{{Short description|Qing government agency in Inner Asia}} The '''Lifan Yuan'''{{efn|{{lang-zh|c=理藩院|p=Lǐfān Yuàn}}; {{Langx|mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ<br />ᡤᠣᠯᠣ<br />ᠪᡝ<br />ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠ<br />ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ}}|tulergi golo be dasara jurgan|translit-std=mdorff}}; {{langx|mn|Гадаад Монголын төрийг засах явдлын яам|Gadaad Mongoliin töriig zasakh yabhdliin yaam}}}} was an agency in the government of the Qing dynasty of China which administered the empire's Inner Asian territories such as Mongolia and oversaw the appointments of Ambans in Tibet. Until the 1860s, it was also responsible for the Qing's relations with the Russian Empire.
==Name== The name "Lifan Yuan" has various translations in English, including 'Board for National Minority Affairs',<ref>The biographies of the Dalai Lamas By Hanzhang Ya, p. 33</ref> 'Court of Territorial Affairs',<ref>Opium and the limits of empire: drug prohibition in the Chinese interior … By David Anthony Bello, p. 65</ref> 'Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions',<ref>Political frontiers, ethnic boundaries, and human geographies in Chinese history By Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J. Wyatt, p. 367</ref> 'Office for Relations with Principalities',<ref>Imperial China 900–1800 By Frederick W. Mote, p. 868</ref> 'Office of Barbarian Control',<ref>Sino-Russian Relations: A Short History By R. K. I. Quested, p. 46</ref> 'Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs',<ref>Traditional government in imperial China: a critical analysis By Mu Qian, Mu Ch'ien, George Oakley Totten, p. 135</ref> and 'Court of Colonial Affairs'.<ref name="Coleman 2014">{{cite book|title=Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842–1939|last=Coleman|first=William M. IV|work=Columbia University (Doctor thesis)|date=2014|pages=193–194|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161446273.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507074134/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161446273.pdf|archive-date=2021-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China – The Qing empire |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/China/The-Qing-empire |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=8 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> etc. The office was initially known as the Mongol Yamen{{efn|{{zh|c=蒙古衙門|p=Měnggǔ Yámén}};<ref name="Crossley2000">{{cite book|author=Pamela Kyle Crossley|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&dq=Tusiyetu+khan&pg=PA214|date=15 February 2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92884-8|pages=214–}}</ref> {{Langx|mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ<br />ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ}}|monggo jurgan|translit-std=mdorff}}; {{lit|Mongol department}}}} when it was first created in 1636. In 1639 the department was renamed and expanded to ''Lifan Yuan'' in Chinese and ''Tulergi golo be dasara jurgan'' in Manchu. The Manchu name literally means 'department for the administration of outlying regions'.<ref>The Imperial Moment, by Kimberly Kagan, p97</ref> During the period of the late Qing reforms (or "New Policies"), the name was changed again to Lifan Ministry{{efn|{{zh|c=理藩部|p=Lǐfān Bù|link=no}}}} in 1907 and existed until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
==Function== {{More citations needed section|date=December 2021}} Prior to the establishment of the Zongli Yamen, the Court also supervised the empire's relation with Russia under the treaties of Nerchinsk and Kyakhta.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akifumi |first1=Shiyoya |title=The Treaty of Ghulja reconsidered: Imperial Russian diplomacy toward Qing China in 1851 |journal=Journal of Eurasian Studies |date=2019 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=147–158 |doi=10.1177/1879366519842882 |s2cid=164659711 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Lifan Yuan was exclusively staffed with members from the Eight Banners. Lifan Yuan was the closest administrative office that the Qing dynasty had that would have been comparable with a foreign policy department.
Guests of the Lifan Yuan were housed in the Bureau of Interpreters{{efn|{{zh|c=會同館|p=Huìtóng Guǎn|link=no}}}} in the southeast part of the Inner City, later also known as the Russian hostel {{efn|{{zh|c=俄羅斯館|p=Éluósī Guǎn|link=no}}}} due to the predominance of Russian visitors there. It was also called the South Pavilion{{efn|{{zh|c=南館|p=Nánguǎn|link=no}}}} to distinguish it from the North Pavilion{{efn|{{zh|c=北館|p=Běiguǎn|link=no}}}} where the Albazinians lived. From the Treaty of Kyakhta this residence became permanent.
There was also a Russian-Language Institute,{{efn|{{zh|c=俄羅斯文館|p=Éluósī Wénguǎn|link=no}}}} which was a school where Manchus learned to speak Russian. Founded in 1708, it was incorporated into the newly founded Tongwen Guan in 1862.
The Lifan Yuan was roughly a Qing version of the Xuanzheng Yuan{{efn|{{zh|c=宣政院|p=Xuānzhèngyuàn|link=no}}}} or Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, instituted by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty for administering affairs in Tibet.<ref>State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest, by Xiaolin Guo, p. 29</ref> It is to be distinguished from the Ministry of Rites, which was the traditional Chinese institution for dealing with all outsiders during the Ming dynasty. The Qing used the Board of Rites to deal with its tributary states to the south and east like the Joseon dynasty of Korea, the Nguyen dynasty of Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and the Westerners who came by sea like the Dutch and the English. The Lifan Yuan was established during the reign of Huang Taiji to deal with the empire's Mongol subjects. It later continued to be a separate institution for handling the affairs of the empire's Inner Asian territories and its foreign relations with the Russians.
==See also== {{Portal|China|History|Asia}}
* Chinese Tartary * Government of the Qing dynasty * Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty ; Qing dynasty in Inner Asia * Manchuria under Qing rule * Mongolia under Qing rule * Tibet under Qing rule * Xinjiang under Qing rule
; Similar institutions * Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Yuan dynasty) * Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission (Republic of China) * State Ethnic Affairs Commission (People's Republic of China)
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== * Mayers, William Frederick. ''The Chinese Government: A Manual of Chinese Titles, Categorically Arranged and Explained, with an Appendix.'' 3rd edition revised by G.M.H. Playfair ed. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1897; reprint, Taipei: Ch'eng-Wen Pub. Co., 1966. * Brunnert, S., V. V. Hagelstrom, and N. F. Kolesov. ''Present Day Political Organization of China.'' Translated by Andrei Terent'evich Biel'chenko and Edward Eugene Moran. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh Limited, 1912. * March, G. Patrick, ''Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific'', 1996.
{{Qing dynasty topics}} {{Inner Asia}} {{Tibet topics}}
Category:Government of the Qing dynasty Category:History of Manchuria Category:Mongolia under Qing rule Category:Tibet under Qing rule Category:Inner Asia Category:China–Russian Empire relations Category:China–Mongolia relations Category:Mongolia–Russia relations Category:1636 establishments in Asia