Lardizabala

{{Short description|Genus of plants}} {{speciesbox | image = Lardizabala.JPG | image_caption = Botanical illustration, 1853 | genus = Lardizabala | parent_authority = Ruiz & Pav. | species = biternata | authority = Ruiz & Pav. | synonyms = {{genus list |Cogylia|Molina}} {{species list |Dolichos funarius|Molina |Cogylia biternata|(Ruiz & Pav.) Molina |Cogylia ternata|(Molina) Molina |Cogylia triternata|(Ruiz & Pav.) Molina |Lardizabala biternata|Ruiz & Pav. |Lardizabala infusiata|Miers |Lardizabala silvicola|Miers |Lardizabala ternata|Molina |Lardizabala triternata|Ruiz & Pav.}} | synonyms_ref =<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |url= https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3953-1 |title= Lardizabala Ruiz & Pav. |author= |date=n.d. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=January 4, 2025}}</ref> }} thumb|Flowers of ''Lardizabala biternata''

'''''Lardizabala''''' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the order ''Ranunculales''. The sole species in the genus is '''''Lardizabala biternata''''', known as '''Lardizabala''' or '''Zabala fruit'''. This species is an evergreen liana, native to temperate forests of central and southern Chile.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Herrera |first=Jaime |last2=Fernández |first2=Leonardo D. |date=2025-10-10 |title=First Phenotypic Characterization of the Edible Fruits of Lardizabala biternata: A Baseline for Conservation and Domestication of a Neglected and Endemic Vine |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12567215/ |journal=Plants (Basel, Switzerland) |volume=14 |issue=20 |pages=3126 |doi=10.3390/plants14203126 |doi-access=free|issn=2223-7747 |pmc=12567215 |pmid=41157685}}</ref> It is grown for its edible fruits and ornamental flowers.<ref name=":1" />

== Morphology == '''''Lardizabala biternata''''' is a dioecious vine, with leaves compound in threes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spongberg |first=S. A. |last2=Burch |first2=I. H. |date=1979 |title=Lardizabalaceae Hardy in Temperate North America |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43782059 |journal=Journal of the Arnold Arboretum |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=302–315 |issn=0004-2625}}</ref> Flowers of this species are all deep red to violet in color, with males growing in pendant clusters, and female flowers growing as singular individuals.<ref name=":1" /> Petals and sepals are both fleshy, and appear in two whorls of six.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Christenhusz |first=Maarten J. M. |date=2012-09-20 |title=AN OVERVIEW OF LARDIZABALACEAE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8748.2012.01790.x |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=235–276 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2012.01790.x |issn=1355-4905|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Female flowers produce fleshy fruits with many black seeds.<ref name=":2" /> Tissues from this plant were found to contain Oleanolic acid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Mario |last2=Mancinelli |first2=Pedro |date=1961-11-01 |title=Oleanolic Acid in Lardizabala biternata |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022354915333451 |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=975 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600501122 |issn=0022-3549|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Ecology == ''Lardizabala biternata'' is rare,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gay |first=Claudio |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59224 |title=Historia física y política de Chile : segun documentos adquiridos en esta republica durante doce años de residencia en ella y publicada bajo los auspicios del supremo gobierno / |last2=Johnston |first2=I. M. |date=1844 |publisher=En casa del auto |location=Chile : en el Museo de historia natural de Santiago}}</ref> and endemic to a small geographic region inclusive of the Chilean Winter Rainfall Valdivian-Forest biodiversity hotspot.<ref name=":1" />

The seeds present in the large edible fruits of this species are hypothesized to have been dispersed by extinct Pleistocene megafauna.<ref name=":0" /> Currently, foxes of the genus ''Lycalopex'' are thought to play the main seed dispersal role in its natural habitat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Muñoz-Concha |first1=Diego |last2=Mundaca |first2=Enrique |last3=Alarcón |first3=Diego |last4=Machuca |first4=Juan |last5=Crisol-Martínez |first5=Eduardo |last6=Loayza |first6=Andrea |date=2022 |title=Could foxes be surrogate seed dispersers of a megafaunal fruit vine in southern South America? |journal=Ecosphere |language=en |volume=13 |issue=7 |doi=10.1002/ecs2.4186 |issn=2150-8925|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Ecosp..13E4186M }}</ref>

== Taxonomy == Indigenous names for this species is Nüpu-foki, with fruits known as Kówell or Cóguil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meza P. |first=Inés |last2=Villagrán M. |first2=Carolina |date=1991-12-28 |title=Etnobotánica de la isla Alao, Archipiélago de Chiloé, Chile |url=https://doi.org/10.54830/bmnhn.v42.1991.409 |journal=Boletín Museo Nacional de Historia Natural |volume=42 |pages=39–78 |doi=10.54830/bmnhn.v42.1991.409 |issn=0719-935X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The taxonomic authority for this species is Hipólito Ruiz López and José Antonio Pavón Jiménez, with type specimens first collected in Chile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botany Collections Search |url=https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/botany/?ark=ark:/65665/349c16d3b38cd41b2a23433ca29802c61 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=collections.nmnh.si.edu}}</ref> The genus ''Lardizabala,'' was named for Miguel de Lardizabal y Uribe, an 18th century Spanish geographer and historian.<ref name=":2" />

==References== {{reflist}} * {{cite book | author=Pink, A. | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892|title=Gardening for the Million| year=2004 | publisher=Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation}}

==External links== alt=Lardizabala biternata flowering with dark red petals and vining tendrils hanging pendant. |thumb|Flowers of ''Lardizabala biternata'' * [http://www.florachilena.cl/Niv_tax/Angiospermas/Ordenes/Ranuncales/Lardizabalaceae/Lardizabala%20biternata/Lardizabala%20biternata.htm "Lardizabala biternata" en enciclopedia de la flora Chilena] * [http://www.chilebosque.cl/epiv/lbite.html Chilebosque, flora of Chile, with photos, including of fruits] *[http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lardizabala+biternata ''Lardizabala biternata'']

Category:Lardizabalaceae Category:Monotypic Ranunculales genera Category:Flora of Chile Category:Garden plants of South America Category:Taxa named by José Antonio Pavón Jiménez Category:Taxa named by Hipólito Ruiz López