Late Ottoman period

The '''Late Ottoman period''' (c. 1750–1918) is the [[archaeology|archaeologically]]- and [[history|historically]]-defined [[Periodization|periodisation]] of areas under the control of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its dependencies, primarily in the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], the [[Caucasus]] and the [[Balkans]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marom |first1=Roy |author-link=Roy Marom |last2=Taxel |first2=Itamar |date=2023 |title=Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqālan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003 |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=82 |pages=49–65 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003 |issn=0305-7488|doi-access=free }}</ref> Accordingly, the spatial extent of the area covered by the definition was dynamic, getting smaller as time went on.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ahmad |first=Feroz |title=The Late Ottoman Empire |date=1996 |work=The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire |pages=15–40 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203988367-8/late-ottoman-empire-feroz-ahmad |access-date=2024-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203988367-8 |isbn=978-0-203-98836-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This period is also distinct for the sources recording its history.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCARTHY |first=Justin |date=1984 |title=The Defters of the Late Ottoman Period |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43385151 |journal=Turkish Studies Association Bulletin |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=5–15 |jstor=43385151 |issn=0275-6048}}</ref>

As an analytical construct, it overlaps with the later stages of the Ottoman Empire, from about 1750 until its [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|dissolution]] after the [[Ottoman Empire in World War I|end of the First World War]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Hanioğlu |first=M. Şükrü |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |date=2010-03-08 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400829682/html |access-date=2024-05-11 |publisher=Princeton University Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781400829682 |isbn=978-1-4008-2968-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This period was characterized with increased foreign, primarily [[Great power|European]], intervention, outside invasions, the [[Tanzimat|Tanzimat reforms]], social [[Modernization theory|modernization]], economic [[globalization]], improvements in [[Communication|communications]] and [[Transport|transportation]] [[infrastructure]], and [[Social change|political change]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kushner |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgRDT9wMUhYC&dq=Late+Ottoman+period&pg=PP13 |title=Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic Transformation |date=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-965-217-027-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yazbak |first1=Mahmoud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC&dq=Late+Ottoman+period&pg=PR13 |title=Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864-1914: A Muslim Town in Transition |last2=Yazbak |first2=Maḥmūd |date=1998 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-11051-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Özdalga |first=Elisabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRMVn7D3QVMC&dq=Late%20Ottoman%20period&pg=PP1 |title=Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-29473-2 |language=en}}</ref>

According to Roy Marom and Itamar Taxel, the separation, in academic discourses, of the Late Ottoman and post-Ottoman, Mandate periods "represents an artificial break in the history of the countryside that [...] overshadows the social, demographic, economic, cultural, and local-political continuities, attested in historical and archaeological evidence."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |last2=Taxel |first2=Itamar |date=2024-10-10 |title=Hamama: The Palestinian Countryside in Bloom (1750–1948) |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/JIA/article/view/26586 |journal=Journal of Islamic Archaeology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1558/jia.26586 |issn=2051-9729|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References == <references />

[[Category:History of the Ottoman Empire by period]] [[Category:18th century in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:19th century in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:20th century in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Historiography of the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Late modern period]]