{{short description|Species of bird}} {{speciesbox | name = Lesser roadrunner | image = Lesser Roadrunner - Mexico S4E1497.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=''Geococcyx velox'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22684461A163883135 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22684461A163883135.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Geococcyx | species = velox | authority = (Wagner, 1836) | range_map=Geococcyx Velox Map.svg | range_map_caption=Range in green }}
The '''lesser roadrunner''' ('''''Geococcyx velox''''') is a large, long-legged bird that is a member of the cuckoo family, Cuculidae. It is found in Mesoamerica. Its Latin name means "swift earth-cuckoo". Along with the greater roadrunner, it is one of two species in the genus ''Geococcyx''.
== Description ==
The lesser roadrunner is a slender bird that reaches a length of 46 to 51 cm (18 in), the tail itself accounting for about {{convert|24|cm|abbr=on}}. Its average length is {{convert|46|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name =Dunning2008>{{cite book| title = CRC handbook of avian body masses | author = Dunning, John B. Jr. | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2008 | location = Boca Raton | page = 655 | isbn = 978-1-4200-6444-5 | oclc = 144331624}}</ref> The male weighs {{convert|174|–|207|g}}, while the female weighs {{convert|162|–|192|g}}.<ref name="HBW">{{cite journal | title=Lesser Roadrunner (Geococcyx velox) | website=HBW Alive | year=2020 | doi=10.2173/bow.lesroa1.01 | url=http://www.hbw.com/species/lesser-roadrunner-geococcyx-velox | access-date=2019-09-03| last1=Soberanes-González | first1=Carlos A. | last2=Rodríguez-Flores | first2=Claudia I. | last3=Arizmendi | first3=Marîa del Coro | last4=Schulenberg | first4=Thomas S. | s2cid=216277172 | editor1-first=Thomas S | editor1-last=Schulenberg | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The crown, crest and neck of the lesser roadrunner are black with a bronze glow and small light brown spots. The back neck is black-brown, with feathers are lined with a pale brown, so that a brown-white dashes arises. The plumage of the upper body is dark brown with light speckles and lightens to maroon towards the rump, and its breast is white. The rectrices are black with a dark purple luster.<ref name="Erritzoe">{{cite book | last=Erritzoe | first=Johannes | title=Cuckoos of the World | publisher=Christopher Helm | publication-place=London | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7136-6034-0 | oclc=785336604 | page=133}}</ref> Young roadrunners resemble adults, but have ocher-colored lines, and duller skin around the eye.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/lesroa1/appearance|doi = 10.2173/bow.lesroa1.01|chapter = Lesser Roadrunner (Geococcyx velox)|title = Birds of the World|year = 2020|last1 = Soberanes-González|first1 = Carlos A.|last2 = Rodríguez-Flores|first2 = Claudia I.|last3 = Arizmendi|first3 = Marîa del Coro|last4 = Schulenberg|first4 = Thomas S.|s2cid = 216277172|editor1-first = Thomas S|editor1-last = Schulenberg}}</ref>
The iris is yellow to brown, with a yellow to silvery-white ring surrounding the pupil. The eye ring is pale lavender to bright blue. The area behind the eye extends to a narrow band that turns into a bright red color on the neck, which is mostly covered by feathers. The upper beak is gray, while the lower beak is bluish-gray.
The lesser roadrunner resembles the greater roadrunner (''Geococcyx californianus'') in appearance and habit but is smaller, with a less streaked throat and chest, brownish on the rump and on the outer wings and yellowish undersides.<ref name="Erritzoe"/> The lesser roadrunner also has a significantly shorter bill.
== Habitat == The lesser roadrunner occurs in arid lowlands of Mesoamerica up to {{convert|3,000|m|abbr=on}} in altitude. It inhabits open ground areas, with scrub and thorny bushes.<ref name="Hoyo">{{cite book | title = Volume 4 Volume 4, Sandgrouse to cuckoos | author = Hoyo, Josep del., Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal | publisher = Lynx Edicions | year = 1997 | location = Barcelona | isbn = 84-87334-22-9 | oclc = 41028676 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse }}</ref> They can be found in higher elevations of stratovolcanoes such as Conchagua, San Miguel, Santa Ana and San Salvador, in semi-open areas above the treeline.<ref name="Dickey1938">{{cite book|last1=Dickey|first1=D. R.|last2=van Rossem.|first2=A. J.|title=The birds of El Salvador|year=1938|volume=23|publisher=Field Museum of Natural History|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2779758#page/234/mode/1up}}</ref> They also adapt to cultivated land such as henequen and corn fields.<ref name="Dickey1938"/>
Its breeding range is in southwestern Mexico, north into the western side of the Sierra Madre Occidental range, along with northern Central America and a disjunct range in the northern Yucatán Peninsula.<ref name="Erritzoe"/> It overlaps with the range of the greater roadrunner in a small area in the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Michoacán.<ref name="HowellWebb">{{cite book|last1=Howell|first1=Steve N. G.|last2=Webb|first2=Sophie|year=1995|title=A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America|isbn=0-19-854012-4|publisher=Oxford University Press|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe}}</ref>
== Behavior== {{Birdsong|url=https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Geococcyx-velox|species=''Geococcyx velox''}} The lesser roadrunner can run up to {{convert|20|mph|abbr=on}}. It spends most of its time on the ground, running in open areas, along roads, or under cover. and is capable of limited flight, perching in bushes or low trees.<ref name="HowellWebb"/>
Roadrunners bask in the early morning, on a fence post or bush.<ref name="eBird">{{cite web | title=Lesser Roadrunner | website=eBird | url=https://ebird.org/species/lesroa1 | access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> They cock their tails and droop their wings, then turn their backs towards the sun, raising the scapular feathers and exposing their black skin, which absorbs heat. They may preen themselves, as well.
The bird's call is a series of soft "cooing", about one note per second, made three to seven times on a descending scale.<ref name="HowellWebb"/><ref>{{cite web | title=Lesser Roadrunner (Geococcyx velox) :: xeno-canto | website=xeno-canto | date=2019-03-13 | url=https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Geococcyx-velox | access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>
=== Diet === The lesser roadrunner is an opportunistic feeder, which eats seeds, fruit, small reptiles, and frogs. It forages around roadsides for large insects and roadkill.<ref name=Hoyo/> Grasshoppers make up a significant portion part of its diet, as do caterpillars.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Real Roadrunner|author=Martha Anne Maxon|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="HBW"/>
===Nesting ===
Breeding is reported from Mexico between April and July,<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/lesroa1/breeding|doi = 10.2173/bow.lesroa1.01|chapter = Lesser Roadrunner (Geococcyx velox)|title = Birds of the World|year = 2020|last1 = Soberanes-González|first1 = Carlos A.|last2 = Rodríguez-Flores|first2 = Claudia I.|last3 = Arizmendi|first3 = Marîa del Coro|last4 = Schulenberg|first4 = Thomas S.|s2cid = 216277172|editor1-first = Thomas S|editor1-last = Schulenberg}}</ref> and in El Salvador in August.<ref name = "Miller">{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=A.H.|year=1932|title=Observations on some breeding birds of El Salvador, Central America|journal=Condor|volume=34|issue=1|pages=8–17|doi=10.2307/1363786|jstor=1363786}}</ref><ref name="Dickey1938"/>
The lesser roadrunner builds its nest in a low tree, a thorn bush, or an ''Opuntia'' cactus, about {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} off the ground.<ref name="Dickey1938"/> Its eggs, which are white and {{convert|35|×|26|mm|abbr=on}} in length,<ref name="Dickey1938"/> are laid in clutches of two to four.<ref name="Dickey1938"/><ref name=Hoyo/> Their nests are smaller than those of the greater roadrunner, but are stronger and more compact, built in the shape of a cup with sturdy grass stems and twigs, with a diameter around {{convert|14.5|cm|abbr=on}}. Both male and female roadrunners incubate.<ref name="Dickey1938"/>
Lesser roadrunner clutches show less variation in size than those of the greater roadrunner, and from observation, all eggs appear to hatch around the same time.<ref name = "Miller"/>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons-inline}} *[http://www.birdsofhonduras.com/photos/chosen/field%20work/Lesser%20Roadrunner-1.jpg Photo-(bird running-HIGH RES)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010113136/http://www.birdsofhonduras.com/field_work.html Article] "Birds of Honduras" *[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=lesser+roadrunner&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Lesser Roadrunner photo gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809225015/http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=lesser+roadrunner&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 |date=2020-08-09 }} VIREO
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lesser roadrunner Category:Birds of Mexico Category:Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula Category:Birds of the Sierra Madre Occidental Category:Birds of Central America Category:Birds of Guatemala Category:Birds of El Salvador Category:Birds of Honduras Category:Birds of Nicaragua lesser roadrunner