{{Short description|Genus of trees}} {{Automatic taxobox | image= LasjiagrandisRBG.JPG | image_caption = ''Lasjia grandis'', planted in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Lasjia | authority = P.H.Weston & A.R.Mast{{R|POWO}} | type_species = ''Lasjia claudiensis'' | type_species_authority = (C.L.Gross & B.Hyland) P.H.Weston & A.R.Mast<ref name=Mast-etal-2008/> }}
'''''Lasjia''''' is a genus of six species of trees of the family Proteaceae.<ref name=Mast-etal-2008/><ref name=APNI/><ref name="RFK8-Proteaceae"/> Three species grow naturally in northeastern Queensland, Australia, and three species in Sulawesi, Indonesia.<ref name=Mast-etal-2008/><ref name=McDonald-Ismail-1995-M.-erecta/><ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/><ref name=Fl-Malesiana-1955-M.-hildebrandii/> Descriptively they are the tropical or northern macadamia trees group.<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/> ''Lasjia'' species characteristically branched compound inflorescences differentiate them from the ''Macadamia'' species, of Australia, which have characteristically unbranched compound inflorescences and only grow naturally about {{Convert|1000|km|abbr=on}} further to the south, in southern and central eastern Queensland and in northeastern New South Wales.<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/>
The Bama aboriginal Australian peoples in the late 1800s Bellenden Ker Range rainforests (north east Queensland) taught European–Australian scientists of ''L. whelanii'' trees bearing the large seeds "extensively used for food".<ref name=Bailey-1889-Bellenden-Report-Ag-Dept/><ref name=Horsfall-Hall-1990/> One of those scientists, colonial botanist Frederick M. Bailey, collected and in 1889 formally published a scientific description of specimens of them under the name ''Helicia whelanii'' and later again in 1901 as a species of ''Macadamia''. Of these five ''Lasjia'' species, it was the first to receive a European–Australian scientific name.<ref name=APNI/><ref name=Bailey-1889-Bellenden-Report-Ag-Dept/><ref name=Dowe-Broughton-2007/>
==Names and classification==
Genetics studies published in 2008 by Austin Mast and colleagues show they have separated from the genus ''Macadamia'', correlating less closely than previously thought from morphological studies. The ancestors of ''Lasjia'' appear to have diverged just under 30 million years ago in the Oligocene epoch from a lineage which has given rise to the Australian genus ''Macadamia'', the South African species ''Brabejum stellatifolium'', Australian rainforest species ''Nothorites megacarpus'', and South American genus ''Panopsis''.<ref name=Mast-etal-2008/>
The genus name was coined from the initials of Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson (LASJ), who had done much pioneering work on the Proteaceae. The type species is ''Lasjia claudiensis''.<ref name=Mast-etal-2008/><ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/> ''L. claudiensis'' and ''L. grandis'' were only formally scientifically described as recently as 1993 under the genus ''Macadamia'', with botanists making field collections of scientific specimens only since about 1948.<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/><ref name=Flora-Australia/> Genetics studies published in 2008 reported ''L. whelanii'' as the earliest offshoot within the genus.<ref name=Mast-etal-2008/>
==Species==
* ''Lasjia claudiensis'' <small>(C.L. Gross & B. Hyland) P.H. Weston & A.R. Mast</small><ref name="RFK8-L.claudiensis"/> - ne Queensland * ''Lasjia erecta'' <small>(J.A. McDonald & R. Ismail) P.H. Weston & A.R. Mast</small> - Sulawesi * ''Lasjia grandis'' <small>(C.L. Gross & B. Hyland) P.H.Weston & A.R.Mast</small><ref name="RFK8-L.grandis"/> - ne Queensland * ''Lasjia hildebrandii'' <small>(Steenis) P.H.Weston & A.R.Mast</small><ref name=Fl-Malesiana-1955-M.-hildebrandii-Illustr./> - Sulawesi * ''Lasjia whelanii'' <small>(F.M. Bailey) P.H. Weston & A.R. Mast</small><ref name="RFK8-L.whelanii"/> - ne Queensland * ''Lasjia griseifolia'' <small>(Utteridge & Brambach)</small> - Sulawesi{{R|IPNI}}
==Descriptions and natural distributions==
All species grow naturally into trees, with whorled, simple adult leaves with smooth margins (unserrated, spineless) and bearing their flowers in branched compound inflorescences generally at the ends of the foliage or sometimes from older branches under the foliage.<ref name=Mast-etal-2008/><ref name=Coopers-2004/> The fruits of ''L. claudiensis'', ''L. grandis'', ''L. hildebrandii'', and ''L. whelanii'' have thin inner shells (testae) of about {{Convert|1|-|2|mm|2|abbr=on}} unlike the well-known macadamia nuts' thicker woody inner shells.<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/><ref name=Fl-Malesiana-1955-M.-hildebrandii/><ref name=Wrigley-1991/>
''Lasjia claudiensis'' and ''L. grandis'' have significantly larger fruits and seeds; they have fruit diameters of {{Convert|6.5|±|1.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|5|-|7|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}, respectively, and seeds diameters of {{Convert|5.5|-|6.5|*|5|cm|in|adj=mid|long|1|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|3|-|4|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/><ref name="RFK8-L.claudiensis"/><ref name="RFK8-L.grandis"/>
''Lasjia claudiensis'' is endemic to the Iron Range region of Cape York Peninsula, far north Queensland, in more seasonally dry rainforests and gallery forests, from about {{Convert|0|to|600|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude.<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/><ref name=Flora-Australia/><ref name="RFK8-L.claudiensis"/><ref name=Coopers-2004/> ''L. claudiensis'' has the Australian national conservation status listing of "vulnerable" in the Australian government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC),<ref name=Aust-Vulnerable-Sp/> and the Queensland official state conservation status of "vulnerable" species in the Queensland government Nature Conservation Act 1992.<ref name=QLD-NatureConWiR06/>
''Lasjia grandis'' grows naturally only in the rainforests of the Wet Tropics region of northeastern Queensland, from about {{Convert|0|to|460|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude.<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/><ref name=Flora-Australia/><ref name="RFK8-L.grandis"/><ref name=Coopers-2004/> ''L. grandis'' trees received their name for growing to the largest size of the macadamia group,<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/> of up to about {{Convert|40|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}}, with trunks up to {{Convert|120|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} diameter, with some having buttresses. ''L. grandis'' has an official Queensland state conservation status of "vulnerable" species in the Queensland government Nature Conservation Act 1992.<ref name=QLD-NatureConWiR06/>
''Lasjia whelanii'' grows naturally only in the rainforests of the Wet Tropics region of northeastern Queensland, from about {{Convert|0|to|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude.<ref name=Flora-Australia/><ref name="RFK8-L.whelanii"/><ref name=Coopers-2004/>
''Lasjia hilderbrandii'' and ''L. erecta'' are endemic to Sulawesi (Indonesia) and its smaller adjacent islands, and there's even less published knowledge of them.<ref name=McDonald-Ismail-1995-M.-erecta/><ref name=Fl-Malesiana-1955-M.-hildebrandii/> Up to the date of 1995, all populations of ''L. hilderbrandii'' were found below {{Convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude, except one specimen collection. A collection beyond Sulawesi was made in west Sumatra, although whether its origin was natural and a significant extension of range or a recently introduced plant, was unconfirmed in 1995.<ref name=McDonald-Ismail-1995-M.-erecta/> Up to 1995, all populations found of ''L. erecta'' were between {{Convert|900|and|1700|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude.<ref name=McDonald-Ismail-1995-M.-erecta/> Therefore, as far as was known in 1995, the two species have separate habitats and geographic distributions (allopatric).<ref name=McDonald-Ismail-1995-M.-erecta/> The two species clearly have a close evolutionary relationship with many characteristics in common, endemic to the Sulawesi region, the flower structures in whorls of racemes at the ends of uppermost branches and the whorled leaves with smooth margins.<ref name=McDonald-Ismail-1995-M.-erecta/> The distinctive characteristics of ''L. erecta'' of short and erect flower structures and of smaller leaves in whorls of four compare to the characteristics of ''L. hildebrandii'' of flower structures longer and arching or pendulous and of larger leaves in whorls of five to seven.<ref name=McDonald-Ismail-1995-M.-erecta/>
==Uses for foods==
Peoples of Sulawesi (Indonesia) make foods from the uncertain and inconclusively toxic or nontoxic seeds of ''L. hildebrandii'', according to incomplete English language documentation.<ref name=McDonald-Ismail-1995-M.-erecta/><ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/><ref name=Fl-Malesiana-1955-M.-hildebrandii/><ref name=Hardner-etal-2009-Genetic-Res/>
Umpila and related peoples in the Iron Range region make use of ''L. claudiensis'' and Bama peoples of the Wet Tropics region also make use of ''L. grandis'', apparently knowing them well for their uses and regarding their distributions, respectively.<ref name=Horsfall-Hall-1990/> Only in recent decades has English-language botanical science recognised, described, and published brief documentation about these two species, with more learning or field work required to record their full distributions and uses.<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/><ref name="RFK8-L.claudiensis"/><ref name="RFK8-L.grandis"/><ref name=Aust-Vulnerable-Sp/> The few documents available are the brief journal paper formally scientifically describing these two species,<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis/> the published archaeological work of Nicky Horsfall's journal papers and PhD and the reports of the 1889 Archibald Meston expedition; the latter two bodies of work were undertaken in the Bellenden Ker Range region.<ref name=Horsfall-Hall-1990/><ref name=Hill-Baird-2003/>
==References== {{Reflist | 27em | refs=
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<ref name=Gross-Hyland-1993-M.-claudiensis-grandis> {{Cite journal | author1= Gross, Caroline L. | author2= Hyland, Bernie P. M. | author-link2= Bernard Hyland | year = 1993 | title = Two New Species of ''Macadamia'' (Proteaceae) from North Queensland | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 343–350 | doi=10.1071/sb9930343 | bibcode= 1993AuSyB...6..343G }} </ref>
<ref name=Fl-Malesiana-1955-M.-hildebrandii> Sleumer|1955}}|Sleumer (1955) ''Flora Malesiana''. Digitised, online {{cite web |url= http://bhl.ala.org.au/page/40228478 |title= ''Macadamia hildebrandii'' |access-date= 6 Apr 2013 }} </ref>
<ref name=Fl-Malesiana-1955-M.-hildebrandii-Illustr.> Sleumer|1955}}|Sleumer (1955) ''Flora Malesiana''. Digitised, online {{cite web |url= http://bhl.ala.org.au/page/40228479 |title= ''Macadamia hildebrandii'' illustration |access-date= 6 Apr 2013 }} </ref>
<ref name=McDonald-Ismail-1995-M.-erecta> {{Cite journal | last1= McDonald | first1= J. A. |last2= Ismail | first2= R. | year= 1995 | title= ''Macadamia erecta'' (Proteaceae), a new species from Sulawesi | journal= Harvard Papers in Botany | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 7–10 | issn= 1043-4534 | jstor=41761991}} [http://www.huh.harvard.edu/publications/past_issues.html (journal webpage)] </ref>
<ref name=Bailey-1889-Bellenden-Report-Ag-Dept> {{Cite book | last1= Bailey | first1 = Frederick M. | author-link= Frederick Manson Bailey | chapter= Botany of the Bellenden-Ker Expedition | editor1-last= Meston | editor1-first = A. | editor-link= Archibald Meston | year= 1889 | title= Report of the Government scientific expedition to Bellenden-Ker range upon the flora and fauna of that part of the colony | pages= (29–80), 55, 125 (also) | location= Brisbane, Queensland | publisher= Department of Agriculture. James C. Beal, Government Printer | chapter-url= http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/113707 | access-date = 17 Apr 2013 }} </ref>
<ref name=Horsfall-Hall-1990> {{Cite book | last1= Horsfall | first1= Nicky | last2= Hall| first2= Jay | year = 1990 | chapter= People and the rainforest: An archaeological perspective | pages= 33–39 | editor1-last = Webb | editor1-first = Len J. | editor1-link= Leonard Webb (academic) | editor2-last = Kikkawa | editor2-first = Jiro | editor2-link = Jiro Kikkawa | title = Australian Tropical Rainforests: Science — Values — Meaning | place = East Melbourne, Vic | publisher = CSIRO | isbn = 978-0643050556 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oVwLAQAAIAAJ&q=Horsfall }} </ref>
<ref name=Dowe-Broughton-2007>{{Cite journal | last1= Dowe | first1= John Leslie | last2= Broughton | first2= Alan D. | year= 2007 | title= F.M. Bailey's ascent of Mt Bellenden-Ker in 1889, and notes on the publication priority of new vascular plant species from the expedition | journal= Austrobaileya | volume= 7 | issue= 3 | pages= 555–566 | doi= 10.5962/p.299755 | issn= 0155-4131 | access-date= 16 Apr 2013 | url= http://www.actfr.jcu.edu.au/idc/groups/public/documents/journal_article/jcuprd_048140.pdf | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090919203027/http://www.actfr.jcu.edu.au/idc/groups/public/documents/journal_article/jcuprd_048140.pdf | archive-date= 19 September 2009 | url-status= dead }}</ref>
<ref name=Flora-Australia> {{Cite book |last1= Gross |first1= Caroline L. | year= 1995 |contribution= Macadamia |type= online version |chapter-url= http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45216 |editor1-last= McCarthy |editor1-first= Patrick |title= Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1 |url= <!-- http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/flora-of-australia/vol16.html --> |series= Flora of Australia series |pages= 419–425 |publisher= CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study |isbn= 978-0-643-05692-3 }} </ref>
<ref name="RFK8-L.claudiensis">{{cite web |title=Lasjia claudiensis |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/lasjia_claudiensis.htm |author1=F.A. Zich | author2= Hyland, Bernie P. M. | author-link2= Bernard Hyland | author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8 |year=2020 |publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) |access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=Aust-Vulnerable-Sp> {{SPRAT | name= ''Lasjia claudiensis'' | id= 62434 | accessdate= 14 Dec 2013 }} </ref>
<ref name="RFK8-L.grandis">{{cite web |title=Lasjia grandis |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/lasjia_grandis.htm |author1=F.A. Zich | author2= Hyland, Bernie P. M. | author-link2= Bernard Hyland | author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8 |year=2020 |publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) |access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="RFK8-L.whelanii">{{cite web |title=Lasjia grandis |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/lasjia_whelanii.htm |author1=F.A. Zich | author2= Hyland, Bernie P. M. | author-link2= Bernard Hyland | author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8 |year=2020 |publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) |access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=Coopers-2004>{{Cite book |last1 = Cooper |first1 = Wendy |last2 = Cooper |first2 = William T. |author-link2 = William T. Cooper |date = June 2004 |contribution = ''Macadamia'' F.Muell. |title = Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest |page = 416 |place = Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia |publisher = Nokomis Editions |isbn = 9780958174213 |url = https://www.nokomis.com.au/product/nokomis-published-books/fruits-australian-tropical-rainforest/ |access-date = 4 March 2021 }}</ref>
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<ref name=QLD-NatureConWiR06> {{Cite web | url= http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/N/NatureConWiR06.pdf | author= Queensland Government | date= 27 Sep 2013 | title= Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006 | page= 52 | work= Nature Conservation Act 1992 | location= Australia | version= Online, accessed from www.legislation.qld.gov.au | access-date= 28 Nov 2013 }} </ref>
<ref name=Hardner-etal-2009-Genetic-Res> {{Cite book | last1 = Hardner | first1= Craig M. | last2 = Peace | first2= Cameron | display-authors= 2 | last3 = Lowe | first3= Andrew J. | last4 = Neal | first4= Jodi | last5 = Pisanu | first5= Phillip | last6 = Powell | first6= Michael | last7 = Schmidt | first7= Adele | last8 = Spain | first8= Chris | last9 = Williams | first9= Kristen | year = 2009 | chapter = Genetic Resources and Domestication of ''Macadamia'' | editor1-last = Janick | editor1-first= Jules | title = Horticultural Reviews | url = https://archive.org/details/horticulturalrev00jani_981 | url-access = limited | pages = [https://archive.org/details/horticulturalrev00jani_981/page/n19 1]–125 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | isbn = 9780470593776 | doi= 10.1002/9780470593776.ch1 }} </ref>
<ref name=Hill-Baird-2003> {{Cite journal | last1= Hill | first1= Ro | last2= Baird | first2= Adelaide | year= 2003 | title= Kuku-Yalanji rainforest Aboriginal people and carbohydrate resource management in the wet tropics of Queensland, Australia | journal= Human Ecology | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 27–52 | doi = 10.1023/A:1022830123349 | bibcode= 2003HumEc..31...27H | s2cid= 152635891 }} </ref>
<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77095222-1 |title=''Lasjia'' P.H.Weston & A.R.Mast |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> <!--
<ref name=Weston-Baker-2006> {{Cite journal | last1= Weston | first1= Peter H. | last2= Barker |first2= Nigel P. | year= 2006 | title= A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera | journal= Telopea | volume= 11 | issue = 3 | pages= 314–344| url= http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/80856/Tel11Wes314.pdf | access-date= 4 Apr 2013 }} </ref>
<ref name=Sauquet-etal-2009> {{Cite journal | last1= Sauquet | first1= Hervé | last2= Weston | first2= Peter H. | display-authors= 2 | last3= Anderson | first3= Cajsa Lisa | last4= Barker | first4= Nigel P. | last5= Cantrill | first5= David J. | last6= Mast | first6= Austin R. | last7= Savolainen | first7= Vincent | date= 6 Jan 2009 | title= Contrasted patterns of hyperdiversification in Mediterranean hotspots | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume= 106 | issue= 1 | pages= 221-225 | url= http://www.pnas.org/content/106/1/221 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0805607106 | issn= 0027-8424, 1091-6490 | access-date= 4 Apr 2013 | pmid=19116275 | pmc=2629191 }} </ref>
<ref name=Mast-etal-2012-Hakea-phylogeny> {{Cite journal | last1= Mast | first1= Austin R. | last2= Milton | first2= Ethan F. | display-authors= 2 | last3= Jones | first3= Eric H. | last4= Barker | first4= Robyn M. | last5= Barker | first5= William R. | last6= Weston | first6= Peter H. | date= 1 Mar 2012 | title= Time-calibrated phylogeny of the woody Australian genus ''Hakea'' (Proteaceae) supports multiple origins of insect-pollination among bird-pollinated ancestors | journal= American Journal of Botany | volume= 99 | issue= 3 | pages= 472-487 | doi= 10.3732/ajb.1100420 | pmid=22378833 }} </ref>
<ref name=Duchene-Broman-2013> {{Cite journal | last1 = Duchene | first1 = David | last2 = Bromham | first2 = Lindell | date = 13 Mar 2013 | title = Rates of molecular evolution and diversification in plants: chloroplast substitution rates correlate with species-richness in the Proteaceae | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 65 | issn = 1471-2148 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-13-65 | url= | pmid=23497266 | pmc=3600047 }} </ref>
--> <ref name="IPNI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/77335483-1 |title=''Lasjia griseifolia'' |website=International Plant Names Index (IPNI) |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2024 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> }}
=== Cited works === {{Div col|colwidth=27em}}
* {{cite web |title=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8 |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/intro/index.html |author1=F.A. Zich | author2= Hyland, Bernie P. M. | author-link2= Bernard Hyland | author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8 |year=2020 |publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) |access-date=4 March 2021}} * {{Cite book | last1= Sleumer | first1= Hermann O. |author1-link= Hermann Otto Sleumer |date=Dec 1955 | contribution= ''Macadamia'' (Proteaceae) | contribution-url= http://bhl.ala.org.au/page/40228477 | access-date= 6 Apr 2013 | title= Flora Malesiana | series= Series I, Spermatophyta : Flowering Plants | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 194–198 | location= Leiden, The Netherlands | publisher= Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University | type= Digitised, online <!-- | work-editors= test C. Kalkman et al. | work= test | others= general editor: Steenis, Cornelis G. G. J. van | volume_pages= 1–407 | series_editor1-last= Steenis |series_editor1-first= Cornelius G. G. J. van | series_others= Rijksherbarium (Netherlands), Lembaga Biologi Nasional (Indonesia), Keban Raya Indonesia, Lembaga Pusat Penjelidikan Alam (Indonesia) | series_year=1948 | series_publisher=Noordhoff-Kolff N.V --> | title-link= Flora Malesiana }} {{Div col end}} {{Proteaceae genera}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q16984241}}
Category:Lasjia Category:Proteaceae genera Category:Flora of the Australasian realm