title=Index of Countries + Totals for each Country |publisher=Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA) |date=March 2013 |access-date=2014-11-28 |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406174743/http://www.lrta.org/world/worldind.html#index |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|The French term [[:fr:Métro léger|''Métro léger'']], a literal translation of "light metro", means light rail.}}
== Advantages and disadvantages == The main reason to construct a light metro system instead of a [[rapid transit]] system is to reduce costs, mainly because this system employs shorter vehicles and shorter stations.
Light metro systems may operate faster than rapid transit systems due to shorter [[Terminal dwell time|dwell times]] at stations, and the faster acceleration and braking of lighter trains.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} For example, express trains on the [[New York City Subway]] are about as fast as the [[SkyTrain (Vancouver)|Vancouver SkyTrain]], but these express trains skip most stops on lines where they operate, while the shorter automated SkyTrains make all stops.
Light metro systems have restricted growth capacities as [[ridership]] increases. For example, it is difficult to extend station platforms once a system is in operation, especially for underground railway systems, since this work must be done without interfering with traffic. Some railway systems, like Hong Kong and Wuhan, may make advance provisions for longer platforms, for example, so that they will be able to handle more spacious trains when demand warrants them. The [[Taipei Metro]], for example, constructed extra space for two extra cars in all its [[Taipei Metro Line 1|Wenhu Line]] stations. Alternatively, [[automatic train operation]] may be introduced, or at least provided for, allowing for very tight headways, increasing capacity through frequency rather than vehicle size.
==List of light metro systems== {{See also|List of metro systems}} {{See also|List of tram and light rail transit systems}} The following is the list of currently-operating light metro systems as categorized by the [[Light Rail Transit Association]] (LRTA) {{as of|2018|March|lc=y}},<ref name="LRTA-index">{{cite web |author=Michael Taplin |url=http://www.lrta.org/world/worldind.html |title=A world of trams and urban transit – A complete listing of Light Rail, Light Railway, Tramway & Metro systems throughout the World |publisher=Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA) |date=March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914034114/http://www.lrta.org:80/world/worldind.html |archive-date=2019-09-14}}</ref> unless otherwise indicated. The lists do not include [[monorail]]s and urban [[maglev]], despite most of them also being "medium-capacity" rail systems.
=== Currently operating light metro systems === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width="60px" | Country ! width="100px" | Location ! width="220px" | System ! width="25px" |Lines ! width="35" |Year opened ! width="380px" class="unsortable" |Notes |- |Armenia |[[Yerevan]] |[[Yerevan Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1981 | Rolling stock uses 2 and 3-car trains |- |Austria |[[Vienna]] |[[Vienna U-Bahn]] – [[U6 (Vienna U-Bahn)|Line 6]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1989 | Low-floor trains T and T1 built by [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]], {{convert|27.3|m}} and {{convert|26.8|m}} long respectively, are operated in 4-car configuration only. The capacity is 776 passengers compared to 882 for the [[rapid transit]] lines U1-U5<ref>{{cite web | title=U-Bahn Wien: Technische Daten aller Typen | date=21 April 2017 | url=https://homepage.univie.ac.at/horst.prillinger/ubahn/deutsch/technische_daten.html }}</ref> |- | Bulgaria | [[Sofia]] | [[Sofia Metro]] – Line 3 | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2020 | [[Automatic train operation|Driverless vehicle system]] – {{convert|60|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} trains; [[Siemens]] chosen as technology supplier<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mobility.siemens.com/mobility/global/SiteCollectionDocuments/en/rail-solutions/metros/slideshow/metro-sofia-en.pdf|title=Metro Sofia|publisher=[[Siemens Mobility]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220085614/https://www.mobility.siemens.com/mobility/global/SiteCollectionDocuments/en/rail-solutions/metros/slideshow/metro-sofia-en.pdf|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref> |- class="sort" | rowspan="3" | Canada | [[Ottawa]] | [[O-Train]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 (+1 under construction) | style="text-align:center;" | 2019 | While using vehicles typically seen in [[light rail]] systems, the line has a higher capacity operating 2-car (100-metre long) [[Alstom Citadis Spirit|Alstom]] trains. Moreover, the line is fully separated from road traffic.<ref name="IRJ-Ott">{{cite web |title=Canada and USA are poles apart on transit funding |url=https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/canada-and-usa-are-poles-apart-on-transit-funding/ |website=International Railway Journal |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref> |- | [[Montreal]] | [[Réseau express métropolitain]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 (+1 branch under construction) | style="text-align:center;" | 2023 | Driverless vehicle system.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://rem.info/en/rolling-stock | title = Rolling stock | access-date = 30 July 2023}} </ref> Categorised by itself<ref>{{cite web | url = https://rem.info/en/light-rail | title = Light metro | access-date = 29 July 2023}} </ref> as a light metro. Trains are 38 metres long. |- | [[Vancouver]] | [[SkyTrain (Vancouver)|SkyTrain]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | style="text-align:center;" | 1985 | While using vehicles typically seen in light metro systems, the [[Expo Line (SkyTrain)|Expo]] line approaches the capacity of a rapid transit system since it operates with longer 4- and 6-car [[Bombardier Innovia Metro|Bombardier]] trains. However, the [[Canada Line]] operates with 2-car [[Hyundai Rotem|Rotem]] trains. |- | rowspan="12" | China | [[Beijing]] | [[Beijing Subway]] – [[Capital Airport Express]], [[Yanfang line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 2008 | Capital Airport Express uses 4-car L-type trains, {{convert|60|m}} long. Yanfang line uses 4-car B-type trains, {{convert|76|m}} long. Trains from both lines are driverless. |- | [[Changchun]] | [[Changchun Rail Transit]] – [[Line 3 (Changchun Rail Transit)|Line 3]], [[Line 4 (Changchun Rail Transit)|Line 4]], [[Line 8 (Changchun Rail Transit)|Line 8]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | style="text-align:center;" | 2002 | All three lines use light rail vehicles, with line 3 also having level crossings. |- | [[Dalian]] | [[Dalian Metro]] – [[Line 3 (Dalian Metro)|Line 3]], [[Line 12 (Dalian Metro)|Line 12]], [[Line 13 (Dalian Metro)|Line 13]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | style="text-align:center;" | 2002 | Uses 4-car B-type trains, with some trains on line 3 having 2 cars. |- | [[Foshan]] | [[Foshan Metro]] – [[Line 1 (Nanhai Tram)]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2021 | The line (also called Nanhai New Transit) uses light rail vehicles, {{convert|35|m}} long.<ref name="Sina">{{cite web |title=佛山南海新交通有轨电车预计明年底开通试运营 |url=http://gd.sina.com.cn/news/yangjiang/2018-12-14/detail-ihqackac8126258.shtml |website=gd.sina.com.cn |access-date=23 July 2024 |language=zh}}</ref> |- | [[Guangzhou]] | [[Guangzhou Metro]] – [[Line 4 (Guangzhou Metro)|Line 4]], [[Line 6 (Guangzhou Metro)|Line 6]], [[Guangfo line]], and [[Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System|Zhujiang New Town People Mover]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | style="text-align:center;" | 2005 | Lines 4 and 6 use 4-car L-type trains, 67m long. Guangfo line uses 4-car B-type trains, {{convert|76|m}} long. Zhujiang New Town People Mover uses 14 [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]]'s [[Bombardier Innovia APM 100|APM 100]] cars built in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/guangzhou-apm-enters-service.html|title=Guangzhou peoplemover enters service|first=DVV Media International|last=Ltd|website=Railway Gazette|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2019-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011803/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/guangzhou-apm-enters-service.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Nanjing]] | [[Nanjing Metro]] – [[Line S6 (Nanjing Metro)|Line S6]], [[Line S7 (Nanjing Metro)|Line S7]], [[Line S8 (Nanjing Metro)|Line S8]], [[Line S9 (Nanjing Metro)|Line S9]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | style="text-align:center;" | 2014 | Lines S6, S7, and S8 use 4-car B-type trains, {{convert|76|m}} long, while line S9 uses 3-car B-type trains, 57 m long. |- |[[Shanghai]] |[[Shanghai Metro]] – [[Line 5 (Shanghai Metro)|Line 5]] (branch), [[Line 6 (Shanghai Metro)|Line 6]], and [[Pujiang line|Pujiang Line]] | style="text-align:center;" |3 | style="text-align:center;" |2003 |Line 5 branch and line 6 use 4-car, {{convert|76|m}} long, C-type trains. Pujiang line uses 11 [[Bombardier Transportation]]'s [[Bombardier Innovia APM 300|APM 300]] cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=上海首条胶轮APM浦江线 3月31日起通车试运营 |url=http://service.shmetro.com/yygg/1767.htm |website=上海地铁 |quote=在轨道交通选型上，采用'''中运量 (MCS)'''、胶轮转向轨制式、噪音相对小、启停加减速快捷等特点的APM全自动无人驾驶系统 |language=zh-tw |access-date=2021-09-23 |archive-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327144835/http://service.shmetro.com/yygg/1767.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Tianjin]] | [[Tianjin Metro]] – [[Line 9 (Tianjin Metro)|Line 9]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2004 | Line 9 uses 4-car B-type trains, {{convert|76|m}} long. |- | [[Wuhan]] | [[Wuhan Metro]] – [[Line 1 (Wuhan Metro)|Line 1]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2004 | Line 1 uses 4-car B-type trains, {{convert|76|m}} long. |- | rowspan="2" | [[Hong Kong]] | [[Disneyland Resort line|Disneyland Resort Line]] (Penny's Bay Rail Link) | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2005 | ''Trains:'' 4 compartments without drivers. Some{{clarification needed|reason=Some or all?|date=March 2024}} of the [[MTR Metro Cammell EMU (DC)|M-Train]] cars used in the Disneyland Resort line were originally ordered from 1994–1998 as [[MTR Metro Cammell EMU (DC)#Phase 3|subtype H-Stock train]] (Phase 3 EMU, A/C 270–291, B/C 486–496). Units A/C274 A/C281 A/C284 A/C289 A/C291 and B/C490 are now used on the Disneyland Resort line. |- | [[South Island line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2016 | ''Trains:'' 3-car [[MTR CNR Changchun EMU|S-Train]]s. Categorised as a "medium-capacity system".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alstom in Hong Kong |url=https://www.alstom.com/sites/alstom.com/files/2018/07/16/country_sheet_hong_kong_2018_final.pdf |date=July 2018 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> |- | [[Macau]] | [[Macau Light Rapid Transit]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2019 | Uses [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] [[Crystal Mover]] [[automated people mover|APM]] vehicles with rubber tyres running on concrete tracks.<ref name="crystal">{{Cite news |url=http://www.macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau/20610-Mitsubishi-wins-LRT-tender.html |title=Mitsubishi wins LRT tender |last=Leung |first=Natalie |date=31 December 2010 |work=Macau Daily Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002051123/http://www.macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau/20610-Mitsubishi-wins-LRT-tender.html |archive-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> Mitsubishi supplied 55 two-car trains that are fully automated (driverless) and utilise a rubber-tyred APM system.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=MHI Receives Order for Macau Light Rapid Transit (MLRT) Phase 1 |date=3 March 2011 |publisher=Mitsubishi Press Information |url=http://www.mhi.co.jp/en/news/story/1103031410.html |access-date=2013-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135856/http://www.mhi.co.jp/en/news/story/1103031410.html |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They have a capacity of up to 476 passengers.<ref name="crystal" /> |- | Denmark | [[Copenhagen]] | [[Copenhagen Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | style="text-align:center;" | 2002 | [[Automatic train operation|Driverless vehicle system]]. ''Trains:'' 3-car configuration, {{convert|39|m}} length. |- | rowspan="6" | France | [[Lille]] | [[Lille Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 1983 | [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] [[people mover]] system. ''Trains:'' 2-car configuration, {{convert|26|m}} in length, with a passenger capacity of 208–240 per train (depending on VAL 206 or VAL 208 train). ''UrbanRail.net'' describes it as a "new generation of metro systems".<ref>{{cite web |author=Robert Schwandl |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/fr/lille/lille.htm |title=Lille |website=UrbanRail.net |year=2004 |access-date=2016-02-22}}</ref> |- | [[Lyon]] | [[Lyon Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | style="text-align:center;" | 1978 | ''Trains:'' Driverless, 2 or 3-car configuration, {{convert|36|m}} to {{convert|54|m}} long. Can carry 252 to 325 people in a train. |- | [[Marseille]] | [[Marseille Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 1977 | ''Trains:'' 4-car configuration, {{convert|65|m}} long. |- | [[Paris]] | [[Orlyval]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1991 | VAL people mover system, using VAL 206 vehicles. |- | [[Rennes]] | [[Rennes Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 2002 | VAL people mover system – while trains have 80 second headways, they can only carry 158 people per train. Described as a "mini-metro line".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/val/ |title=VAL Mini-Metro Line |website=Railway Technology |year=2004 |access-date=2016-02-22}}</ref> |- | [[Toulouse]] | [[Toulouse Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 1993 | Although a VAL system, LRTA defines the system as "Metro". On the other hand, ''UrbanRail.net'' describes it as a "light metro VAL system".<ref>{{cite web |author=Robert Schwandl |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/fr/toulouse/toulouse.htm |title=Toulouse |website=UrbanRail.net |year=2004 |access-date=2014-11-29}}</ref> |- | Hungary | [[Budapest]] | [[Metro Line M1 (Budapest Metro)|Budapest Metro Line 1]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1896 | ''Trains:'' The line uses 3-car, {{convert|30|m}} long trains that can hold up to 190 people. |- | India | [[Gurgaon]] | [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2013 | Driverless vehicle system. The line is designed to carry up to 30,000 passengers per hour.<ref name="Railway gazette">{{cite journal | url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/rapid-metrorail-gurgaon-opens.html | title = Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon opens | journal = [[Railway Gazette International]] | date = 15 November 2013 | access-date = 2014-12-28 | archive-date = 2018-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144645/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/rapid-metrorail-gurgaon-opens.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Total Rail">{{cite web | url = http://www.totalrail.org/2013/11/18/rapid-metrorail-gurgaon-launched/ | title = Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon launched | website = Total Rail | author = Simon Crompton-Reid | date = 18 November 2013 | access-date = 2014-12-28 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141228122939/http://www.totalrail.org/2013/11/18/rapid-metrorail-gurgaon-launched/ | archive-date = 28 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name="subways.net">{{cite web | url = http://www.subways.net/india/gurgaon.html | title = Gurgaon automated metro | website = Subways.net | access-date = 2014-12-28 | archive-date = 2017-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170920052957/http://www.subways.net/india/gurgaon.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Several articles define the system as "light metro".<ref name="Railway gazette" /><ref name="Total Rail" /><ref name="subways.net" /> |- | rowspan="3" |Indonesia | rowspan="2" |[[Jakarta]] | [[Jakarta LRT]]<ref name="IRJ-2018">{{cite news |last1=Tabay |first1=Andy |title=First Jakarta light metro train rolls out |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/first-jakarta-light-metro-train-rolls-out/ |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=International Railway Journal |date=29 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2019<ref>{{cite news |last=Muthiariny |first=Dewi Elvia |date=21 November 2019 |title=LRT Jakarta Fare to be Valid per December 1 |work=Tempo |editor-last=Afifa |editor-first=Laila |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1275107/lrt-jakarta-fare-to-be-valid-per-december-1 |access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> |Jakarta LRT is the first line in Jakarta to use a third rail system. It uses standard gauge (1435 mm). One trainset can carry 270-278 passengers<ref>name="ramadhan">{{cite news |last1=Ramadhan |first1=Ardito |title=Ini Spesifikasi Kereta LRT yang Tiba di Jakarta |url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/04/14/05412541/ini-spesifikasi-kereta-lrt-yang-tiba-di-jakarta |access-date=2 November 2018 |work=KOMPAS.com |date=14 April 2018 |language=id}}</ref> |- | [[Jabodebek LRT]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 2023 | The elevated [[Standard-gauge railway|standard-gauge]] line is electrified at 750V dc third rail. It has moving block signalling designed for headways of 2–3 minutes.<ref name="RLJ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/jakarta-jabodebek-light-metro-opening-confirmed-for-june-2023/|title=Jakarta Jabodebek light metro line opening confirmed for June 2023|publisher=[[International Railway Journal]]|date=16 September 2022|access-date=28 December 2022|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129110446/https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/jakarta-jabodebek-light-metro-opening-confirmed-for-june-2023/}}</ref> |- |[[Palembang]] |[[Palembang LRT]] | style="text-align:center;" |1 | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | Trains uses 3-car configuration |- | rowspan="7" | Italy | [[Brescia]] | [[Brescia Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2013 | ''Trains:'' 3-car configuration, {{convert|39|m}} length. |- | [[Catania]] | [[Catania Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1999 | Single-tracked at-grade section limits headways to 15 minutes. Currently {{convert|4.6|km}} of double track extension are under construction.<ref>{{Cite web|title = FOTO {{!}} Metropolitana, il cronoprogramma ufficiale|url = http://catania.mobilita.org/2015/05/09/metropolitana-il-cronoprogramma-ufficiale/|publisher = Mobilita Catania|date = 9 May 2015|access-date = 2015-10-14}}</ref> |- | [[Genoa]] | [[Genoa Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1990 | Generally considered to be a "light metro" considering its low frequency, limited hours of operation and reduced transport capacity. It is actually categorised as "light rail" by LRTA. |- | [[Milan]] | [[Milan Metro]]: [[Milan Metro Line 4|Line 4]] and [[Milan Metro Line 5|Line 5]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 2013, 2022 | Driverless vehicle system. ''Trains:'' 4-car configuration, {{convert|50.5|m}} length, capacity for 536 passengers. |- | [[Naples]] | [[Naples Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1993 | Line 6 is categorised as "light metro" system, with only 16 minute headways. Line 1 has a single-tracked tunnel section. |- | [[Perugia]] | [[MiniMetro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2008 | LRTA defines the system as a "light metro" system, while they regarded [[Poma 2000|the same system in Laon]], which ceased in 2016, as a "cable monorail". |- | [[Turin]] | [[Turin Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2006 | VAL people mover system. |- | rowspan="7" | Japan | [[Hiroshima]] | [[Astram Line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1994 | ''Trains:'' 6-car configuration, operated manually.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwandl |first=Robert |date=2016-04-27 |title=Robert Schwandl's Urban Rail Blog: JAPAN - Hiroshima Streetcars & Astram |url=https://schwandl.blogspot.com/2016/04/japan-hiroshima-streetcars-astram.html |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Robert Schwandl's Urban Rail Blog}}</ref> A small part of the underground section was built as Metro system. |- | [[Kobe]] | [[Kobe New Transit]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 1981, 1990 | ''Trains:'' [[Port Island Line]] and [[Rokkō Island Line]]. Both are 4-car configuration (300 people per train), driverless. Platforms were built to accommodate 6-car trains. |- | [[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]] | [[Nankō Port Town Line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1981 | ''Trains:'' 4-car configuration, driverless vehicle system. Platforms were built to accommodate 6-car trains. |- | [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]] | [[New Shuttle]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1983 | ''Trains:'' 6-car configuration, operated manually. |- | rowspan="2" | [[Tokyo]] | [[Nippori-Toneri Liner]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2008 |''Trains:'' 5-car configuration, driverless vehicle system. |- | [[Yurikamome]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1995 | ''Trains:'' 6-car configuration, driverless vehicle system. |- | [[Yokohama]] | [[Kanazawa Seaside Line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1989 | ''Trains:'' 5-car configuration, driverless vehicle system. |- | Kazakhstan | [[Astana]] | [[Astana Light Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2026 | ''Trains:'' 4-car configuration, driverless vehicle system. |- | Malaysia | [[Kuala Lumpur]] | [[Rapid Rail|Rapid KL]] – [[Kelana Jaya Line]], [[Ampang and Sri Petaling lines|Ampang Line]], [[Ampang and Sri Petaling lines|Sri Petaling Line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | style="text-align:center;" | 1998, 1996 | KELANA JAYA LINE: Bombardier INNOVIA ART 200 Trains: Mixed 2-car,<ref name="KL">{{cite web |author=Robert Schwandl |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/kual/kuala-lumpur.htm |title=Kuala Lumpur |website=UrbanRail.net |year=2010 |access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref> 4-car configuration fleet Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 Trains: 4-car configuration AMPANG AND SRI PETALING LINES: CRRC Zhuzhou LRV Trains: 6-car configuration |- | rowspan="2" |Philippines | rowspan="2" | [[Manila]] | [[LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)|LRT Line 1]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1984 | ''Trains:'' Line began with 2-car configuration, reconfigured to 3-car in 1999,<ref name="manilaline1-ph-3cars">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lrta.gov.ph/projects/proj_capexIph1.htm|title=The Line 1 Capacity Expansion Project (Phase I)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517095717/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/projects/proj_capexIph1.htm |archive-date=May 17, 2006|publisher=[[Light Rail Transit Authority]]|access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> and procured new 4-car trains in 1999,<ref name="manilaline1-ph-3cars" /> 2006, and 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Darwin G.|last=Amojelar|title=LRT-1 to deploy new trains in 2nd quarter|url=https://manilastandard.net/business/314210125/lrt-1-to-deploy-new-trains-in-2nd-quarter.html|work=Manila Standard|date=2022-02-25|access-date=2022-04-21}}</ref> Line was originally designed for 18,000 p/h/d capacity,<ref name="manilaline1-ph-3cars" /> increased to 40,000 p/h/d in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=3rd Generation LRV Mock Up on Display |url=http://www.lrta.gov.ph/press_release/press_release_060309_3rdGenLRV.htm |publisher=[[Light Rail Transit Authority]] |date=March 9, 2006 |access-date=2022-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424160210/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/press_release/press_release_060309_3rdGenLRV.htm |archive-date=April 24, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Categorised as "light rail" by LRTA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World List P-T |url=http://www.lrta.org/world/worldp-t.html#PH |publisher=Light Rail Transit Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914053624/http://www.lrta.org/world/worldp-t.html#PH |archive-date=2019-09-14 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> |- | [[MRT Line 3 (Metro Manila)|MRT Line 3]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1999 | ''Trains:'' 3-car configuration, with a max. capacity of 1,182 passengers, and running with 3.5–4 minute headways. 4-car trains with a max. capacity of 1,576 passengers were introduced in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=MRT-3 starts month-long free ride, deploys 4-car train set |date=March 28, 2022 |first=Aaron |last=Recuenco |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/03/28/mrt-3-starts-month-long-free-ride-deploys-4-car-train-set/ |access-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref> However, line is designed for 23,000 p/h/d capacity, expandable to 48,000 p/h/d.<ref name="line">{{cite web|url=http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=4 |title=About Us – Background |publisher=Metro Rail Transit |access-date=June 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508151958/http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=4 |archive-date=May 8, 2014 }}</ref> |- | Russia | [[Moscow]] | [[Moscow Metro]]: Line 12 – [[Butovskaya Line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2003 | Can carry 6,700 p/h/d.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} ''Trains:'' 3-car configuration, ~{{convert|85|m}} length |- | Singapore | [[Singapore]] | [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Singapore MRT]]: [[Circle Line (Singapore)|Circle line]], [[Downtown Line|Downtown line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | style="text-align:center;" | 2009, 2013, ''2027'' | The [[Circle Line (Singapore)|Circle line]] rolling stock consists of [[Alstom Metropolis C830|Alstom C830]] and [[Alstom Metropolis C830C|C830C]] trains in 3-car formations with a capacity of 931 passengers. The [[Downtown Line|Downtown line]] rolling stock consists of [[Bombardier Movia C951/C951A|Bombardier C951 & C951A]] trains also in 3-car formations with a capacity of 931 passengers. |- | rowspan="7" |South Korea |[[Busan]] | [[Busan–Gimhae Light Rail Transit]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2011 |Driverless vehicle system. ''Trains:'' 2-car configuration. Unmentioned by LRTA, but the operator calls the system "light rail".<ref name="Busan Gimbae Light Rail Transit" /> |- | [[Gimpo]] | [[Gimpo Goldline]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2019 | Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned. |- | [[Incheon]] | [[Incheon Subway Line 2]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2016 | Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned. |- | rowspan="2" |[[Seoul]] | [[Ui LRT]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2017 | Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned. |- | [[Sillim Line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2022 | Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned. |- | [[Uijeongbu]] | [[U Line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2012 | * VAL driverless system. ''Trains:'' 2-car configuration. * Categorised as a "light metro" system by LRTA and elsewhere,<ref name="railjournal.com" /> though there are also articles categorizing it as "Light Rail".<ref name="RW-ULine">{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/uijeongbu-light-rail-transit/ |title=Uijeongbu Light Rail Transit, South Korea |website=Railway-technology.com |access-date=2014-02-22}}</ref> |- | [[Yongin]] | [[Yongin Everline]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2013 | Driverless vehicle system applied. |- | rowspan="4" | Spain | [[Barcelona]] | [[Barcelona Metro]]: [[Barcelona Metro line 8|Line 8]] and [[Barcelona Metro line 11|Line 11]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 2003 | Driverless vehicle system. ''Trains:'' 2-car configuration. LRTA also categorises [[Barcelona Metro line 8|Line 8]] as a "light metro" system. |- | [[Málaga]] | [[Málaga Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2014 | System contains [[at-grade intersections]] on surface section of Line 1.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/news/costa-del-sol/item/119588-malaga-metro-problems-before-work-s-even-started |title=Malaga metro problems – before work's even started |newspaper=[[euroweeklynews.com]] |date=27 March 2014 |access-date=2014-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051145/https://www.euroweeklynews.com/news/costa-del-sol/item/119588-malaga-metro-problems-before-work-s-even-started |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Described as a "light metro" system by at least one rail publication.<ref name="IRWJ">{{cite journal |last=Puente |first=Fernando |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/malaga-light-metro-network-opens.html?channel=525 |title=Malaga light metro network opens |journal=[[International Railway Journal]] |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=2014-07-30}}</ref> |- | [[Palma, Majorca]] | [[Palma Metro]]: Line M1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2007 | Mostly underground line operates with just 15-minute headways and 2-car trains (306 passengers max.); one reference<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/mallorca/#mallorca_18340 |title=Mallorca Rail Development, Spain |website=Railway-Technology.com |access-date=2014-05-16}}</ref> even categorises line as "light rail". |- | [[Seville]] | [[Seville Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2000 | ''Trains:'' {{convert|31.3|m}} length with a max. capacity of 280 passengers. Described as a "light metro" by rolling stock manufacturer, CAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.caf.net/en/productos-servicios/proyectos/proyecto-detalle.php?p=252 |title=Sevilla Light Metro |publisher=CAF, Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, S.A. |access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref> |- | Switzerland | [[Lausanne]] | [[Lausanne Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 1991 | [[Lausanne Metro Line M1|Line M1]] uses light rail vehicles, {{convert|30|m}} long. [[Lausanne Metro Line M2|Line M2]] has driverless, rubber-tyred trains; {{convert|30|m}} long.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} |- | rowspan="2" | Taiwan | [[Taipei]] | [[Taipei Metro]]: [[Wenhu Line|Wenhu/Brown Line]] and [[Circular line (Taipei metropolitan area)|Circular/Yellow Line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 1996, 2020 | * ''Brown Line (Line 1)'' – ''Trains:'' Rubber-tire system; 4-car configuration; categorised as a part of the "metro" by LRTA. * ''Yellow Line'' – 4-car [[AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro]] vehicles, categorised as a "light metro" system by LRTA. |- | [[Taichung]] | [[Taichung MRT]]: [[Green line (Taichung MRT)|Green line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2021 | 2-car EMU.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/2178785|title=台中捷運綠線電聯車測試 每列車可載運536人|website=Liberty Times Net|date=30 August 2017 |language=zh-tw|access-date=2018-02-18}}</ref> |- | Thailand | [[Bangkok]] | [[MRT (Bangkok)|Bangkok MRT]]: [[Blue Line (Bangkok)|Blue Line]] and [[Purple Line (Bangkok)|Purple Line]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 2004, 2016 | 3-car configuration |- | rowspan="5" | Turkey | [[Ankara]] | [[Ankaray|Ankaray Light Metro (A1 Line)]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1996 | ''Trains:'' 3-car configuration, approx. {{convert|90|m}} length. Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA, though Current capacity: 27,000 p/h/d.<ref name="Ankaray-specs">{{cite web |url=http://www.ankaray.com.tr/anasayfa/teknik-%C3%B6zellikler.html |title=TEKNİK ÖZELLİKLER |publisher=Ankaray LRT |language=tr |trans-title=TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS |access-date=2014-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525201407/http://www.ankaray.com.tr/anasayfa/teknik-%C3%B6zellikler.html |archive-date=2014-05-25 }}</ref> |- | [[Bursa]] | [[Bursaray]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 2002 | Uses light rail cars, similar to Frankfurt U-Bahn |- | [[Istanbul]] | [[M1 (Istanbul Metro)|Istanbul Metro: M1 Line]] (Istanbul Hafif Metro) | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1989 | ''Trains:'' 4-car configuration. "Hafif Metro" literally translates as "Light Metro". Categorised as a "light rail" system by the LRTA. |- | [[İzmir]] | [[M1 (İzmir Metro)|İzmir Metro: M1 Line]] (İzmir Hafif Rayli Metro Sistemi) | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2000 | ''Trains:'' 5-car configuration, upgraded from former 3- and 4-car configurations |- |[[Adana]] |[[Adana Metro|Adana Metro: M1 Line]] |{{Center|1}} |{{Center|2010}} |''Trains:'' 4-car configuration.It's poorly designed {{according to whom|date=April 2026}}, and it doesn't reach its expected ridership amount. |- | rowspan="3" | United Kingdom | [[Glasgow]] | [[Glasgow Subway]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1896 | ''Gauge:'' {{RailGauge|4ft}}. ''Trains:'' 3-car configuration. |- | [[London]] | [[Docklands Light Railway]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | style="text-align:center;" | 1987 | Driverless vehicle system. ''Trains:'' generally 2- to 3-car configuration. Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA. |- | [[Tyne and Wear]] | [[Tyne and Wear Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 1980 | ''Trains:'' 2 [[multiple unit|MU]] configuration with 7 level crossings.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Meechan|first=Simon|date=2018-08-16|title=Why Metro level crossings in Newcastle do not have safety barriers|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/tyne-wear-metro-level-crossings-15038174|access-date=2023-03-21|website=ChronicleLive|language=en}}</ref><ref name="THE23">{{cite book |title=The Highway Engineer, Volume 23 |date=1976 |publisher=Institution of Highway Engineers |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_JVAAAAMAAJ |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |United States | [[Detroit]] | [[Detroit People Mover]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1987 | Considered to be a "people mover". |- | [[Honolulu]] | [[Skyline (Honolulu)|Skyline]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2023 | Trains: 4-car [[Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro]] trains, 78m (256ft) long. |- | [[Miami]] | [[Metromover]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | style="text-align:center;" | 1986 | Considered to be a "people mover". |- | [[Philadelphia]] | [[M (SEPTA Metro)|M]] (part of the [[SEPTA Metro]]) | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 1907 | Primarily on a surface-level "right-of-way" with [[Double-track railway#Triple track|partial triple-tracking]], allowing for express services. Has been categorised by [[American Public Transportation Association|APTA]] as "Light rapid rail transit".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/mc/rail/program/Documents/tom-hickey-tour-march-20.pdf |title=American Public Transportation Association – A MULTIMODAL TOUR OF THE DELAWARE VALLEY |publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association|American Public Transportation Association (APTA)]] |date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=2013-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111021441/http://www.apta.com/mc/rail/program/Documents/tom-hickey-tour-march-20.pdf |archive-date=November 11, 2013 }}</ref> {{efn|While it has high platforms and third rail power, all intermediate stops are [[flag stop]]s and fares must be paid to the operator upon boarding except at the termini. This makes it difficult to categorise, as it has the infrastructure of a light metro but is operated in many ways like a trolley service.}} |- | rowspan="2" | Venezuela | [[Maracaibo]] | [[Maracaibo Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2006 | ''Trains:'' 3-car trainset configuration, ~{{convert|58|m}} length (originally designed for [[Prague Metro]]). Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA. |- | [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]] | [[Valencia Metro (Venezuela)|Valencia Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2007 | ''Trains:'' 2-car [[Siemens SD-460]] configuration, ~{{convert|55|m}} length. Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA. |- | rowspan="2" |Vietnam | [[Hanoi]] | [[Hanoi Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | style="text-align:center;" | 2021 | ''Trains:'' 4-car configuration |- |[[Ho Chi Minh City]] |[[Ho Chi Minh City Metro]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | style="text-align:center;" | 2024 | ''Trains:'' 3-car configuration, 61.3 m long, (201 ft) |}
=== Under construction light metro systems === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Country ! width="100px" |Location !System !Planned opening !Notes |- | Malaysia |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |[[Shah Alam line|Shah Alam Line]] |2026 |Trains will operate at a 3 car configuration |- | Singapore |[[Singapore]] |[[Jurong Region Line]] |2028 |[[Hyundai Rotem J151]] trains will operate in a 3 car configuration that can carry 600 passengers |- | Romania |[[Cluj-Napoca]] |[[Cluj-Napoca Metro]] |2031 |Romania's second mass transit network. Operated as three-car driverless trains. |- | United States |[[New York City]] |[[Interborough Express]] | Early 2030s | Line will be used to connect Brooklyn and Queens. |}
===Former light metro systems=== The following is the list of former light metro systems that either developed into a rapid transit system, or which are no longer in operation: * [[Guangzhou]], China ** [[Line 3, Guangzhou Metro|Line 3]] – began with 3-car configuration, changed to 6-car in 2010. * [[Komaki, Aichi|Komaki]], Japan ** [[Peachliner]] – abandoned on 30 September 2006. * [[Seoul]], South Korea ** [[Seoul Subway Line 9|Line 9]] – trains lengthened from 4 cars to 6 cars in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trains on Seoul Subway Line 9 lengthened to 6 cars to reduce congestion on infamously busy line |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/trains-on-seoul-subway-line-9-lengthened-to-6-cars-to-reduce-congestion-on-infamously-busy-line |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=english.seoul.go.kr|date=7 November 2019 }}</ref> * [[Sha Tin]] and [[Ma On Shan (town)|Ma On Shan]], [[Hong Kong]] ** [[Ma On Shan line|Ma On Shan Rail]] – converted from 4- to 8-car configuration and became part of [[Tuen Ma line]]. * [[Toronto]], Ontario ** [[Line 3 Scarborough]] – Categorised by APTA as being "intermediate rail" (i.e. between "heavy rail" and "light rail"),<ref name="APTA-2014-Q4">{{cite web |date=3 March 2015 |title=Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter and End-of-Year 2014 |url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2014-q4-ridership-APTA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106211027/http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2014-q4-ridership-APTA.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=2015-03-14 |publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]] (APTA) |page=34}}</ref> and categorised as a "light metro" system by LRTA.<ref name="LRTA-index" /> Scheduled to cease operations in November 2023, service was suspended following a derailment in July 2023 and was not resumed, instead being replaced by an express bus service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TTC, City improving Line 3 Scarborough bus shuttle routes as train service set to permanently end |url=https://www.ttc.cahttps//www.ttc.ca/news/2023/August/TTC-improving-Line-3-Scarborough-bus-shuttle-routes |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.ttc.ca |language=en}}</ref>
==See also== {{Portal|rail}} {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *[[Automated guideway transit]] *[[Maglev]] *[[Metro (rail transport)|Metro]] *[[Passenger rail terminology]] *[[People mover]] *[[Rail transport]] *[[Rubber-tyred metro]] *[[Urban rail]] *[[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] {{div col end}}
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite web | url = http://www.lrta.org/world/worldind.html | title = A world of trams and urban transit | publisher = [[Light Rail Transit Association]] | website = lrta.org | author = Taplin, Michael | access-date = 2014-08-12 | archive-date = 2019-04-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190406174743/http://www.lrta.org/world/worldind.html | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.uitp.org/metros-keeping-pace-21st-century-cities | title = Metros: Keeping pace with 21st century cities | publisher = International Association of Public Transport (French: L'Union internationale des transports publics (UITP)) | website = uitp.org }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.urbanrail.net | title = UrbanRail.Net | website = UrbanRail.Net | author = Schwandl, Robert}}
==External links== * [http://ilind.net/misc%20/2009/definingrail.pdf Urban rail transit definitions] by the US [[Transportation Research Board]] and the [[American Public Transportation Association]] * [http://www.ihs.com/products/janes/transport/urban-systems.aspx Jane's Urban Transport Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129173018/http://www.ihs.com/products/janes/transport/urban-systems.aspx |date=2014-11-29 }}
{{Public transport}}
[[Category:Railways by type]]