Glossary of mycology

{{Short description|none}} {{Use American English|date=October 2022}} {{multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width=350 | image1 = Xerocomus badius 2008.JPG | image2 = Dasyscyphella nivea overview.jpg | image3 = Flavoparmelia caperata - lichen - Caperatflechte.jpg | image4 = Mouldy Clementine.jpg | footer = A [[bay bolete]] mushroom among [[Cladonia]] lichens, ''[[Dasyscyphella]] nivea'' mold, [[common greenshield lichen]], ''[[Penicillium]]'' mold on a clementine }} This '''glossary of mycology''' is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to [[mycology]], the study of [[fungi]]. Terms in common with other fields, if repeated here, generally focus on their mycology-specific meaning. Related terms can be found in [[glossary of biology]] and [[glossary of botany]], among others. [[List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names]] and [[Botanical Latin]] may also be relevant, although some prefixes and suffixes very common in mycology are repeated here for clarity.

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==A== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=a- |content=a- {{anchor|an-}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''an-'''}} Prefix meaning "without" or "not".<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 1; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 1.</ref>}}

{{term|term=aboospore}} {{defn|1= An asexually-produced (parthenogenetic) {{gli|oospore}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 1; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 18.</ref>}}

{{term|term=abrupt}} {{defn|1= Terminating suddenly; appearing to be cut off transversely; truncate. For example, the {{gli|stipe}} of some ''[[Hohenbuehelia]]'' has this characteristic.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 2; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 18.</ref>}}

{{term|term=abscission |content=[[abscission]] }} {{defn|1= Separation, such as a spore detaching from a sporogenous cell. From Latin ''abscissio'', breaking off.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 2; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 18.</ref>}}

{{term|term=abstriction}} {{defn|1= A method of spore formation in fungi characterized by abjunction and then abscission. Spores are produced in a sporogenous filament. In abjunction, they are then separated by transverse walls or septa, with the result spores are grouped in short chains. In abscission, successive portions are cut off and released.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 2; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 18.</ref>}}

{{term|term=acidophilous |content=acidophilous {{anchor|acidophilic}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''acidophilic'''}} Organisms that can grow in high-acidity environments; in mycology, lichens that can grow in [[peat]]y soil or on acidic tree bark.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 6; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 20.</ref>}}

{{term|term=acropetal }} {{defn|1= A chain of conidia where new spores are formed at the apex, with the oldest at the base. Compare with {{gli|basipetal}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 5; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 2.</ref>}}

{{term|term=acropleurogenous |content=acropleurogenous {{anchor|pleuroacrogenous}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:PSM_V09_D429_Tricothesium_roseum.jpg|thumb|alt=Line drawing of ''Trichothecium roseum'' conidiophore|The acropleurogenous ''Trichothecium roseum'', with conidia on sides and at apex]] {{ghat|'''pleuroacrogenous'''}} Formed at the apex and along the sides; e.g. conidia of ''[[Trichothecium]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 7; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 21.</ref>}}

{{term|term=adiaspore}} {{defn|1= Conidium of ''[[Emmonsia parva]]''. A large spore that increases notably in size, but does not divide. Upon being inhalted in the lungs of humans and animals, can cause [[adiaspiromycosis]] disease. From Gr. ''a-'', without, ''dia'', separating.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 10; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 24.</ref>}}

{{term|term=adnate |content=adnate {{anchor|attached|adherent}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''attached, adherent'''}} Adhering; attached to the {{gli|stipe}} throughout its width, esp. of {{gli|lamellae}} or tubes. Compare with {{gli|free}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 10; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 24.</ref>}}

{{term|term=aero-aquatic fungi}} {{defn|1= Aquatic fungi that grow in water, but spread their spores via air.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 10; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 26.</ref>}}

{{term|term=aethalium |content=aethalium {{anchor|aethalia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. aethalia'''}} The relatively large {{gli|fruiting body}} of many {{gli|slime mold}}s (Myxomycetes). From Gr. ''[[:wikt:αἴθαλος|aíthalos]]'', soot.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 8; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 27.</ref>}}

{{term|term=agaric |content=[[agaric]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Plaatjezwam.jpg|thumb|An agaric, with gills on the underside of the pileus]] A member of the order [[Agaricales]]; a {{gli|mushroom}} or toadstool. Contains many iconic and highly studied fungi. Agarics have a macroscopic (human-visible) {{gli|fleshy}} basidioma with a clearly differentiated {{gli|stipe}} (stalk), {{gli|pileus}} (cap), and {{gli|lamellae}} (gills) on the underside of the pileus.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 8; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 4.</ref>}}

{{term|term=algicolous}} {{defn|1= Living on [[algae]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 12; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 5.</ref>}}

{{term|term=amerospore}} {{defn|1= A single-celled, non-septate cell in {{gli|mitosporic fungi}}; compare with {{gli|dictyospore}} and {{gli|phragmospore}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 15.</ref>}}

{{term|term=anamorph |content=[[anamorph]] {{anchor|Imperfect state}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Imperfect state'''}} An asexual state of a fungus, characterized by the presence of {{gli|conidia}} and the absence of sexual {{gli|spore}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 661.</ref>}}

{{term|term=anastomosis |content=[[anastomosis]]}} {{defn|1= Fusion between branches of hyphae to make a network.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 18; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 8.</ref>}}

{{term|term=annellidic}} {{defn|1= [[File:Scopulariopsis brevicaulis.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Magnified view of ''[[Scopulariopsis brevicaulis]]'', its annellides, and the ring-shaped annellations emanating from them]] A type of {{gli|blastic}} conidiogenesis. The conidiogenous cell (also called an annellide) produces a {{gli|basipetal}} sequence of conidia called annelloconidia or annellospores. The distal end is marked by ring-shaped bands called annellations. Examples include many {{gli|aquatic Hyphomycetes}}, ''[[Venturia inaequalis]]'', and ''[[Microascus brevicaulis]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 19; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 37.</ref>}}

{{term|term=annular}} {{defn|1= Ring-like; an arrangement in the style of a ring. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Resembling an {{gli|annulus}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 19; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 9.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=annulus |content=[[Annulus (botany)|annulus]] {{anchor|apical veil}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''apical veil'''}} A ring-like covering around the {{gli|stipe}} after expansion of the {{gli|pileus}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 38; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 405.</ref>}}

{{term|term=antheridium |content=antheridium {{anchor|antheridia|antherid}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. antheridia, antherid'''}} The male sexual organ (gametangium) of fungi. Produces either antherozoids (flagellate gametes or sperm) or gametic nuclei.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 9; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 39.</ref>}}

{{term|term=apical |content=apical {{anchor|acro-}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''acro-'''}} At the tip or end (apex).<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 42.</ref>}}

{{term|term=apiculus}} {{defn|1= A short projection at the end of a spore.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 42.</ref>}}

{{term|term=aplanospore}} {{defn|1= A non-motile asexual spore in some {{gli|Zygomycetes}}, contained in {{gli|globose}} {{gli|sporangia}} or cylindrical {{gli|merosporangia}}. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:πλανάω|planos]]'', roaming.<ref>{{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=24}}</ref>}}

{{term|term=apodial |content=apodial {{anchor|apodal|apodous|sessile}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''apodal, apodous, sessile'''}} Having no stem or {{gli|pedicel}}, such as a {{gli|pileus}} lacking a {{gli|stipe}} and directly attached to the {{gli|substrate}}. Found in sporangia of ''[[Perichanea]]'' for example. From Gr. ''podos'', foot.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 149; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 43; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 349.</ref>}}

{{term|term=apothecium |content=apothecium {{anchor|apothecia|discocarp}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. apothecia, discocarp'''}} A type of {{gli|fruiting body}} that, at maturity, opens to expose the {{gli|hymenium}} of {{gli|asci}}; commonly assumes shape of a cup or saucer. The {{gli|stipe}} is sometimes lichenized. From Gr. ''[[:wikt: ἀποθήκη|apotheke]]'', storehouse.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 44.</ref>}}

{{term|term=apophysis }} {{defn|1= A swelling or a swollen {{gli|filament}}. Associated with the swollen end of a {{gli|sporangiophore}} in ''[[Mucorales]]'' or the protuberance found beneath the sporocarp of some fungi, especially ''[[Protosteliales]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 44; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 41.</ref>}}

{{term|term=appressed |content=[[:wikt:appressed|appressed]] {{anchor|applanate}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''applanate'''}} Flattened, or closely applied; e.g. of scales or fibers.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 45; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 43.</ref>}}

{{term|term=appressorium |content=appressorium {{anchor|appresoria}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. appresoria'''}} A swelling at the end of a {{gli|germ tube}} or other hypha that adheres to the surface of its host and penetrates it with infection hyphae. Characteristic of [[plant pathogens|plant pathogenic]] fungi such as ''[[Phytophthora]]'' and ''[[Colletotrichum]]'', as well as parasites of animals such as ''[[Entomophthora]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 45; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 43.</ref>}}

{{term|term=aquatic fungi |content=aquatic fungi {{anchor|hydrofungi|aquatic hyphomycetes}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''hydrofungi'''}} Fungi that live in water. Sometimes subdivided into freshwater-living fungi and [[marine fungi]] for saltwater-living fungi. Freshwater fungi include: Many zoosporic fungi of ''[[Chytridiomycota]]'', ''[[Chytridiales]]'', and ''[[Saprolegniales]]''; some {{gli|saxicolous}} lichens of [[Lichinaceae]] that live on submerged rocks; aquatic hyphomycetes or Ingoldian fungi, a group of {{gli|mitosporic fungi}} that live in freshwater with branched or sigmoidial spores, often growing on dead leaves in streams; {{gli|smut}}s of aquatic plants; and certain {{gli|yeast}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 209; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 45.</ref>}}

{{term|term=archicarp}} {{defn|1= The cell, hypha, or coil of Ascomycetes that later becomes the {{gli|ascoma}}, or part of it.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 25; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 12.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ardella}} {{defn|1= A small spot-like {{gli|apothecium}}, as in the lichen ''[[Arthonia]]''. From Latin ''ardere'', to sprinkle.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 26; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 12.</ref>}}

{{term|term=areola |content=[[Areolate|areola]] {{anchor|aerole}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''aerole'''}} A delimited space on a surface, separated from others by fissures or cracks.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 27; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 45.</ref>}}

{{term|term=arthric |content=arthric {{anchor|thallic-arthric}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''thallic-arthric'''}} A method of {{gli|thallic}} conidiogenesis that converts a hyphal element into a {{gli|conindium}} (also called an arthrospore), fragmenting the hypha. Common in many {{gli|basidiomycetes}}. Compare with {{gli|holothallic}}. From Gr. ''arthron'', joint.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 27; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 13; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 384.</ref>}}

{{term|term=asc- |content=asc- {{anchor|asco-|ascidi-}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''asco-, ascidi-'''}} A prefix meaning sac, bladder, or ascus. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:ἀσκός|askós]]'', vessel, bag, or wineskin.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 13.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ascoma |content=ascoma {{anchor|ascocarp|ascomata}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''ascocarp; pl. ascomata'''}} The {{gli|asci}}-bearing {{gli|fruiting body}} of Ascomycetes.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 30; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 13.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Ascomycota |content=[[Ascomycota]] {{anchor|Ascomycetes|sac fungi}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Rhizopogon rubescens.jpg|thumb|right|A [[truffle]] from a ''[[Rhizopogon]]'', one of the ascomycetes]] {{ghat|'''Ascomycetes, sac fungi'''}} A phylum of fungi characterized by the presence of an {{gli|ascus}}, a sac-like structure where ascospores are produced. The largest group of fungi. Includes cup fungi or {{gli|Discomycetes}}; most {{gli|dermatophyte}}s; the {{gli|mycobiont}} part of most lichens; [[powdery mildew]]s; and fungi that produce {{gli|truffle}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 30; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 13.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ascospore |content=[[ascospore]]}} {{defn|1= Spores formed in the developing ascus, generally as a result of {{gli|karyogamy}} (nuclear fusion) followed by [[meiosis]]. Commonly, four [[haploid]] daughter nuclei divide to make eight haploid nuclei, around which eight ascospores are created by depositing wall material around them, a process sometimes called [[:wikt:free cell formation|free cell formation]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 34; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 158; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|pp=25&ndash;26}}.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ascus |content=[[ascus]] {{anchor|asci}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. asci'''}} The reproductive cell of ascomycetes; where ascospores form and are contained. While sometimes traditionally restricted to only sexual reproduction, purely asexual {{gli|mitosporic fungi}} have since been classified as having asci as well ([[List of mitosporic Ascomycota]]).<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 30, 34; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 14.</ref>}}

{{term|term=assimilative |content=assimilative {{anchor|vegetative|somatic}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''vegetative, somatic'''}} Hyphae related to growth, nutrition, and asexual reproduction as opposed to sexual reproduction; the {{gli|soma}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 175; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 64.</ref>}}

{{term|term=autochthonous |content=[[:wikt:autochthonous|autochthonous]]}} {{defn|1= Indigenous, especially to a type of soil or earth. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Continuously active, as opposed to organisms that only become active when a suitable substrate becomes available such as yeasts ({{gli|zymogenous}}).<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 72; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 53.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=azygospore |content=[[azygospore]]}} {{defn|1= A spore close in form to a {{gli|zygospore}}, but developed asexually (parthogenesis). Found in many species of [[Mucorales]] and some species of [[Entomophthorales]], such as ''[[Entomophthora muscae]]''. The structure that contains it is called an azygosporangium.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 73; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 55.</ref>}}

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==B== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=ballistospore |content=[[ballistospore]]}} {{defn|1= A forcibly discharged {{gli|basidiospore}}; the most typical kind. Compare with {{gli|statismospore}}. From Latin ''[[ballista]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 46; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 57.</ref>}}

{{term|term=basidioma |content=[[Basidiocarp|basidioma]] {{anchor|basidiocarp|basidiomata}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Basidium schematic.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|A typical basidioma, showing fruiting body, [[hymenium]], and basidia]] {{ghat|'''basidiocarp, pl. basidiomata'''}} A basidium-producing organ; the {{gli|fruiting body}} of Basidiomycota.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 47; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 18.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Basidiomycota |content=[[Basidiomycota]] {{anchor|Basidiomycetes}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Lactarius indigo 48568.jpg|thumb|A ''[[Lactarius indigo]]'', a [[milk-cap]] mushroom and basidiomycete]] {{ghat|'''Basidiomycetes'''}} A phylum of fungi. Generally defined by sexual reproduction via basidiospores formed from a basidium, although a few purely anamorphic basidiomycetes exist. Typically mycelial, although some are yeasts and some are {{gli|dimorphic}}. Basidiomycetes include [[earth ball]]s; [[Geastrales|earthstars]]; false {{gli|truffle}}s; {{gli|jelly fungus|jelly fungi}}; many {{gli|mushroom}}s; [[polypore]]s; {{gli|puffball}}s; most {{gli|rust}}s; most {{gli|smut}}s; and [[stinkhorn]]s.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 48; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 18.</ref>}}

{{term|term=basidiospore |content=[[basidiospore]]}} {{defn|1= A propagative sexual spore produced on a basidium, typically following karyogamy and meiosis, typically containing one or two [[haploid]] nuclei.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 49; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 18.</ref>}}

{{term|term=basidium |content=[[basidium]] {{anchor|basidia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. basidia'''}} A cell or organ where basidiospores are produced, generally four. Basidia are characteristic of basidiomycetes. From Greek ''basis'', base.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 49; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 18.</ref>}}

{{term|term=basipetal |content=[[:wikt:basipetal|basipetal]]}} {{defn|1= A chain of conidia in which new spores are formed at the base and the oldest are at the apex. Compare with {{gli|acropetal}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 51; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 18.</ref>}}

{{term|term=blastic}} {{defn|1= One of the two basic forms of {{gli|conidiogenesis}}, with {{gli|thallic}} conidiogenesis. Characterized by the enlargement of the conidia initial before it is delimited by a septum. In holoblastic, both inner and outer walls of the blastic conidiogenous cell contribute to the formation of the conidium; in enteroblastic, only the inner walls enlarge and contribute. Monoblastic is from a single conidiogenous locus; polyblastic is when a conindiogenous cell has multiple conidiogenous loci.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 59; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 66.</ref>}}

{{term|term=blastospore |content=[[blastospore]]}} {{defn|1= An asexual spore that forms by {{gli|budding}}. One of the conidia types that can be produced in {{gli|blastic}} conidiogenesis. Examples include yeasts such as ''[[Candida glabrata]]'' and ''[[Kloeckera]]'', and the plant pathogenic ''[[Monilinia]]'' and ''[[Cladosporium]]'' mold.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 94; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 67.</ref>}}

{{term|term=bolete |content=[[bolete]]}} {{defn|1= An iconic variety of mushroom characterized by {{gli|fleshy}} fruit bodies and a [[:wikt:poroid|poroid]] {{gli|hymenophore}} (marked by {{gli|pore}}s rather than the gill-marked cap of {{gli|agaric}}s). They are often edible. Boletes are members of the order [[Boletales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 96; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 67.</ref>}}

{{term|term=budding |content=[[budding]] {{anchor|gemmation}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''gemmation'''}} A type of asexual cellular multiplication. A small outgrowth or bud from a parent cell enlarges and eventually separates from the parent cell. Typical in {{gli|yeast}}s and many {{gli|mold}}s. Sometimes divided by how many buds are made, with monopolar, bipolar, and multipolar budding for one/two/many respectively.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 105; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 168.</ref>}}

{{term|term=bulbil}} {{defn|1= A compact multicellular {{gli|propagule}}, with its thin-walled, undifferentiated cells produced in {{gli|acropetal}} succession from the hyphae. Superficially resembles plant tissue at maturity ({{gli|pseudoparenchymatous}}) such as raspberries, hence the resemblance to [[bulbil|bulbils in botany]]. Found in certain basidiomycetes; characteristic of {{gli|aero-aquatic fungi}} such as ''[[Bulbillomyces]] farinosus'', where they grow on leaves or tree branches previously submerged in water.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 67.</ref>}}

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==C== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=capitulum |content=capitulum {{anchor|sphaeridium}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''sphaeridium'''}} The stalked, globose, apical {{gli|apothecium}} of lichens of the order ''[[Caliciales]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 26; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 117; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 76.</ref>}}

{{term|term=carp- |content=carp- {{anchor|Carpo-|-carp}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''carpo-, -carp'''}} Combining forms meaning "fruit". From Gr. ''[[:wikt:καρπός#Ancient Greek|karpós]]'', fruit.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 26.</ref>}}

{{term|term=capsule }} {{defn|1= [[File:Cryptococcus neoformans using a light India ink staining preparation PHIL 3771 lores.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Magnification of the yeast ''[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]''; the capsules are the circular outer borders of the yeast cells.]] A clear, gelatinous covering or sheath around the cell wall of certain yeasts, e.g. ''[[Cryptococcus]]'', and some {{gli|ascospore}}s such as those of ''[[Sordaria fimicola]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 118; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 77.</ref>}}

{{term|term=catenate |content=catenate {{anchor|Catenulate}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Catenulate'''}} Arranged in chains or end-to-end series. Catenulate is the diminutive form for small chains. From Latin ''catena'', a chain.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 76; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 27.</ref>}}

{{term|term=chitin |content=[[chitin]]}} {{defn|1= A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls, generally as part of a [[chitin-glucan complex]]. From Gr. ''chiton'', tunic.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 29.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Chitomycetes}} {{defn|1= An obsolete division of fungi, meaning possessing mycelium; subsumed by {{gli|Eumycota}} in later literature.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 29.</ref>}}

{{term|term=chitosome}} {{defn|1= A small spheroidal organelle in many fungi that synthesizes [[chitin]] using [[chitin synthase]] zymogen, to use for cell wall synthesis.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 86; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 83.</ref>}}

{{term|term=chlamydospore |content=[[chlamydospore]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:C albicans en.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A 200x magnification of ''[[Candida albicans]]'', including a chlamydospore]] An asexual thick-walled spore developed from hyphae, generally for [[perennation]] rather than dissemination. From Gr. ''chlamys'', cloak, ''-ydos'', spore.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 86; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 29.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Chytridiomycota |content=[[Chytridiomycota]] {{anchor|Chytridomycetes|chytrid|chytrids}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Chytridomycetes'''}} A phylum of fungi. Informally known as chytrids. Characterized by chitinous cell walls and reproduction via {{gli|zoospore}}s, which are usually uniflagellate in the posterior although rarely polyflagellate. Many are {{gli|saprobe}}s that live in freshwater (see {{gli|aquatic fungi}}) or the soil.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 142; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 84.</ref>}}

{{term|term=cirrus |content=cirrus {{anchor|cirrhus|spore horn}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''cirrhus; spore horn'''}} A curl-like tuft; usually refers to a tendril-like mass of forced-out spores.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 91; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 31.</ref>}}

{{term|term=clamp connection |content=[[clamp connection]] {{anchor|clamp|fibula}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Clamp connections fungi.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Clamp connection formation between two nuclei (one in green, the other orange)]] {{ghat|'''clamp, fibula'''}} A hyphal outgrowth that makes a connection during cell division between the resulting two cells by fusion. Generally associated with mycelium of {{gli|Basidiomycetes}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 93; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 31; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 151.</ref>}}

{{term|term=clavate}} {{defn|1= Narrowing at the base and then thickening; club-shaped.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 95; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 32.</ref>}}

{{term|term=cleistothecium |content=[[cleistothecium]] {{anchor|cleistothecia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. cleistothecia'''}} A closed {{gli|fruit body}} that has no pre-defined opening; opens by rupture. Seen, e.g., in ascoma of ''[[Thielavia]]'' or in ''[[Erysiphales]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 96; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 32.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Coelomycetes |content=[[Coelomycetes]]}} {{defn|1= An artificial taxon for {{gli|mitosporic fungi}} with pycnidial and acervular states, i.e. they form their spores in an internal cavity. From Gtk. ''koilos'', hollow.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 33; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 155.</ref>}}

{{term|term=coeno-}} {{defn|1= Prefix meaning "[[multinucleate]]". From Gr. ''[[:wikt:κοινός#Ancient Greek|koinós]]'', shared or in common.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 99; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 33.</ref>}}

{{term|term=coenocytic |content=[[coenocyte|coenocytic]]}} {{defn|1= Hyphae that lack {{gli|septa}} and are multi-nucleate; seen in {{gli|Zygomycota}} and {{gli|Oomycota}}. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:κύτος#Ancient Greek|kytos]]'', cell. Distinct from a {{gli|synctium}}, a multinucleate structure resulting from fusion of protoplasts.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 99; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 33.</ref>}}

{{term|term=colony |content=[[Colony (biology)|colony]]}} {{defn|1= A massed group of hyphae and spores of a single species, especially if all are grown from a single spore (e.g. in a lab).<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 102; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 92.</ref>}}

{{term|term=columella |content=[[Columella (botany)|columella]] {{anchor|columellae}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. columellae'''}} A sterile central axis within a {{gli|fruiting body}} (sporocarp) or {{gli|sporangium}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 103; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 34.</ref>}}

{{term|term=complicate}} {{defn|1= Bent or folded on itself. From Latin ''plicare'', to fold.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 103; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 35.</ref>}}

{{term|term=conidiogenesis}} {{defn|1= The process of producing {{gli|conidia}}. Subdivided into {{gli|blastic}} and {{gli|thallic}} conidiogenesis.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 164; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 96.</ref>}}

{{term|term=conidiogenous}} {{defn|1= Producing {{gli|conidia}}. Generally used as "conidiogenous cell", fertile cells that produce conidia; or "conidiogenous locus", for the particular point on a hypha or a cell where conidia are generated.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 164; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 96.</ref>}}

{{term|term=conidioma |content=conidioma {{anchor|conidiomata}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. conidiomata'''}} Any multi-hyphal, {{gli|conidia}}-bearing structure. An umbrella term that includes various traditional conidia-bearing structures such as a {{gli|synnema}}, a sporodochium, an acervulus, or a {{gli|pycnidium}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 164; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 96.</ref>}}

{{term|term=conidiophore |content=[[conidiophore]] {{anchor|fertile hypha}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''fertile hypha'''}} A specialized hypha bearing or consisting of conidiogenous cells upon which {{gli|conidia}} develop.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 164; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 96.</ref>}}

{{term|term=conidium |content=[[conidium]] {{anchor|conidia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. conidia'''}} A thin-walled, asexual spore borne on specialized hypha known as {{gli|conidiophore}}s. From Gr. ''konidion'', diminutive of ''[[:wikt:κόνις|konis]]'' (dust).<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 105; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 36.</ref>}}

{{term|term=coprophilous |content=coprophilous {{anchor|coprophilous|coprophile}}}} {{defn|1= Growing or living on animal dung.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 170; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 37</ref>}}

{{term|term=cortex |content=[[Cortex (anatomy)|cortex]] {{anchor|rind}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''rind'''}} A thick outer-covering or rind, generally of a {{gli|fruiting body}}. From Latin ''cortice'', bark.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 110, 398; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 38.</ref>}}

{{term|term=corticolous}} {{defn|1= Living on tree bark.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 38</ref>}}

{{term|term=cortina |content=[[Cortina (mycology)|cortina]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Cortinarius claricolor 01.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|A cobweb-like cortina of ''[[Cortinarius]] claricolor'']] Of {{gli|agaric}}s, the remnants of the {{gli|partial veil}}, frequently web-like, that covers mature gills. Thin and evanescent; eventually breaks up and disappears.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 110; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 38; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 102.</ref>}}

{{term|term=crozier |content=[[Crozier (mycology)|crozier]] {{anchor|ascus crook}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''ascus crook'''}} The hook of an ascogenous hypha before development of the ascus.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 113; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 39.</ref>}}

{{term|term=cruciate}} {{defn|1= In the form of a cross.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 113; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 39.</ref>}}

{{term|term=crustose |content=[[crustose]] {{anchor|crustaceous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''crustaceous'''}} Crust-like or having a hard surface layer, e.g. in a sporocarp; in lichens, a thallus firmly fixed to the substratum by the whole of their lower surface, generally lacking a distinct lower cortex.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 113; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 39.</ref>}}

{{term|term=cyphella |content=cyphella {{anchor|cyphellae}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. cyphellae'''}} A break in the lower cortex of a lichen thallus which appears as a cup-like structure or marking. Characteristic of ''[[Sticta]]''. From Gr. ''kyphella'', the hollow of an ear.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 41; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 187.</ref>}}

{{term|term=cyst |content=[[cyst]]}} {{defn|1= A sac or cavity. |no=1}} {{defn|1= A {{gli|zoospore}} protected by a resistant cell wall; seen in "lower fungi" such as aquatic {{gli|chytrids}} and [[Amoebidiales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 41; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 188; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 108.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=cystidium |content=[[cystidium]] {{anchor|Cystidia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Cystidia'''}} A large, sterile cell on the surface of a {{gli|basidioma}}, particularly the {{gli|hymenium}} from which it frequently projects.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 120; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 41.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==D== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=dentate}} {{defn|1= Toothed, e.g. of {{gli|gill}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 127; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 44.</ref>}}

{{term|term=denticle}} {{defn|1= A small, tooth-like projection, especially one on which spores are borne.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 127; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 44.</ref>}}

{{term|term=dermatophyte |content=[[dermatophyte]]}} {{defn|1= A parasitic fungus that focuses on tissue with keratin (skin, hair, nails) of humans and animals. Associated with the genera ''[[Epidermophyton]]'', ''[[Microsporum]]'', and ''[[Trichophyton]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 128; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 44.</ref>}}

{{term|term=dermatophytosis |content=[[dermatophytosis]] {{anchor|ringworm|tinea}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Toplin des dieles tiesse vea.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A cow's head afflicted by [[dermatophytosis]]]] {{ghat|'''ringworm, tinea'''}} The skin condition caused by a dermatophyte infection.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 128; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 44; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 386.</ref>}}

{{term|term=dichotomous}} {{defn|1= Forking into roughly equal pairs, often repeatedly, e.g. in hyphal branching. Compare with {{gli|monopodial}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 131; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 46.</ref>}}

{{term|term=dictyospore}} {{defn|1= [[File:Spores Amerospore Didyomospore Phragmospores Dictyospore.png|upright=1.12|thumb|(1) An {{gli|amerospore}} with no intersecting septa; (2) a {{gli|didyomospore}} with a single intersecting septa; (3) two sample {{gli|phragmospore}} patterns with multiple septa subdividing the spore; (4) a {{gli|dictyospore}} with a brick wall-like {{gli|muriform}} pattern of intersecting septa]] Divided by intersecting septa in more than one plane, both transverse and longitudinal; a {{gli|muriform}} spore. Found in ''[[Alternaria alternata]]'' as an example.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 132; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 46; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 119.</ref>}}

{{term|term=didymospore}} {{defn|1= A two-celled spore divided by a single septum. Usually applied to mitosporic fungi. Compare with {{gli|amerospore}} and {{gli|phragmospore}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 526; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 119.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Dikarya |content=[[Dikarya]]}} {{defn|1= A subkingdom of Fungi that includes [[Ascomycota]] and [[Basidiomycota]], or "higher fungi."<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 209.</ref>}}

{{term|term=dikaryotic |content=[[dikaryotic]] {{anchor|dicaryotic|secondary mycelium}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''dicaryotic, secondary mycelium'''}} A single cell (dikaryon) having two genetically distinct [[haploid]] nuclei.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 46; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 209.</ref>}}

{{term|term=dimorphic |content=[[Dimorphic fungus|dimorphic]] {{anchor|dimorphism}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''dimorphism'''}} Having two forms, e.g. both yeast and mycelial forms. Examples include ''[[Histoplasma]]'' and ''[[Sporothrix]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 47; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 210; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 120.</ref>}}

{{term|term=diplanetism}} {{defn|1= A life cycle with two types of zoospores (dimorphic), primary and secondary.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 211; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 121.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Discomycetes |content=[[Discomycetes]] {{anchor|cup fungi}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''cup fungi'''}} A class of saucer-shaped and cup-shaped Ascomycetes in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity; one in which the fruit body is an apothecium (discocarp). Prominent members include [[Pezizales]], [[Helotiales]], [[Ostropales]], and [[Lecanorales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 138; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 49.</ref>}}

{{term|term=disjunctor}} {{defn|1= An {{gli|evanescent}} connective, consisting of either a cell or cell wall material. It develops through the pores of septal lamellae of adjoining conidia in a chain, before later fragmenting and releasing the conidia.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 139; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 121.</ref>}}

{{term|term=dolipore septum |content=[[dolipore septum]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Parenthesome miguelferig.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|In {{gli|hyphae}} of basidiomycete fungi, [[parenthesome]]s (1) "cap" a dolipore septum; (2) the cell wall; (3) swells around the septal pore to form a barrel-shaped ring. Perforations in the parenthesome allow [[cytoplasm]] to flow between (4) and (5).]] A {{gli|septum}} found in Basidiomycetes that flares out in the middle to form a channel.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 140; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 50.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==E== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=echinate}} {{defn|1= Having sharply pointed spines, e.g. of spores. Its diminutive is echinulate, for delicate spines. Sometimes synonymous with {{gli|spinose}}. From Gr. ''echinos'', hedgehog.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 144; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 51.</ref>}}

{{term|term=effete}} {{defn|1= Past the bearing period; overmature, e.g. a fruiting body that has emptied its spores.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 146; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 52.</ref>}}

{{term|term=effuse}} {{defn|1= Expanded; stretched out flat, e.g. a film-like growth. From Latin ''fundere'', to pour.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 146; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 52.</ref>}}

{{term|term=elf cups |content=[[Elf cup (disambiguation)|elf cups]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Helvella leucomelaena MO.jpg|thumb|right|Elf cups of ''[[Helvella leucomelaena]]'']] Ascomata of [[Pezizales]]. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Scarlet elf cup: An ascoma of ''[[Sarcoscypha coccinea]]''. |no=2 }} {{defn|1= Green elf cup: Ascomata of ''[[Helotiales]]'', such as ''[[Chlorociboria]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 147, 406; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 53.</ref> |no=3 }}

{{term|term=endo-}} {{defn|1= Prefix meaning "inner" or "inside", from Gr. ''[[:wikt:ἔνδον#Ancient Greek|éndon]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 232.</ref>}}

{{term|term=endobiotic |content=[[:wikt:endobiotic|endobiotic]]}} {{defn|1= Growing within anther living organism.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 148; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 54.</ref>}}

{{term|term=endophyte}} {{defn|1= An organism that lives within a plant; in mycology, specifically fungi that live within plants but do not show external signs or damage to the plants. This is usually endomycorrhizial fungi in root systems and asymptomatic fungi in aerial plant parts<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 150; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 133.</ref>}}

{{term|term=endospore |content=[[endospore]]}} {{defn|1= An endogenous spore, e.g. a sporgangiospore, often resembling an ascospore. |no=1}} {{defn|1= The innermost wall of a {{gli|spore wall}} (endosporium).<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 151; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 54.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=endothrix |content=[[endothrix]]}} {{defn|1= Living within hair. Generally associated with parasitic [[dermatophyte]] infections.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 151; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 55.</ref>}}

{{term|term=epibiotic}} {{defn|1= Growing on the outer surface of another organism.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 154; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 56.</ref>}}

{{term|term=epicortex}} {{defn|1= A thin layer on top of the {{gli|cortex}}; e.g. a sugar-like layer over some ''[[Parmeliaceae]]'' lichens or a layer on the {{gli|apothecium}} of some ''[[Pezizales]]''<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 154; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 56.</ref>}}

{{term|term=erect}} {{defn|1= Upright; not curved.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 155; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 57.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ergot |content=[[ergot]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Rogge moederkoren Claviceps purpurea on Secale cereale.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|[[Ergot]]-infested rye of the fungus ''[[Claviceps purpurea]]'']] A disease of cereals and grasses caused by the fungus ''[[Claviceps]]''. |no=1}} {{defn|1= The ergot fungus itself, or its {{gli|sclerotia}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 156; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 57.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=erumpent |content=[[:wikt:erumpent|erumpent]]}} {{defn|1= Breaking through the surface of the substratum.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 157; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 57.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ethnomycology |content=[[ethnomycology]]}} {{defn|1= The study of the use of fungi by human cultures.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 158.</ref>}}

{{term|term=evanescent |content=[[Ephemerality|evanescent]]}} {{defn|1= Having a short existence; soon disappearing, e.g. of a veil, an annulus, etc. From Latin ''evanscere'', to disappear.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 160; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 58.</ref>}}

{{term|term=eucarpic |content=eucarpic {{anchor|eucarpous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''eucarpous'''}} {{gli|Thalli}} where reproductive structures only develop on limited portions during fructication. The rest of the thallus remains in its original assimilative function. Compare {{gli|holocarpic}}. If they have one {{gli|sporangium}}, they are monocentric; if they have several sporgangia, they are polycentric. The vast majority of fungi are eucarpic.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 158; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 58; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 141.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Eumycota |content=[[Eumycota]]}} {{defn|1= Fungi. From Greek for "true fungi". Generally used to distinguish fungi from related {{gli|Pseudofungi}} traditionally also studied in mycology, as well as recently separated sister organisms such as {{gli|Rozellida}}. The four traditional phyla of (true) fungi are [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Chytridiomycota]], and [[Zygomycota]]; [[Glomeromycota]] and [[Microsporidia]] have split off more recently.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 158, 169; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 248, 265; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 141.</ref>}}

{{term|term=exobasidial}} {{defn|1= With exposed {{gli|basidia}}. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Separated by a wall from the basidium.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 160; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 59.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=exochthonus |content=exochthonus {{anchor|allochthonous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''allochthonous'''}} Invasive, not indigenous; especially for organisms not adapted to a particular soil.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 160; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 59.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==F== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=fairy ring |content=[[fairy ring]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Fairy Ring 0004 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.2|A [[fairy ring]]]] Mushrooms or puffballs forming in a circle, started from a central {{gli|mycelium}} in the soil. Fairy rings expand with time if undisturbed, and are generally associated with {{gli|basidiomycetes}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 161; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 60; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 147.</ref>}}

{{term|term=falcate |content=falcate {{anchor|Falciform}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Falciform'''}} Curved, like a sickle or scythe. From Latin ''falx'' and ''falcis'', sickle.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 162; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 60; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 147.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fermentation |content=[[fermentation]] {{anchor|zymosis}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Stefano Lubiana Pinot Noir ferment vintage 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Pinot Noir]] grapes being fermented by [[yeast in winemaking|yeasts in winemaking]]]] {{ghat|'''zymosis'''}} A chemical change caused by enzymes of living organisms. In mycology, typically yeasts and molds performing anaerobic breakdowns such as changing carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohol. Part of the creation of [[List of fermented foods|fermented foods]] and fermented drinks (most notably [[alcoholic beverage]]s).<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 255; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 149.</ref>}}

{{term|term=filament}} {{defn|1= A fine thread. Commonly used for hyphal threads or other simple thread-like fungal structures. From Latin ''filum'', thread.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 61; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 151.</ref>}}

{{term|term=filamentous |content=filamentous {{anchor|filamentose}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''filamentose'''}} 1.&nbsp; Thread-like, or composed of filaments.}} {{defn|1= In lichens, when the photobiont forms in threads surrounded by hyphae of the mycobiont; the fungi forms the outer structure. (e.g. ''[[Coenogonium]]'', ''[[Cystocoleous]]'', ''[[Racodium]]'')<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 164247; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 61; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 151.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=filiform}} {{defn|1= In the shape of a thread; thin.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 256; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 151.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fleshy}} {{defn|1= Soft, not cartilaginous or wood-like. Associated with agarics and boletes.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 62; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 259.</ref>}}

{{term|term=flexuous |content=[[:wikt:flexuous|flexuous]] {{anchor|flexuose}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''flexuose'''}} Wavy. From Latin ''flexus'', bend.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 166; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 154.</ref>}}

{{term|term=flocci}} {{defn|1= Cotton-like groups or tufts.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 259.</ref>}}

{{term|term=floccose |content=[[:wikt:floccose|floccose]]}} {{defn|1= Fluffy or cottony; [[wikt:byssoid|byssoid]]. Common among many colonies of fungi. Its diminutive form is flocculose, for a small and delicate floccose element. From Latin ''floccus'', a tuft of wool.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 259; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 154.</ref>}}

{{term|term=flowers of tan}} {{defn|1= The {{gli|aethalium}} of ''[[Fuligo septica]]''. Commonly found in tannin-containing tubs drying hides into leather.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 259; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 154.</ref>}}

{{term|term=flush}} {{defn|1= The rapidly growing stage of a mycelium, especially in mushrooms.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 166; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 154.</ref>}}

{{term|term=foliicolous |content=[[foliicolous]]}} {{defn|1= Living on leaves, e.g. [[foliicolous lichen]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 166; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 63.</ref>}}

{{term|term=foliose}} {{defn|1= Leaf-like in form. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Of lichens, [[foliose lichen]]s, characterised by flattened leaf-like thalli.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 166; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 63; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 156.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=foot cell |content=foot cell {{anchor|basal cell}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''basal cell'''}} 1.&nbsp; A hyphal cell that supports a sporogenous cell or thallus, specifically the support of the conidiophore in ''[[Aspergillus]]'' and the macroconidium of ''[[Fusarium]]''.}} {{defn|1= The thallus in the aquatic fungi of ''[[Blastocladiales]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 167; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 261; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 156.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=foxfire |content=[[foxfire]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:PanellusStipticusAug12 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Panellus stipticus|Panelluses stipticus]]'', an example of luminiscient fungi (long exposure photograph)]] A phosphorescent light emitted by moist, decaying wood; one of the most famous forms of fungal [[bioluminescence]].<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 63.</ref>}}

{{term|term=free}} {{defn|1= Not adhering; not attached to the {{gli|stipe}}, esp. of {{gli|lamellae}} or tubes. Compare with {{gli|adnate}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 168; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 63.</ref>}}

{{term|term=frog cheese}} {{defn|1= A young [[puffball]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 168; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 63.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fructicolous |content=fructicolous {{anchor|fructicole}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''fructicole'''}} Living on fruit. From Latin ''fructus'', fruit.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 168; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 64.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fruticolous |content=fruticolous {{anchor|fruticole}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''fruticole'''}} Living on shrubs. From Latin ''frutex'', shrubs.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 168; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 64.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fungicide |content=[[fungicide]]}} {{defn|1= A substance able to kill fungi, especially at low concentration. From Latin ''caedere'', to kill. Generally used for chemical substances rather than heat, light, radiation, etc. which are called [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilization]] instead.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 169; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 65.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fungicolous}} {{defn|1= Living on other fungi.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 161.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fungiform}} {{defn|1= Mushroom-shaped.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 173; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 65.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fungivorous |content=[[fungivorous]] {{anchor|mycetophagous}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Amanita amerimuscaria 126174.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A [[banana slug]] feeding on ''[[Amanita]]''. Many animals are opportunistic fungivores and eat fungi if available, but only a few near-exclusively target them.]] {{ghat|'''mycetophagous'''}} Fungus-eating.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 173; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 65; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 162.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fungoid |content=fungoid {{anchor|fungous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''fungous'''}} Similar to a fungus in texture or morphology.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 162.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fungus |content=[[fungus]] {{anchor|fungi}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. fungi'''}} A kingdom of organisms in [[Eukaryota]]. Fungi are distinguished based on their morphology, nutritional modes, and ecology. Typical traits are that they lack plastids, are [[Osmotrophy|osmotrophic]] (absorb nutrients from their environment), are never [[Phagocytosis|phagotrophic]], lack an ameboid pseudopodal phase, cell walls are composed of a [[chitin-glucan complex]], mitochondria have flattened [[cristae]] and perioxomes are nearly always present, and are mostly non-flagellate; flagella when present lack [[mastigoneme]]s. From Gr. ''sphongos'', [[wikt:σπόγγος|σπόγγος]], sponge.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 169; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 65; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 265; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 162.</ref>}}

{{term|term=funicular}} {{defn|1= Cord-like. From Latin ''funis'', rope.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 173; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 65.</ref>}}

{{term|term=funiculose}} {{defn|1= (Of hyphae) Aggregated into cord-like strands.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 173; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 65.</ref>}}

{{term|term=furfuraceous}} {{defn|1= Covered with bran-like<!--not a typo--> particles; scurfy.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 268.</ref> }}

{{term|term=fusiform |content=[[fusiform]]}} {{defn|1= Spindle-shaped; narrowing toward the ends. Of spores, {{gli|stipe}}, {{gli|cystidia}}, etc. From Latin ''fusus'', spindle.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 175; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 66.</ref>}}

{{term|term=fusoid}} {{defn|1= Somewhat {{gli|fusiform}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 175; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 66.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==G== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=galeate}} {{defn|1= Hooded; hat-shaped. From Latin ''galea'', helmet.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 175; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 66.</ref>}}

{{term|term=gamete |content=[[gamete]]}} {{defn|1= A sexual cell; a uninucleate [[haploid]] reproductive cell capable of fusing with another. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:γάμος#Ancient Greek|gámos]]'', marriage, union.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 176; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 66; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 166.</ref>}}

{{term|term=gemma |content=[[Gemma (botany)|gemma]] {{anchor|gemmae}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. gemmae'''}} 1.&nbsp; Another term for {{gli|chlamydospore}}s, sometimes restricted to specifically spores that broke free from the {{gli|mycelium}} to be dispersed, often via water. From Latin ''gemma'', "jewel"}} {{defn|1= A bud or propagule produced by {{gli|gemmation}}, as in {{gli|yeast}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 178; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 67; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 168.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=geniculate |content=[[:wikt:geniculate|geniculate]]}} {{defn|1= Bent like a knee.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 180; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 67.</ref>}}

{{term|term=geophilous |content=[[:wikt:geophilous|geophilous]]}} {{defn|1= Preferring an environment in soil, as in ''[[Microsporum cookei]]'' or fungi that produce {{gli|truffle}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 169.</ref>}}

{{term|term=germ pore |content=[[germ pore]]}} {{defn|1= A hole in a {{gli|spore wall}}, frequently {{gli|apical}}, through which it germinates. {{gli|Germ tube}}s emerge through it. Associated with {{gli|rust}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 181; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 281; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 169.</ref>}}

{{term|term=germ sporangium}} {{defn|1= A sporangium at the end of a germ tube. Originates by germination of an {{gli|oospore}} or of a zygosporangium.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 170.</ref>}}

{{term|term=germ tube |content=[[germ tube]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:C albicans germ tubes.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|[[Germ tube]]s forming in ''[[Candida albicans]]'', at 600x magnification]] A short hypha that sprouts from the {{gli|germ pore}} during germination. If conditions are favorable, will form a full {{gli|mycelium}}. In plant pathogenic fungi, forms an {{gli|appressorium}}, from which the infective hypha spread and penetrate the tissues of the host.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 281; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 170.</ref>}}

{{term|term=glabrous |content=[[glabrous]]}} {{defn|1= Smooth, not hairy; e.g. of the surface of a {{gli|pileus}} or {{gli|stipe}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 183; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 68; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 171.</ref>}}

{{term|term=gleba |content=[[gleba]] {{anchor|glebae}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. glebae'''}} The central, internal portion of the {{gli|fruiting body}} of [[Gasteromycetes]] and underground [[Pezizales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 283; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 171.</ref>}}

{{term|term=globose}} {{defn|1= Spherical in shape.}}

{{term|term=guttate}} {{defn|1= Having tear-like drops. From Latin ''gutta'', drop. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Spotted as if stained by drops of liquid, e.g. of a {{gli|pileus}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 190; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 71.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=guttulate |content=guttulate {{anchor|guttiferous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''guttiferous'''}} Spores bearing one or more guttules (oil-like drops) inside, e.g. the ascospores of ''[[Podospora]] comata''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 190; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 71; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 176.</ref>}}

{{term|term=guttule |content=[[:wikt:guttule|guttule]] {{anchor|guttula}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''guttula'''}} A small drop or drop-like particle, especially oil-like globules in a spore resembling a nucleus.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 190; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 71.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Gymnomycota |content=[[Gymnomycota]] {{anchor|Gymnomycetes}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Gymnomycetes'''}} An obsolete division of fungi, characterized as having a {{gli|plasmodium}}. Subsumed by {{gli|Myxomycota}} (true slime molds) in later literature.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 71.</ref>}}

{{term|term=gymnothecium |content=[[gymnothecium]] {{anchor|gymnothecia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. gymnothecia'''}} An {{gli|ascoma}} in which the {{gli|perithecium}} is in a loose {{gli|hyphal}} network.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 191; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 177.</ref>}}

{{term|term=gyrate |content=[[:wikt:gyrate|gyrate]] {{anchor|gyrose}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''gyrose'''}} Curved; folded and wavy, like a brain.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 191; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 72.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==H== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=hamate}} {{defn|1= Hooked.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 193.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hamathecium}} {{defn|1= Collective term for hyphae and tissues between asci; interascal tissue.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 194.</ref>}}

{{term|term=haustorium |content=[[haustorium]] {{anchor|haustoria}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. haustoria'''}} [[File:Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|[[Downy mildew]] infiltrating cells of the plant ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'', at 400x magnification. The stained dark blue spheres are the [[haustoria]].]] A {{gli|hyphal}} branch for absorption of food. It penetrates the wall of the living host cell. Found in certain parasitic fungal plant pathogens, such as ''[[Phytophthora]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 306; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 181.</ref>}}

{{term|term=heterokaryotic |content=[[heterokaryotic]] {{anchor|heterocaryotic}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''heterocaryotic'''}} Having two or more genetically distinct nuclei in a common cytoplasm, making a combined cell.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 202; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 75.</ref>}}

{{term|term=heterokont |content=[[heterokont]] {{anchor|heterocont|Straminipila}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''heterocont, Straminipila'''}} 1.&nbsp; A grouping of organisms within ''[[Chromista]]'' that includes {{gli|Pseudofungi}}.}} {{defn|1= Having cilia or flagella of unequal length. |no=2 }} {{defn|1= A condition where a flagellum possess two rows of tripartite tubular hairs.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 202; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 75; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 184.</ref> |no=3 }}

{{term|term=heteromerous}} {{defn|1= In lichens, when the thallus is stratified. The photobiont is distributed in a compact layer, and the hyphal tissue of the fungi are separated into an outer rind and an inner stratum. From Gr. ''hetero'', different, and ''meros'', part.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 437; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 76.</ref>}}

{{term|term=heterothallism |content=[[heterothallism]]}} {{defn|1= Fungi that require the interaction of two different {{gli|thalli}} for sexual conjugation to occur.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 203; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 76; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 185.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hilum |content=[[Hilum (biology)|hilum]] {{anchor|hila}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. hila'''}} A scar after a spore is discharged; was previously the point of attachment of a basidiospore to the {{gli|sterigma}}. From Latin ''hilum'', mask.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 203; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 77; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 187.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hoary}} {{defn|1= Covered thickly with silk-like hairs, especially of a {{gli|pileus}} or {{gli|stipe}}, often grayish or white.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 205; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 77; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 187.</ref>}}

{{term|term=holocarpic}} {{defn|1= Having all of the thallus converted into the fruiting body at the end of maturation; compare {{gli|eucarpic}}. The somatic and reproductive phases do not coexist as a result. Examples include [[Olpidiaceae]] and [[Synchytriaceae]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 205; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 188.</ref>}}

{{term|term=holomorph |content=[[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|holomorph]]}} {{defn|1= Term describing the whole fungus throughout all its morphs (states, phases). Generally includes a single {{gli|teleomorph}} phase and one or more {{gli|anamorph}} phases.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 437; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 189.</ref>}}

{{term|term=holothallic }} {{defn|1= A method of {{gli|thallic}} conidiogenous in which a hyphal element is converted as a whole into a single conidium. All the cell wall layers are involved. Compare with {{gli|arthric}}. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:ὅλος#Ancient Greek|holos]]'', whole.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 384.</ref>}}

{{term|term=homoiomerous}} {{defn|1= In lichens, when the photobiont is are distributed uniformly or at random throughout the thallus. From Gr. ''homoios'', similar.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 247; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 79.</ref>}}

{{term|term=homokaryotic |content=[[homokaryotic]] {{anchor|homocaryotic}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''homocaryotic'''}} Having genetically identical (or near-identical) nuclei, e.g. in a {{gli|mycelium}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 205; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 189.</ref>}}

{{term|term=homothallism |content=[[homothallism]]}} {{defn|1= The condition where sexual reproduction can occur in a single {{gli|thallus}}, without the interaction of two separate thalli.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 206; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 79.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hydrophilous}} {{defn|1= Preferring an aquatic habitat. Common among zygomycetes, as {{gli|zoospore}}s rely on water to move.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 192.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hygrophilous}} {{defn|1= Preferring a moist habitat. Common among fungi.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 326.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hygroscopic}} {{defn|1= Becoming soft in wet air, hard in dry; readily absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. |no=1}} {{defn|1= (of a sporocarp) Opening and discharging spores in dry air.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 209; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 80.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=hymenium |content=[[hymenium]]}} {{defn|1= The spore-bearing fruiting surface of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. An aggregation of asci or basidia in a layer (palisade) mixed with other sterile cells.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 210; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 81.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hymenophore |content=[[hymenophore]]}} {{defn|1= The portion of a basidioma or ascoma bearing the {{gli|hymenium}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 210; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 81.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hypha |content=[[hypha]] {{anchor|hyphae}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Rhizoctonia hyphae 160X.png|thumb|A 160x magnification of ''[[Rhizoctonia solani]]'' hyphae]] {{ghat|'''pl. hyphae'''}} A single {{gli|filament}} of a {{gli|mycelium}}. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:ὑφή#Ancient Greek|hyphe]]'', weaving.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 211; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 81.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hyphal}} {{defn|1= Of, or pertaining to, a {{gli|hypha}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 211; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 81.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Hyphomycetes |content=[[Hyphomycetes]] {{anchor|Hyphales}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Hyphales'''}} An artificial class of {{gli|mitosporic fungi}} that reproduces asexually. Traditionally subdivided into Agonomycetales, Hyphomycetales, Stilbellales, and Tuberculariales.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 215; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 82.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hypnospore |content=hypnospore {{anchor|resting spore}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''resting spore'''}} A thick-walled resting spore; germinates only after a lapse of weeks or months. From Gr. ''hypnos'', sleep.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 215; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 82, 141.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hypo-}} {{defn|1= Prefix meaning "under" or "lower". From Gr. ''hypo''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 215; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 82.</ref>}}

{{term|term=hypothallus |content=[[hypothallus]] {{anchor|protothallus}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''protothallus'''}} 1.&nbsp; (Of lichens) The first growth of the {{gli|hyphae}}, before differentiation has taken place. Usually of a crustaceous lichen's earliest stage, lacking a {{gli|cortex}} and {{gli|photobiont}}. Often persists as a colored layer on the bottom of the later stages of maturation.}} {{defn|1= (of slime molds) a thin layer on the surface not used up in sporangial development.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 217; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 83.</ref> |no=2 }}

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==I== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=inoperculate}} {{defn|1= Not operculate; lacking an {{gli|operculum}}. Generally refers to {{gli|asci}} or {{gli|sporangia}} that discharge spores by an irregular apical opening or pore instead. Found in various {{gli|Discomycetes}} and most other ascomycetes.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 340; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 204.</ref>}}

{{term|term=intercalary |content=[[:wikt:intercalary|intercalary]]}} {{defn|1= (of growth) Between the apex and the base; not apical. From Latin ''intercalare'', to insert. |no=1}} {{defn|1= (of cells) Between two cells.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 221; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 86.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=isidium |content=[[isidium]] {{anchor|isidia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. isidia'''}} A {{gli|propagule}} for {{gli|lichen}} growth; can both increase the surface area of a lichen and become detached from the thallus to disperse the lichen. Isidia are structures larger than {{gli|soredia}}, and contain both the {{gli|mycobiont}} and the {{gli|photobiont}}. They are usually cylindrical, but can also be {{gli|verrucose}}, {{gli|clavate}}, and other shapes.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 223; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=448}}.</ref>}}

{{term|term=isokont |content=isokont {{anchor|isocont}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''isocont'''}} {{gli|Zoospore}}s with flagella of roughly equal length. Seen in ''[[Ectrogella bacillariacearum]]'' and other aquatic zoosporic fungi. From Gr. ''kontos'', a pole.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 87; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 208.</ref>}}

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==J== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=jelly fungus |content=[[jelly fungus]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Gele trilzwam (Tremella mesenterica) op dode tak van een eik 15-01-2021. (actm.) 02.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|A [[jelly fungus]], ''[[Tremella mesenterica]]'']] Fungi of the ''[[Tremellales]]'' or trembling fungi. Known for having a soft, elastic consistency, similar to gelatin or jelly.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 347; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 211.</ref>}}

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==K== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=kary- |content=kary- {{anchor|karya-|karyo-|cary-|carya-|caryo-}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''karya-, karyo-, cary-, carya-, caryo-'''}} A prefix meaning "nucleus." From Gr. ''karyon''.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 27.</ref>}}

{{term|term=karyogamy |content=[[karyogamy]] {{anchor|caryogamy|nuclear fusion}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''caryogamy, nuclear fusion'''}} The final stage in the fusion of two sexual nuclei, after plasmogamy, that forms the {{gli|zygote}} nucleus, but before [[meiosis]].<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 27; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 349; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 213.</ref>}}

{{term|term=kinetosome |content=[[Basal body|kinetosome]] {{anchor|basal body}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''basal body'''}} An organelle that is the base of a {{gli|zoospore}} flagellum. Connected to the nuclear membrane by means of a [[rhizoplast]]. Found in [[Blastocladia]] and [[Rhizophydiales]], for example.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 351; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 213.</ref>}}

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==L== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=lageniform}} {{defn|1= Flask-shaped; swollen at base, narrowed at top.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 232; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 90.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lamella |content=[[Lamella (mycology)|lamella]] {{anchor|lamellae|gill}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. lamellae'''}} A gill; a {{gli|hymenium}}-covered vertical plate, generally of an {{gli|agaric}}. Attaches to the {{gli|stipe}} in a variety of ways, including: {{gli|free}}, unattached; {{gli|adnate}}, attached; adnexed, a partial attachment; sinuate, similar to adnate but with an S-shaped curve; decurrent, attached and also running further down the surface of the stipe. From Latin ''lamina'', a thin plate.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 233; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 90; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=523}}.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lamellate}} {{defn|1= Having lamellae (gills). |no=1}} {{defn|1= Made up of thin plates.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 233; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 90.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=lanate |content=lanate {{anchor|lanose}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''lanose'''}} Like wool; covered with short-hair-like elements.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 233; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 90.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lateral}} {{defn|1= At the side, e.g. of a {{gli|stipe}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 235; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 90; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 220.</ref>}}

{{term|term=latex}} {{defn|1= [[File:Lactarius quietus 2010 G1 crop.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Lactarius quietus]]'' exuding cream-colored latex from gills upon being cut]] A milk-like juice that flows from some fungi when cut or damaged, as in ''[[Lactarius (fungus)|Lactarius]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 235; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 91; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 220.</ref>}}

{{term|term=latticed}} {{defn|1= Cross-barred. (See also ''[[Clathrus]]'', lattice-work fungus, especially ''[[Clathrus ruber]]''.)<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 235; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 91.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lenticular |content=lenticular {{anchor|lentiform}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''lentiform'''}} Shaped like a double convex lens.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 239; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 91; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 221.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lepidote}} {{defn|1= Covered in small scales; for example, the {{gli|pileus}} of ''[[Lepiota]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 240; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 91; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 221.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lichen |content=[[lichen]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Crustose lichen William St Brisbane P1150112.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|[[Crustose lichen]]s can grow on surfaces hostile to most other lifeforms, such as concrete walls and bare boulders.]] A dual organism that arises from an association of {{gli|fungi}} (mycobiont) and [[algae]] or [[cyanobacteria]] (photobiont). The two coexist in a [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic relationship]] as partners; the resulting lifeform differs markedly from its isolated components.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 247; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 222.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lichenicolous }} {{defn|1= Growing on or in lichens. Can apply to both [[lichenicolous fungus]] and other lichens.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 244–245; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 92.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lichenin |content=[[lichenin]] {{anchor|lichenen|moss starch}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''lichenen, moss starch'''}} A polycarbohydrate found in wall of the hyphae of many lichen-forming fungi, most characteristically [[Iceland moss]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 244; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 92.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lichenoid}} {{defn|1= Resembling a lichen.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 244; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 92.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lichenology |content=[[lichenology]]}} {{defn|1= The scientific study of lichens.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 244; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 92.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lichenometry |content=[[lichenometry]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Landkartenflechte Rhizocarpon geographicum Valais1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Rhizocarpon geographicum'' ([[map lichen]]) in Switzerland]] A technique for studying the exposure age of rock surfaces based on the size and diameter of {{gli|lichen}} thalli. Used extensively in glaciology. Most frequently uses [[map lichen]] for dating. Lichenometry has been used to date Easter Island [[moai]] among other elements.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 245; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 223.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ligneous}} {{defn|1= [[File:Fomes fasciatus - Flickr - Dick Culbert.jpg|thumb|Woody, ligneous growths of ''[[Fomes fasciatus]]'' on a tree]] Wood-like; having the consistency of wood, such as the fruiting body in ''[[Fomes]]'', ''[[Ganoderma]]'', or other [[Aphyllophorales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 382; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 223.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lignicolous |content=lignicolous {{anchor|xylogenous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''xylogenous'''}} Living in or on wood, although not necessarily deriving nourishment from it, as do [[wood-decay fungi]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 382; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 223.</ref>}}

{{term|term=limoniform}} {{defn|1= Lemon-shaped.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 250; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 93.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lunate |content=lunate {{anchor|luniform}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''luniform'''}} Crescent-shaped, like a [[Lunar phase|crescent moon]]. Sometimes synonymous with {{gli|falcate}}. From Latin ''luna'', moon.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 257; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 94.</ref>}}

{{term|term=lumen |content=[[Lumen (anatomy)|lumen]]}} {{defn|1= The central cavity of a structure, usually referring to a cell bounded by tissue or cell walls.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 257; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 94.</ref>}}

{{term|term=luminescent fungi |content=[[List of bioluminescent fungus species|luminescent fungi]] {{anchor|bioluminscient fungi}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:PanellusStipticusJuly5 2010 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Panellus stipticus]]'' displaying [[bioluminescence]]]] {{ghat|'''bioluminescent fungi'''}} Fungi that exhibit [[bioluminescence]], emitting light in certain conditions.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 257.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==M== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=macroconidium |content=[[macroconidium]]}} {{defn|1= In fungi with multiple types of {{gli|conidia}}, the larger; compare {{gli|microconidia}}, mesoconidia.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 259; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 95.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Macromycetes}} {{defn|1= Large fungi with visible {{gli|sporocarp}}s, such as mushrooms.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 259.</ref>}}

{{term|term=macronematous}} {{defn|1= Having a morphologically different {{gli|conidiophore}} from the {{gli|vegetative}} hyphae; a specialized conidiophore.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 260; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 230.</ref>}}

{{term|term=maculate |content=maculate {{anchor|macular|maculose}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''macular, maculose'''}} Spotted; blotched.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 260; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 96.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mantle}} {{defn|1= [[File:Ectomycorrhiza illustration.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|An illustration of [[ectomycorrhiza]]]] A layer of {{gli|hyphae}} covering the roots of ectomycorrhizal plants, generally trees. Connected to a [[Hartig net]] on the inside, and extramatrical hyphae on the outside.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 262; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 231.</ref>}}

{{term|term=matrix}} {{defn|1= The substance in or on which a fungus grows. |no=1}} {{defn|1= The [[Mucilage|mucilaginous]] material in which {{gli|conidia}} and some ascospores are produced.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 265; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 97.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=marginal veil}} {{defn|1= In {{gli|agaric}}s and {{gli|bolete}}s, a proliferation of {{gli|hyphae}} on the edge of the {{gli|pileus}} that protects the developing {{gli|hymenium}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 262; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 97.</ref>}}

{{term|term=medicinal fungi |content=[[medicinal fungi]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Cetraria islandica tablets.jpg|thumb|Tablets of cough suppressant made from ''[[Cetraria islandica]]'' (Iceland moss)]] The use of fungi such as yeast in medicines.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 268.</ref>}}

{{term|term=meiosis |content=[[meiosis]]}} {{defn|1= A series of two successive nuclear divisions that reduces the number of chromosomes by one-half, going from a [[diploid]] state to a [[haploid]] one. The last part of the {{gli|sexual phase}} in many fungi, following {{gli|plasmogamy}} and {{gli|karyogamy}}. Contrast with {{gli|mitosis}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 233.</ref>}}

{{term|term=merosporangium |content=merosporangium {{anchor|merosporangia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. merosporangia'''}} A {{gli|sporangium}} that is a cylindrical outgrowth from the swollen tip of a {{gli|sporangiophore}}. A chain-like row of sporangiospores are produced there. Characteristic of Mucorales; also found in some other zygomycetes.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 273; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 99.</ref>}}

{{term|term=microbiota |content=[[microbiota]]}} {{defn|1= All of the microorganisms present in an area, including [[algae]], [[bacteria]], [[protozoa]], and fungi. Compare {{gli|mycobiota}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 277.</ref>}}

{{term|term=microconidium |content=[[microconidium]]}} {{defn|1= In fungi with multiple types of {{gli|conidia}}, the smaller; compare {{gli|macroconidia}}, mesoconidia.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 277; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 101.</ref>}}

{{term|term=micronematous |content=micronematous {{anchor|micronemous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''micronemous'''}} 1.&nbsp; Having {{gli|hyphae}} of small diameter.}} {{defn|1= Having conidiophores similar morphologically to vegetative hyphae.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 279; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 101.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=mildew |content=[[mildew]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:UncinulaNecatorOnGrapes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Uncinula necator]]'', a [[powdery mildew]] that grows on grapes]] Fungi that grow on host plants. Subdivided into [[powdery mildew]] ("true"), [[downy mildew]] ("false"), and [[Meliolaceae|dark mildew]]. |no=1}} {{defn|1= The plant disease caused by such fungi.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 281; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 102.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=mitosis |content=[[mitosis]]}} {{defn|1= The normal division of a nucleus. Results in two child nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the parent.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 241.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mitosporangium}} {{defn|1= A thin-walled sporangium of certain ''[[Blastocladiales]]'' producing uninucleate [[diploid]] {{gli|zoospore}}s (mitospores) by mitosis.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 282; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 102.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mitospore}} {{defn|1= A {{gli|zoospore}} from a {{gli|mitosporangium}}. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:μίτος#Ancient Greek|mitos]]'', thread.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 282; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 102.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mitosporic fungi |content=[[Fungi Imperfecti|mitosporic fungi]] {{anchor|Fungi imperfecti|Deuteromycetes|ana-holomorph|conidial fungi|asexual fungi}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Fungi imperfecti; Deuteromycetes; ana-holomorph; conidial fungi; asexual fungi'''}} Purely asexual fungi that reproduce by [[mitosis]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 168; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 241.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mold |content=[[mold]] {{anchor|mould|Micromycetes|microfungi}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''mould, Micromycetes, microfungi'''}} A fungus of very small size, usually with microscopic {{gli|sporocarp}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 425, 440; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 242.</ref>}}

{{term|term=monokaryotic |content=monokaryotic {{anchor|monocaryotic}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''monocaryotic'''}} Cells having a single nucleus each; having genetically identical [[haploid]] nuclei (monokaryon or haplont). Found, for example, in the mycelium of [[Agaricales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 291; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 103; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 244.</ref>}}

{{term|term=monopodial}} {{defn|1= A type of branching where there is a persistent main axis from which branches split from, one at a time, often in alternate or spiral series. Often uses {{gli|acropetal}} succession. Compare with {{gli|dichotomous}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 292; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 104.</ref>}}

{{term|term=morph |content=[[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]]}} {{defn|1= Form. From Gr. [[:wikt:μορφή|μορφή]], ''morphḗ'', form.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 293.</ref>}}

{{term|term=moss |content=[[moss]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Caribou moss.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Reindeer moss]] or caribou moss, which is truly a [[lichen]]]] Flowerless plants; not fungi. However, some lichens were given misnomers in the past that misidentified them as mosses, including [[oakmoss]], [[Swedish moss]], [[dyer's moss]], [[Iceland moss]], [[Usnea|beard moss]], and [[reindeer moss]].<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 105.</ref>}}

{{term|term=motile |content=[[motile]]}} {{defn|1= Independently mobile.}}

{{term|term=mucilaginous}} {{defn|1= Sticky or viscous when wet; slimy. Present in many fungi and especially slime molds.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 441; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 246.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mucoid |content=mucoid {{anchor|mucose|mucous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''mucose, mucous'''}} Like mucus, having the consistency of [[mucilage]]; slimy.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 105; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 247.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Mucoromycota |content=[[Mucoromycota]]}} {{defn|1= A division of fungi broken off from {{gli|Zygomycota}} in the 2010s that includes many of the {{gli|mold}}s, microscopic fungi. Includes [[Mucorales]], the largest and most closely studied order of zygomycetes.<ref>{{harvnb|Spatafora et al.|2016}}.</ref>}}

{{term|term=multiseptate}} {{defn|1= Having more than one {{gli|septum}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 105; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 443.</ref>}}

{{term|term=muriform}} {{defn|1= Spores arranged like bricks in a wall; having both longitudinal and transverse septa. From Latin ''murus'', wall.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 132; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 105.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mushroom |content=[[mushroom]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Amanita muscaria Marriott Falls 1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' (fly agaric), an iconic mushroom]] Large {{gli|agaric}}s, or other {{gli|fleshy}} fungi such as {{gli|bolete}}s. Commonly divided into mushrooms (human-edible) and toadstools (inedible).<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 106.</ref>}}

{{term|term=myc- |content=[[:wikt:myco-|myc-]] {{anchor|mycet-|myceto-|myco-}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''mycet-, myceto-, myco-'''}} Combining prefixes that mean "fungus". From Gr. ''mykēs'' and ''mykētos'' ([[:wikt:μύκης|μύκης]]), fungus.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 106.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycelial cord |content=[[mycelial cord]]}} {{defn|1= A discrete aggregation of hyphae. Compared to a {{gli|rhizomorph}}, it is undifferentiated from other hyphae and has no apical meristem.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 297.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycelium |content=[[mycelium]] {{anchor|mycelia|mycelial}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. mycelia'''}} A mass of hyphae or fungal {{gli|filament}}s; the {{gli|thallus}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 106.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Mycetes}} {{defn|1= [[Fungi]]. As a suffix (-mycetes), the recommended ending for the names of fungal classes.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 106.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycetism |content=[[Mushroom poisoning|mycetism]] {{anchor|mycetismus|mushroom poisoning}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''mycetismus, mushroom poisoning'''}} Poisoning by larger fungi, usually mushrooms.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 297; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 106.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycetoma |content=[[mycetoma]] {{anchor|madura foot|maduramycosis}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''madura foot, maduramycosis'''}} A fungal disease of the skin, usually of the foot.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 298; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 106.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycobiont}} {{defn|1= The fungal part of a {{gli|lichen}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 298; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 107.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycobiota |content=[[mycobiota]] {{anchor|funga}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''funga'''}} Aggregate fungal life in the area under consideration; equivalent of the term [[flora]] in plants or [[fauna]] in animals.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 298; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 107.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycogenous}} {{defn|1= Coming from fungi; growing on fungi.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 299; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 107.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycoid}} {{defn|1= Fungus-like.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 107.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycology |content=[[mycology]]}} {{defn|1= The scientific study of fungi. From Gr. ''[[λόγος#Ancient Greek|lógos]]'', discourse.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 299; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 107.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycorrhiza |content=[[mycorrhiza]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:2010-09-13 Leccinum aurantiacum 6555637461 crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Leccinum aurantiacum]], a bolete that has a [[mycorrhizal]] relationship with a host tree]] A symbiotic association between a fungus and the root system of a plant, usually trees. Traditionally subdivided into ectotrophic, where the fungus forms a sheaf on the surface of the root to create a 'Hartig net', and endotropic, where fungal hyphae directly enter the cortical cells of the root. Later, more precise divisions included [[ectomycorrhiza]], [[arbuscular mycorrhiza]], [[ericoid mycorrhiza]], [[orchid mycorrhiza]], [[arbutoid mycorrhiza]], and [[monotropoid mycorrhiza]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 301; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 108.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycosis |content=[[mycosis]] {{anchor|mycoses}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. mycoses'''}} Fungal diseases of humans and animals (rarely, plants as well).<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 302.</ref>}}

{{term|term=-mycota}} {{defn|1= The recommended ending of the name of fungal [[Phylum|phyla]].<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 108.</ref>}}

{{term|term=mycotoxin |content=[[mycotoxin]]}} {{defn|1= [[Toxin]]s (the product of one organism injurious to another) produced by fungi. Studied by [[mycotoxicology]]. Poisonings are called [[mycotoxicoses]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 303; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 108.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Myxomycota |content=Myxomycota {{anchor|Myxomycetes}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Hemitrichia serpula 57955.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|''[[Hemitrichia]] serpula'', commonly called pretzel slime, a true slime mold]] {{ghat|'''Myxomycetes'''}} True slime molds. No longer categorized as fungi, but were formerly categorized as such in older literature, and still studied in mycology; now considered part of [[Amorphea]]. Since reclassified as [[Myxogastria]]. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:μύξα#Ancient Greek|myxa]]'', slime.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 305.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==N== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=nematophagous |content=[[Nematophagous fungi|nematophagous]] {{anchor|vermivorous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''vermivorous'''}} Predatory fungi that trap, devour, and digest [[nematode]]s in the soil.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 462; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 260.</ref>}}

{{term|term=noble rot |content=[[noble rot]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Riesling Grapes with gray rot.jpg|thumb|Riesling grapes afflicted by ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'' (gray rot), causing a color change]] A condition from the mold [[Botrytis (fungus)|Botrytis]] growing on overripe grapes. Used in the production of certain [[sweet wine]]s.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 312.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==O== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=obclavate}} {{defn|1= (of spores, stipe, cystidia, etc.) The reverse of {{gli|clavate}}; widest at the base.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 318; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 112.</ref>}}

{{term|term=obpyriform}} {{defn|1= The reverse of pear-shaped or {{gli|pyriform}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 318; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 112.</ref>}}

{{term|term=obovoid}} {{defn|1= The reverse of egg-shaped or {{gli|ovoid}}; the narrower end is on bottom.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 318; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 112.</ref>}}

{{term|term=oogonium |content=[[oogonium]] {{anchor|oogonia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. oogonia'''}} The female sexual organ of Oomycetes, which at maturity contains one or more {{gli|oospore}}s. From Gr. ''gonos'', progeny.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 114; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 269.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Oomycota |content=[[Oomycota]] {{anchor|Peronosporomycetes}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Albugo candida.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Albugo candida]]'' (white rust), a water mold, on a [[Cardamine pratensis|mayflower]]]] {{ghat|'''Peronosporomycetes'''}} Water molds. Traditionally considered fungi, but now classed as closer to algae. Part of the [[Chromista]] kingdom. Contain [[cellulose]] in their cell walls rather than {{gli|chitin}}, and {{gli|coenocytic}} hypae rather than {{gli|septate}} hyphae.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 322; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 269.</ref>}}

{{term|term=oosphere |content=[[oosphere]]}} {{defn|1= Female gamete of oomycetes; "egg" of the oogonium.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 322; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 114.</ref>}}

{{term|term=oospore |content=[[oospore]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-oospore-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|400x magnification showing [[oospore]]s of ''[[Hyaloperonospora parasitica]]'', a [[downy mildew]]]] The resting spore formed as a result of fertilization of the oosphere. Has a thick, resistant wall. Subdivided into centric, subcentric, subeccentric, and eccentric oospores by its structure.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 322; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 114; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 269.</ref>}}

{{term|term=orchil |content=[[Orcein|orchil]] {{anchor|archil|orcein}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''archil, orcein'''}} A reddish-purple dye traditionally extracted from lichen.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 143; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 12.</ref>}}

{{term|term=operculum |content=[[Operculum (botany)|operculum]] {{anchor|opercula}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. opercula'''}} A lid or cover. Usually refers to the lid-like apex of a sporangium or ascus found in some {{gli|chytrids}} and [[Pezizales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 483; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 270.</ref>}}

{{term|term=osmotrophic |content=[[Osmotrophy|osmotrophic]]}} {{defn|1= Absorbing nutrients from surroundings via osmosis. True of all fungi.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 272; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 488.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ostiole |content=[[ostiole]]}} {{defn|1= A cavity ending in a pore at the neck of a {{gli|perithecium}} (ascocarp) of ascomycetes. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Any pore by which spores are freed from a fruit body, including both the ascocarp version as well as the opening of a pycnidium.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 326; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 115.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=ovoid |content=[[ovoid]]}} {{defn|1= Egg-shaped; the narrower end is on top.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 327; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 115.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==P== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=papilla}} {{defn|1= A small rounded elevation. Generally refers to an elevation on the wall of the {{gli|sporangium}} which on breaking serves as the exit point of zoospores and planogametes.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 493; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 276.</ref>}}

{{term|term=paraphysis |content=paraphysis {{anchor|paraphyses}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. paraphyses'''}} A sterile upward-growing, basally-attached hypha in a {{gli|hymenium}}, especially in {{gli|ascomata}} of ascomycetes where they are generally {{gli|filiform}} and {{gli|clavate}}. The free ends frequently converge toward the {{gli|ostiole}} and make a structure called an epithecium over the {{gli|asci}}. Part of the {{gli|hamathecium}}. Has a number of minor variants distinguished by names such as paraphysoid, pseudoparaphysis, pseudophysis, dikaryoparaphysis, and hyphidium.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 331; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 117.</ref>}}

{{term|term=partial veil |content=[[partial veil]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Basidioma agaric veils.png|thumb|right|upright=1.32|A sample agaric-type {{gli|basidioma}} in '''(A)''' the early development stage, and '''(B)''' after the body is fully expanded. '''(1)''' is the '''{{gli|universal veil}}''', the outer layer protecting the developing basidioma; '''(2)''' is the '''{{gli|partial veil}}''', which covers the gills; '''(3)''' are '''cap scales''', remnants of the universal veil; '''(4)''' is the '''{{gli|volva}}''', another remnant of the universal veil, but at the base of the basidioma; '''(5)''' is the '''{{gli|annulus}}''', a ring-like mark on the stipe that is a remnant of the partial veil, and whose overhanging tissue may become a {{gli|cortina}}.]] A layer of tissue that joins the stipe to the edge of the pileus in {{gli|agaric}}s, covering the gills during {{gli|hymenium}} development. May become an {{gli|annulus}} or a {{gli|cortina}} after development is complete.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 500; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 405.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pectinate}} {{defn|1= Resembling the teeth of a comb, e.g. of the margin of a {{gli|pileus}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 335; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 119.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pedicel}} {{defn|1= A small or slender stalk.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 335; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 119.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pellicle}} {{defn|1= The outermost living layer. |no=1}} {{defn|1= A thin film-like growth on the surface of a liquid culture, e.g. on {{gli|yeast}}s. |no=2 }} {{defn|1= (of agaric basidiomata) A delicate skin-like cuticle of the {{gli|pileus}} that can break off.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 119; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 503; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 283.</ref> |no=3 }}

{{term|term=penicillus |content=penicillus {{anchor|penicilli}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. penicilli'''}} An asexual conidial head in the shape of a brush. Consists of a {{gli|pedicel}} or {{gli|conidiophore}} that supports a cluster of conidiogenous cells ({{gli|phialide}}s). Characteristic of ''[[Penicillium]]'' {{gli|stipe}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 507; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 284.</ref>}}

{{term|term=percurrent}} {{defn|1= Conidiogenous cell growth where a {{gli|conidiophore}} or {{gli|germ tube}} grows through a preexisting pore. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Of a {{gli|columella}}, extending throughout the entire length, from the base of the gleba through to the peridium's apex. Found in gastromycetes such as ''[[Podaxis]]''. Also called a stipe-columella or dendritic columella.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 507; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 285.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=peridium |content=[[peridium]]}} {{defn|1= The outer wall of a {{gli|sporangium}} or other {{gli|fruiting body}}. Can be either acellular or composed of [[plectenchyma]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 508; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 286.</ref>}}

{{term|term=perithecium |content=[[perithecium]] {{anchor|pyrenocarp|perithecia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pyrenocarp; pl. perithecia'''}} A rounded, oval ascocarp, characteristic of [[Pyrenomycetes]] and [[pyrenolichen]]s. Can commonly be pyriform, obpyriform, beaked, or lageniform.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 340; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 121; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 288.</ref>}}

{{term|term=phagotrophic |content=[[Phagocytosis|phagotrophic]]}} {{defn|1= Feeding by engulfing food; extending a pseudopod or other protoplasmic extension, as seen in [[protozoa]]. Never seen in true fungi ({{gli|Eumycota}}), but some Pseudofungi use this in addition to osmocytosis, e.g. [[Myxogastria|Myxomycetes]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 519; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 290.</ref>}}

{{term|term=phialide |content=[[phialide]]}} {{defn|1= A type of conidiogenous cell, bottle-shaped, that produces {{gli|blastic}} conidia (phialospores) in {{gli|basipetal}} succession. The philade itself does not increase in length. The most common conidiogenous cell among conidial fungi. From Gr. ''phiale'', jar.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 521; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 291.</ref>}}

{{term|term=phialospore}} {{defn|1= An asexual spore formed from the tip of a phialide. Formed by {{gli|abstriction}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 521; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 292.</ref>}}

{{term|term=photobiont}} {{defn|1= The photosynthetic element in a {{gli|lichen}}. Either [[algae]] (a [[phycobiont]]) or [[cyanobacteria]] (a [[cyanobiont]]).<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 292.</ref>}}

{{term|term=phototropism |content=[[phototropism]]}} {{defn|1= A [[tropism|tropic]] phenomenon driven by light, where growth curves toward or against light stimuli. For example, sporangiphores of ''[[Pilobus]]'' and ''[[Phycomyces]]'' direct themselves toward light.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 705; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 293.</ref>}}

{{term|term=phragmospore }} {{defn|1= An asexual reproductive spore partitioned by two or more transverse septa. Most commonly found in {{gli|mitosporic fungi}}. Compare with {{gli|amerospore}} and {{gli|didymospore}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 526; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 293.</ref>}}

{{term|term=physiological race |content=[[physiological race]] {{anchor|race|strain|biotype}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''race, strain, biotype'''}} A group of forms alike in morphology. Often means a group of organisms that are potentially interbreeding. In plant pathology, it means a group with similar preferences in plants targeted; a race may be adapted to target only a single [[cultivar]] of a plant. Tracking the history of an organism is [[phylogeny]]. From Old Italian ''razza'', generation.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 534; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 327.</ref>}}

{{term|term=piedra |content=[[piedra]]}} {{defn|1= A fungal infection of the hair, characterized by stony, hard nodules along hair shafts. A type of {{gli|dermatocytosis}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 124; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 295.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pileus |content=[[Pileus (mycology)|pileus]] {{anchor|mushroom cap}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Mushroom Cap Close-up Macro PLT-FG-8.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A pileus or mushroom cap]] {{ghat|'''mushroom cap'''}} The cap of {{gli|basidiomata}} that bears the fertile {{gli|hymenium}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 124; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 296.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pilose}} {{defn|1= Covered with long, soft filaments; hairy. ''[[Oudemansiella]] pilosa'' is an example. From Latin ''pilus'', hair.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 538; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 296.</ref>}}

{{term|term=plasmodium |content=[[plasmodium]]}} {{defn|1= A motile mass seen in the growth phase of [[Myxogastria|acellular slime molds]]. Generally multinucleate and lacking cell walls. See also [[protoplasmodium]], [[aphanoplasmodium]], [[phaneroplasmodium]], [[filoplasmodium]], and [[pseudoplasmodium]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 362.</ref>}}

{{term|term=plasmogamy}} {{defn|1= The fusion of two cells or plasmodial cytoplasms, resulting in the nuclei juxtaposed and a {{gli|dikaryon}} formed. In many {{gli|sexual phase}}s of fungi, the first step which precedes {{gli|karyogamy}} (nuclear fusion) and [[meiosis]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 543; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 300.</ref>}}

{{term|term=plectenchyma |content=[[plectenchyma]]}} {{defn|1= A thick, packed tissue of twisted {{gli|hyphae}} formed during {{gli|basidiocarp}} development as it enlarges and generative hyphae begin to differentiate. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:πλέκω#Ancient Greek|plektos]]'', to twist, and ''[[:wikt:ἔγχυμα#Ancient Greek|enchyma]]'', infusion.<ref>{{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=520}};[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 126.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pleomorphic |content=[[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|pleomorphic]] {{anchor|polymorphic}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''polymorphic'''}} 1.&nbsp; Fungi having more than one form in its life cycle, e.g. {{gli|holomorph}}s comprising a teleomorph and one or more anamorphs.}} {{defn|1= Of {{gli|dermatophyte}}s, having variations, especially changes brought by degeneration over time.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 364; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 127.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=pleurogenous}} {{defn|1= Growing from the sides, e.g. of hyphae.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 365; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 127.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pore}} {{defn|1= A small opening, as in {{gli|tretic}} conidiogenesis. |no=1}} {{defn|1= The mouth of a tube in certain fungi, such as [[Polyporaceae]] and [[Boletaceae]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 371; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 129.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=potato blight |content=[[potato blight]] {{anchor|potato late blight|potato murrain}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Phytophthora infestans 5619.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.2|A potato afflicted by the [[potato late blight]]]] {{ghat|'''potato late blight, potato murrain'''}} A fungal disease caused by the water mold ''[[Phytophthora infestans]]''; cause of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine of Ireland]] and other potato famines.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 129.</ref>}}

{{term|term=propagule |content=[[propagule]] {{anchor|propagulum}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''propagulum'''}} Any structure that serves to spread the organism, both via propagation of new organisms as well as vegetatively increasing a single organism's size. In fungi, generally {{gli|spore}}s, {{gli|bulbil}}s, fragments of {{gli|mycelium}}, {{gli|isidia}}, {{gli|soredia}}, and others.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 311.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pseudo-}} {{defn|1= Prefix meaning "false", from Gr. ''pseudos''.}}

{{term|term=pseudoidia}} {{defn|1= Separated hyphal cells capable of germination.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 379; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 134.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Pseudofungi |content=[[Pseudofungi]] {{anchor|Pseudomycetes}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Pseudomycetes'''}} A subdivision of [[stramenopile]]s consisting of organisms similar to fungi and traditionally studied in mycology, including [[Oomycota]], [[Hyphochytriomycota]], [[Labyrinthulomycota]], and [[Thraustochytriales]]. Contrasted with {{gli|Eumycota}}, true fungi.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 569.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pseudoparenchyma|content=pseudoparenchyma {{anchor|pseudoparenchyma|pseudoparenchymata|pseudoparenchymatous}} }} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. pseudoparenchymata'''}} A type of plectenchyma made of tightly packed, angular or [[polyhedron|polyhedral]] cells.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 515.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pseudostroma |content=pseudostroma {{anchor|pseudostromata}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. pseudostromata'''}} A {{gli|stroma}} formed of both fungal tissue and remnant tissues of a host plant.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 573; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 318.</ref>}}

{{term|term=puffball |content=[[puffball]] {{anchor|fuzzball|puff-ball}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:2012-07-01 Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff 232780.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Puffball]]s of the species ''[[Lycoperdon pyriforme]]'']] {{ghat|'''Fuzzball, puff-ball'''}} Fruit body ({{gli|basidioma}}) of ''[[Lycoperdales]]''. Emits a cloud of spores when disturbed ("puffing").<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 136; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 581.</ref>}}

{{term|term=punctiform}} {{defn|1= Very small (but still visible to unaided eyesight), e.g. with {{gli|rust}} {{gli|sori}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 384; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 137.</ref>}}

{{term|term=punctulate |content=punctulate {{anchor|punctate}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''punctate'''}} Marked with small points.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 384; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 137.</ref>}}

{{term|term=putrescent |content=[[:wikt:putrescent|putrescent]]}} {{defn|1= Decaying; becoming soft. From Latin ''putrescere'', to grow rotten.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 385; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 137.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pycnidium |content=[[pycnidium]] {{anchor|pycnidia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. pycnidia'''}} An asexual fruiting body ({{gli|conidioma}}), generally flask-shaped, lined entirely by conidiogenous cells.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 385; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 138.</ref>}}

{{term|term=pyriform |content=pyriform {{anchor|piriform}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''piriform'''}} Pear-shaped.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 388; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 138; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 586.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==R== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=rachis |content=[[rachis]]}} {{defn|1= A {{gli|geniculate}} or zig-zag holoblastic extension of a conidiogenous cell from {{gli|sympodial}} conidiogenous cell development. Such cells having a rachis are called rachiform. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:ῥάχις#Ancient Greek|ráchis]]'', axis, spine.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 588; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 327.</ref>}}

{{term|term=racket cell}} {{defn|1= A hyphal cell having a swelling at one end, resembling a tennis racket; found in {{gli|dermatophyte}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 389; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 139.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ramicolous}} {{defn|1= Living on plant branches or twigs.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 390; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 139.</ref>}}

{{term|term=reniform |content=reniform {{anchor|fabiform}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''fabiform'''}} Kidney-like or bean-like in form, e.g. of spores. From Latin ''renes'', kidney, or ''faba'', a broad bean.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 392; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 141; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 595; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 147, 331.</ref>}}

{{term|term=retorse}} {{defn|1= Turned or bent backward.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 393; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 142.</ref>}}

{{term|term=rhizoid |content=[[rhizoid]]}} {{defn|1= A slender, tapered structure of anucleate {{gli|filament}}s bearing a superficial resemblance to a plant [[root]], as it is extended by the thallus of {{gli|chytrids}} as a feeding organ. Generally part of a root system-like aggregation of branched hyphae.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 142; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 598; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 335.</ref>}}

{{term|term=rhizomorph |content=[[rhizomorph]]}} {{defn|1= A strand or cord of mycelium, often with a dark-colored rind surrounding a central core of colorless cells, penetrating a soft substratum or between portions of it (e.g. between bark and wood). Unlike a mycelial cord, features distinct tissue, unlike "normal" hyphae. Functions as organ of absorption of nutritive substances. Seen in some [[Agaricales]] and [[Gasteromycetes]].<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 142; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 598; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 335.</ref>}}

{{term|term=rhizomycelium}} {{defn|1= A branched system of {{gli|rhizoid}}s that resembles a mycelium in {{gli|chytrids}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 599; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 335.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Rozellida |content=[[Rozellida]] {{anchor|Cryptomycota }}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Cryptomycota '''}} A sister group of quasi-fungi that lack chitinous cell walls. Traditionally considered {{gli|chytrids}}, but have since been separated and reclassified in the 2010s. [[Phagotroph]]s rather than [[osmotroph]]es. ''[[Rozella]]'', a group of obligate [[endoparasite]]s, is possibly the earliest diverging lineage of fungi.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 608.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ruderal |content=[[Ruderal species|ruderal]]}} {{defn|1= Living in wasteland, ruins, or debris. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Fungi having a high growth rate, rapid germination of spores, and short life expectancy.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 144; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 608; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 339.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=rugose}} {{defn|1= Wrinkled. Seen, e.g., in basidiospores of ''[[Panaeolina foenisecii]]''. From Latin ''ruga'', wrinkle or crease.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 400; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 144; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 339.</ref>}}

{{term|term=rust |content=[[Rust (fungus)|rust]]}} {{defn|1=[[File:Endophyllum euphorbiae-sylvaticae 135015352.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|A rust-afflicted leaf by the fungus ''Endophyllum euphorbiae-sylvaticae'']] Plant diseases caused by fungi of the order [[Pucciniales]]. |no=1}} {{defn|1= A fungus of the [[Pucciniales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 401; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 144.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==S== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=saprobe |content=[[Saprotrophic nutrition|saprobe]] {{anchor|saprogen|saprotroph}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''saprogen, saprotroph'''}} An organism that uses dead organic material as food.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 145; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 615.</ref>}}

{{term|term=saxicolous}} {{defn|1= Growing on rocks (e.g. ''[[Lichenothelia]]'').<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 406; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 146.</ref>}}

{{term|term=scabrous}} {{defn|1= Rough.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 406; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 146.</ref>}}

{{term|term=scariose}} {{defn|1= Thin, papery.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 406; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 146.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sclerotium |content=[[sclerotium]] {{anchor|sclerotia}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerortia.jpg|thumb|''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum]]'' sclerotia]] {{ghat|'''sclerotia'''}} A hardened, often rounded, mass of hyphae, normally having no spores. May give rise to a fruit body, a stroma (as in ergot), [[conidiophore]]s, or mycelium. Can be a store of nutrients as part of [[perennation]]; can reinitiate vegetative growth after conditions have improved and a season has passed.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 410; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 147; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 344.</ref>}}

{{term|term=scutate |content=scutate {{anchor|scutiform}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''scutiform'''}} Like a shield or round plate in shape. From Latin ''scutum'', shield.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 626; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 346.</ref>}}

{{term|term=secotioid |content=[[secotioid]]}} {{defn|1= A fruiting body with the appearance of an unopened {{gli|agaric}} or {{gli|bolete}}. The margin of the {{gli|pileus}} does not break free of the columella-stipe, generally seen in vertical development (e.g. ''[[Podaxis pistillaris]]'').<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 627; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 347.</ref>}}

{{term|term=seminicolous |content=seminicolous {{anchor|seminicolous}}}} {{defn|1= Living in seeds; seed-borne fungi. Examples include ''[[Ascochyta pisi]]'', ''[[Colletotrichum lindemuthianum]]'', ''[[Microdochium panattonianum]]'', and others.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 628; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 348.</ref>}}

{{term|term=semimacronematous}} {{defn|1= Having a slightly morphologically different {{gli|conidiophore}} from the {{gli|vegetative}} hyphae.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 629.</ref>}}

{{term|term=senescence |content=[[senescence]]}} {{defn|1= Growing old. From Latin ''senescere'', to grow old. |no=1}} {{defn|1= The degeneration over time that makes indefinite propagation of certain fungi cultures impossible, especially in isolation such as a lab environment.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 413; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 149; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 348.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=septate}} {{defn|1= Having septa; divided by partitions.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 414; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 149.</ref>}}

{{term|term=septum |content=[[septum]] {{anchor|septa}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. septa'''}} A [[cell wall]] in a {{gli|hypha}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 414; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 149.</ref>}}

{{term|term=serrate}} {{defn|1= Edged with teeth, like a comb or saw, e.g. of gills; its diminutive form is serrulate.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 416; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 149.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sexual phase}} {{defn|1= The phase of the fungal life cycle when sexually reproductive cells and organs are formed. This term is preferred over [[sex]] in animals, as the fungal process is not equivalent.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 351.</ref>}}

{{term|term=slime mold |content=[[slime mold]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Acrasis rosea 31095.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Acrasis rosea]]'', a cellular slime mold]] A eukaryotic lifeform that spreads via spores. Has both ameba (cellular slime molds) and plasmoidial (multi-nucleate) varieties. No longer categorized as fungi, but were formerly categorized as such in older literature. Cellular slime molds are part of [[Acrasiomycota]] or [[Dictyosteliomycota]]; plasmodial slime molds were traditionally part of the class {{gli|Myxomycota}}, since renamed [[Myxogastria]]. From Gr. ''myxa'', slime.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 305; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 354.</ref>}}

{{term|term=smut |content=[[Smut (fungus)|smut]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Ustilago nuda barley, stuifbrand op gerst (3).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Loose smut]] of barley, caused by ''Ustilago nuda'']] A class of destructive plant diseases, generally of cereal grasses, caused by parasitic fungi of [[Ustilaginomycetes]]. Distinguished by transformation of plant organs permeated by hyphae into a dark mass of spores. |no=1}} {{defn|1= Smut-causing fungi themselves in [[Ustilaginomycetes]]. Characterized by being host-specific endophytes. Its spores are called {{gli|ustilospore|ustilospores}}. |no=2 }} {{defn|1= "False" smuts outside Ustilaginomycetes but that cause similar effects, such as [[Microbotryales]] and [[Exobasidiales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 716; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 354.</ref> |no=3 }}

{{term|term=soma |content=soma {{anchor|somata}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. somata'''}} 1.&nbsp; The {{gli|assimilative}} (sustaining) body of an organism, distinguished from reproductive parts or phases. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:σῶμα|soma]]'', body.}} {{defn|1= Possibly the hallucinogenic ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' mushroom in ancient Aryan religion; see [[botanical identity of soma–haoma]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 425; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 152.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=somatogamy}} {{defn|1= The fusion of {{gli|somatic}} (vegetative) cells during {{gli|plasmogamy}} but not {{gli|karyogamy}}. Found in the majority of basidiomycetes, many species of yeasts (such as ''[[Saccharomyces]]''), and some chytrids (such as ''[[Chytriomyces]]'').<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 643; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 354.</ref>}}

{{term|term=soredium |content=[[soredium]] {{anchor|soredia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. soredia'''}} A {{gli|propagule}} for vegetative lichen growth; a combination of {{gli|photobiont|phycobiont}} algae wrapped by {{gli|mycobiont}} hyphae, and produced on a lichen thallus. Has the appearance of a powdery granule. From Latin ''soredium'', a small heap.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 426; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 152.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sorus |content=[[sorus]] {{anchor|sori}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. sori'''}} A heap of spores. Fruiting structure in certain fungi, including the spore mass of rusts, but also [[Acrasidae]] and [[Synchytriaceae]]. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:σωρός#Ancient Greek|soros]]'', heap.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 426; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 152.</ref>}}

{{term|term=spawn}} {{defn|1= {{gli|Mycelium}} used for starting fungal cultures, especially mushrooms; e.g. bricks of manure interlaced with mycelia.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 427; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 152.</ref>}}

{{term|term=spinose |content=spinose {{anchor|spinuous}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''spinuous'''}} Having spines.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 431; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 154.</ref>}}

{{term|term=spinulose}} {{defn|1= Having small, delicate spines (spinules).<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 431; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 154.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Spitzenkörper |content=[[Spitzenkörper]] {{anchor|apical body}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''apical body'''}} A {{gli|vesicle}}-rich body surrounded by actin filaments found in the growing tips of most fungi during periods of growth. Densely staining.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 431; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 652.</ref>}}

{{term|term=spor- |content=spor- {{anchor|spori-|sporo-|-spore}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''spori-, sporo-, -spore'''}} Prefixes meaning "spore". From Gr. ''[[:wikt:σπορά|spora]]'', seed.}}

{{term|term=sporangiolum |content=sporangiolum {{anchor|sporangiola}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. sporangiola'''}} A small sporangium of ''[[Mucorales]]'' producing a small number of sporangiospores.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 432; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 155.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sporangiophore}} {{defn|1= A thallus element bearing one or more {{gli|sporangia}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 432; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 155.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sporangiospore |content=[[sporangiospore]]}} {{defn|1= A walled spore produced within a sporangium.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 432; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 155.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sporangium |content=[[sporangium]] {{anchor|sporangia}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. sporangia'''}} A sac-like structure that produces spores endogenously. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:ἀγγεῖον#Ancient Greek|angeion]]'', vessel.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 432; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 155.</ref>}}

{{term|term=spore |content=[[spore]]}} {{defn|1= A reproductive structure in fungi. Can result from both sexual and asexual processes.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 432; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 363.</ref>}}

{{term|term=spore wall}} {{defn|1= The layered wall defining a spore. Considered to have five layers. From within to outwards: the thin interior endosporium, the thick episporium, the exosporium (or tunic), the perisporium, and ectosporium, although the outermost two layers are fleeting and can be absorbed back into the perisporium and exosporium.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 655.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sporocarp |content=[[Sporocarp (fungi)|sporocarp]] {{anchor|fruit body|fruiting body}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''fruit body, fruiting body'''}} A unit for production, protection, and dissemination of spores. Sometimes divided into {{gli|ascocarp}}, {{gli|basidiocarp}}, and zyogosporocarp.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 435; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 64.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sporodochium |content=[[sporodochium ]]}} {{defn|1= A cluster of {{gli|conidiophore}}s bearing the spore mass, like a cushion.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 435; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 156.</ref>}}

{{term|term=statismospore}} {{defn|1= A spore that is not forcibly discharged, unlike a {{gli|ballistospore}}. Seen in the basidiospores of [[Gastromycetes]]. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:στάσις#Ancient Greek|statis]]'', immobility.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 662; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 367.</ref>}}

{{term|term=stellate}} {{defn|1= Like a star in form, especially spores.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 439; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 157.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sterigma |content=[[sterigma]] {{anchor|sterigmata}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. sterigmata'''}} The small, spicule-like (pointed) {{gli|pedicel}} or structure upon which a {{gli|basidiospore}} forms. From Gr. ''[[:wikt:στήριγμα|sterigma]]'', support.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 440; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 157.</ref>}}

{{term|term=stipe |content=[[Stipe (mycology)|stipe]]}} {{defn|1= The stem or stalk of {{gli|agaric}}s, {{gli|bolete}}s, [[polypore]]s, etc. From Latin ''stipes'', trunk.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 442; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 158.</ref>}}

{{term|term=stolon |content=[[stolon]]}} {{defn|1= A horizontal {{gli|hypha}} that sprouts where it touches the substrate, in ''[[Mucorales]]''. Connects groups of {{gli|rhizoid}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 158; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 370.</ref>}}

{{term|term=striate |content=[[:wikt:striate|striate]]}} {{defn|1= Having minute radiating lines or ridges, such as the margin of a {{gli|pileus}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 159; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 669.</ref>}}

{{term|term=stroma |content=stroma {{anchor|stromata}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Stroma2.PNG|thumb|Close-up of a stroma of [[ergot]], an ascomycete]] {{ghat|'''pl. stromata'''}} A mass of {{gli|vegetative}} hyphae where fertile hyphae, fruiting bodies, and spores are produced. Common among {{gli|ascomycetes}} and anamorphic fungi; a few ''[[Pucciniales]]'' have them as well.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 670; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 372.</ref>}}

{{term|term=subglobose |content=[[subglobose]]}} {{defn|1= Not quite spherical.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 445; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 160.</ref>}}

{{term|term=substrate}} {{defn|1= The substance on which an [[enzyme]] acts. |no=1}} {{defn|1= The substances used for growth, e.g. the culture medium in a lab. |no=2 }} {{defn|1= A synonym for {{gli|substratum}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 445; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 161.</ref> |no=3 }}

{{term|term=substratum}} {{defn|1= The material on which the organism is growing or is attached; the ''ecology'' in the directly local sense.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 445; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 161.</ref>}}

{{term|term=sympodial |content=[[sympodial]]}} {{defn|1= A mode of {{gli|conidiogenous}} cell growth which results in the development of conidia on a {{gli|geniculate}} or zig-zag {{gli|rachis}}, due to repeated termination and branching. Examples include ''[[Cercospora]]'' and ''[[Helminthosporium]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 674; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 378.</ref>}}

{{term|term=synanamorph |content=[[synanamorph]]}} {{defn|1= Fungi which have multiple {{gli|anamorph}}, or imperfect, phases.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 437; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 662; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 378.</ref>}}

{{term|term=synctium }} {{defn|1= A multinucleate structure resulting from the fusion of several uninucleate ameboid cells (myxameba), found in {{gli|myxomycetes}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 156; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 379.</ref>}}

{{term|term=synnema |content=[[synnema]] {{anchor|synnemata}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. synnemata'''}} A bundle of {{gli|erect}} and sometimes fused {{gli|conidiophore}}s that make a {{gli|conidioma}} together. Conidia are born at the apex, and sometimes along the sides as well. Characteristic of certain {{gli|asexual fungi}} including ''[[Doratomyces]]'', ''[[Dendrostilbella]]'', and ''[[Graphium (fungus)|Graphium]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 447; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 676; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 379.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==T== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=teleomorph |content=[[teleomorph]] {{anchor|Perfect state}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''Perfect state'''}} The sexual state (or perfect state) of a fungus whose spores are produced by {{gli|meiosis}}, i.e. characterized by {{gli|ascomata}} or {{gli|basidiomata}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 437; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 382.</ref>}}

{{term|term=thallic}} {{defn|1= One of the two basic forms of {{gli|conidiogenesis}}, with {{gli|blastic}} conidiogenesis. Characterized by the conidia initial being delimited by one or more {{gli|septa}} before it begins enlargement. The result is that the conidium is differentiated from the whole cell. By comparison, in blastic conidiogenesis, enlargement occurs within the cell before being delimited later.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 453; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 384.</ref>}}

{{term|term=thallus |content=[[thallus]] {{anchor|thalli}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''pl. thalli'''}} 1.&nbsp; The {{gli|vegetative}} tissue of a [[thallophyte]]. Usually synonymous with {{gli|mycelium}} in fungi. From Latin ''thallus'', young branch.}} {{defn|1= A mode of conidial ontogeny where a conidium is formed from a pre-existing hyphal segment or cell.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 453; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 166.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=torulose |content=torulose {{anchor|torulous|torose|moniliform}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''torulous, torose, moniliform'''}} Elongated in shape with swellings and constrictions at intervals. Found, e.g., in mycelia of ''[[Torula]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 460; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 169; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 387.</ref>}}

{{term|term=trama |content=[[Trama (mycology)|trama]]}} {{defn|1= A layer of hyphae in the central part of an {{gli|agaric}} running from the underside of the {{gli|mushroom cap|cap}} to the {{gli|lamella}}, often supporting the {{gli|hymenium}}. Sometimes called a hymenophoral trama to distinguish it from the second definition. |no=1}} {{defn|1= In old literature, any {{gli|fleshy}} part of the {{gli|pileus}}, although this use has since been discouraged.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 460; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 169; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=523}}.</ref> |no=2 }}

{{term|term=trehalose |content=[[trehalose]] {{anchor|mycose|mushroom sugar}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''mycose, mushroom sugar'''}} A reserve sugar of fungi, especially yeasts and ergots, and lichens. Hydrolyzed by the enzyme [[trehalase]].<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 108; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 696.</ref>}}

{{term|term=tretic}} {{defn|1= A form of {{gli|blastic}} conidiogenesis. Each conidium (tretoconidium, porospore) is delimited via the inner wall of the conidiogenous cell.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 462; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 129.</ref>}}

{{term|term=trichospore}} {{defn|1= A type of {{gli|zygospore}}; a sporangia bearing a single spore. Usually coiled. Characteristic of the order [[Harpellales]] (formerly part of [[Trichomycetes]]).<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 702; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 389.</ref>}}

{{term|term=troop}} {{defn|1= A group of fruit bodies from a single {{gli|mycelium}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 467; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 171.</ref>}}

{{term|term=truffle |content=[[truffle]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Tuber aestivum Valnerina 014.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|A cut ''[[Tuber aestivum]]'' or summer truffle]] The edible, subterranean fruit ({{gli|ascoma}}) of ''[[Tuber (fungus)|Tuber]]''s. Sometimes extended to "false truffles" as well such as [[Pezizales]] or [[Hymenogastrales]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 467; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 171.</ref>}}

{{term|term=truncate}} {{defn|1= Ending abruptly, as if cut off. From Latin ''truncare'', to maim.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 468; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 171.</ref>}}

{{term|term=tubercle |content=[[tubercle]] {{anchor|tubercule}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''tubercule'''}} A knob-like or wart-like excrescence.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 469; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 171.</ref>}}

{{term|term=tubercular |content=tubercular {{anchor|tuberculate}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''tuberculate'''}} Having {{gli|tubercle}}s.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 469; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 171.</ref>}}

{{term|term=tumid}} {{defn|1= Swollen; inflated; e.g. of a {{gli|stipe}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 470; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 172.</ref>}}

{{term|term=turgid}} {{defn|1= Tightly swollen, e.g. from hydrostatic pressure of [[:wikt:endosmosis|endosmosed]] water. From Latin ''turgidus'', distended.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 470; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 172.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==U== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=umbilicus}} {{defn|1= In some [[foliose lichen]]s (e.g. ''[[Umbilicaria]]''), the central, strongly attaching organ of the {{gli|thallus}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 713.</ref>}}

{{term|term=uniseriate}} {{defn|1= Arranged in a single row or series. Generally used to differentiate how {{gli|phialide}}s are arranged in species of ''[[Aspergillus]]''; in uniseriate, they are directly on the conidial head, contrasted with biseriate where phialides rest on intermediate outgrowths of sterile cells called metulae.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 714; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 398.</ref>}}

{{term|term=universal veil |content=[[universal veil]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Amanita muscaria 3 vliegenzwammen op rij.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The white patches on the caps of these ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' mushrooms are cap scales, remnants of the universal veil.]] A layer of tissue covering the {{gli|basidioma}} during its early development, in {{gli|agaric}}s and [[Gasteromycetes]]. As the {{gli|pileus}} grows, the veil is broken, with its upper remnants becoming cap scales, and the lower section becoming the {{gli|volva}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 714; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 405.</ref>}}

{{term|term=ustilospore}} {{defn|1= The {{gli|spore}} of a {{gli|smut}} fungus.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 718.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==V== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=verrucose}} {{defn|1= Warty; having rounded bumps. Verruculose is the diminutive version for delicate or small warts.}}

{{term|term=verticillate}} {{defn|1= Having parts in rings (verticils); whorled. Develops due to branching in which branches or pedicels are borne at the same level on the {{gli|hypha}}, and grow obliquely upward with respect to the central axis. Named after the conidiophores of ''[[Verticillium]]'', but appears in other fungi such as the {{gli|sporangiophore}} of ''[[Actinomucor]]''. From New Latin ''verticillatus'', arranged in a verticil.<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 724; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 407.</ref>}}

{{term|term=vesicle}} {{defn|1= A bladder-like sac, especially of [[Peronosporales]] where {{gli|zoospore}}s mature. |no=1}} {{defn|1= The swollen apex of the {{gli|conidiophore}} of ''[[Aspergillus]]'' |no=2 }} {{defn|1= The [[Subsporangial vesicle|subsporangial swelling]] in species of ''[[Pilobolus]]''.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 483; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 176; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 408.</ref> |no=3 }}

{{term|term=virgate}} {{defn|1= Banded or streaked. Generally applied to the surface of the {{gli|pileus}} of a {{gli|basidiocarp}}. From Latin ''virga'', a twig, wand, rod, stripe, or streak.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 177; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 725.</ref>}}

{{term|term=volva |content=[[Volva (mycology)|volva]]}} {{defn|1= The cup-like remnant of the {{gli|universal veil}} at the base of the {{gli|stipe}} in the {{gli|basidiocarp}} of {{gli|agaric}}s and [[Gasteromycetes]]. Generally beneath the soil as a result, hidden from view unless the fungus is uprooted.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 485; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 178.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==W== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=wart disease}} {{defn|1= [[File:Synchytridium endobioticum.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|''[[Synchytrium endobioticum]]'' on potatoes]] A fungal disease of the potato caused by ''[[Synchytrium endobioticum]]'', a {{gli|chytrid}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 486; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 178.</ref>}}

{{term|term=witches' brooms |content=[[witches' broom]]s}} {{defn|1= Massed outgrowths on branches of woody plants caused by mites, viruses, and/or fungi, especially {{gli|rust}}-causing fungi.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 488; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 179.</ref>}}

{{term|term=witches' butter}} {{defn|1= Basidioma of ''[[Exidia glandulosa]]'' (or, in America, ''[[Tremella]] lutescens''). Supposedly effective in witchcraft when thrown into a fire.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 488; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 179.</ref>}}

{{term|term=wood-decay fungus |content=[[wood-decay fungus]] {{anchor|xylophagous fungus}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''xylophagous fungus'''}} Fungi that digest wood. Mostly basidiomycetes, although a few ascomycetes also possess this ability. Generally categorized into brown rot, which digests a tree's [[cellulose]] and [[hemicellulose]] but not its lignin; white rot, which can also digest [[lignin]]; and soft rots, which are similar to brown rots in attacking cellulose and hemicellulose, but require moist wood and available nitrogen, e.g. from nearby soil. Two other notable types are dry rot (a slight misnomer, as some dampness is still required), a brown rot caused by ''[[Serpula lacrimans]]''; and wet rot, several other species including [[Coniophora|cellar fungus]].<ref>[[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 733; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 339.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==X== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=xerophilic |content=[[Xerophile|xerophilic]]}} {{defn|1= Preferring a dry habitat, or at least capable of subsisting in one. Rare among fungal species, but fungi with this capability can be exceptionally common, such as ''[[Aspergillus]]'' and ''[[Penicillium]]'' whose spores can be found in nearly any soil sample.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 491; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 179; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=297}}.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==Y== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=yeast |content=[[yeast]]}} {{defn|1= [[File:Клетки дрожжей из напитка комбуча 2.tif|thumb|right|[[Yeast]] cells under magnification from [[kombucha]], a fermented sweet tea drink]] Unicellular, {{gli|budding}} fungi. Not a formal taxonomic unit; a cross-phyla grouping of filamentous fungi. Classifications include sporogenous yeasts, asporogenous yeasts, apiculate yeasts, [[baker's yeast]], [[Brewing|brewer's yeast]] and beer yeasts, [[black yeast]]s, bottom yeasts, top yeasts, [[Qū|Chinese yeasts]], [[flor]] yeasts, [[Nutritional yeast|food yeasts]], [[petite mutation|petite yeasts]], [[Chrysosporium|shadow yeasts]], springer yeasts, toddy yeasts, and [[Yeast in winemaking|wine yeasts]]. From Old High German ''[[:wikt:jesan|jesan]]'', ferment.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 493; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 179.</ref>}}

{{term|term=yellow rice |content=[[Yellowed rice|yellow rice]]}} {{defn|1= Rice discolored and contaminated by ''[[Penicillium]]'' fungi.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 493.</ref>}}

{{term|term=yellows}} {{defn|1= Various fungal diseases of plants causing yellowing, most notably cabbage (''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]''). See also {{gli|yellow rice}}.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 493; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 180.</ref>}}

{{glossary end}} {{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

==Z== {{glossary}}

{{term|term=Zoopagomycotina |content=[[Zoopagomycotina]]}} {{defn|1= A subdivision of [[Zygomycota]] broken off into a separate classification in the 2010s. Typically microscopic and [[obligate parasite]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Spatafora et al.|2016}}.</ref>}}

{{term|term=zoospore |content=[[zoospore]] {{anchor|swarm spore|zoöspore}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''swarm spore, zoöspore'''}} A {{gli|motile}} {{gli|sporangiospore}}, i.e. having [[flagella]].<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 495.</ref>}}

{{term|term=Zygomycota |content=[[Zygomycota]] {{anchor|Zygomycetes}}}} {{defn|1= [[File:Endogone pisiformis 56016.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|The Zygomycete ''[[Endogone]] pisiformus'' growing on [[sphagnum]] in a wet area]] {{ghat|'''Zygomycetes'''}} A traditional major phylum of fungi; characterized by {{gli|coenocytic}} mycelia. Divided into [[Mucoromycota]] and [[Zoopagomycotina|Zoopagomycota]] in 2016. Frequently {{gli|saprobe}}s or parasites of arthropods.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 495; {{harvnb|Spatafora et al.|2016}}.</ref>}}

{{term|term=zygospore |content=[[zygospore]]}} {{defn|1= A thick-walled sexual spore formed by the fusion of two similar gametangia; characteristic of the Zygomycetes.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 496; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 181; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 746.</ref>}}

{{term|term=zygote |content=[[zygote]]}} {{defn|1= A cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes of opposite sex.<ref>[[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 181; [[#CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008|DF10 2008]], p. 746.</ref>}}

{{term|term=zymo- |content=[[:wikt:zymo-|zymo-]]}} {{defn|1= Prefix meaning "[[yeast]]". From Gr. ''zymos'', yeast.<ref>[[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 421.</ref>}}

{{term|term=zymogenous}} {{defn|1= Ferment-producing.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 496; [[#CITEREFSnellDick1971|AGoM 1971]], p. 181.</ref>}}

{{term|term=zymology |content=[[zymology]] {{anchor|zymurgy}}}} {{defn|1= {{ghat|'''zymurgy'''}} The practice and study of {{gli|yeast}}s and {{gli|fermentation}} in [[brewing]] and wine-making.<ref>[[#CITEREFHawksworthKirkSuttonPegler1995|DF8 1995]], p. 496; [[#CITEREFUlloaHanlin2000|IDoM 2000]], p. 421.</ref>}} {{glossary end}}

==See also== * [[List of mycologists]] * [[Outline of fungi]] ** [[Outline of lichens]] * [[Glossary of lichen terms]] {{clear}}

==References== {{Reflist|22em}}

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[[Category:Mycology]] [[Category:Glossaries of biology|mycology]] [[Category:Wikipedia glossaries using description lists]]