{{Short description|Species of passerine bird in the longspur family Calcariidae}} {{Speciesbox | name = Lapland longspur | image = Lapland Longspur - Calcarius lapponicus - Sportittlingur 1.jpg | image_caption = Male | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2017 |title=''Calcarius lapponicus'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T22721033A111138693 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22721033A111138693.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Calcarius | species = lapponicus | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) | range_map = Calcarius lapponicus map.svg | range_map_caption = Range{{leftlegend|#FF7F2A|Breeding}}{{leftlegend|#FFDD55|Migration}}{{leftlegend|#5F8DD3|Nonbreeding}} | synonyms = ''Fringilla lapponica'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} }} [[File:IJsgors foeragerend op de grond-4961730.webm|thumb|''Calcarius lapponicus'']] The '''Lapland longspur''' ('''''Calcarius lapponicus'''''), also known as the '''Lapland bunting''', is a [[passerine]] [[bird]] in the [[longspur]] [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Calcariidae]]. It is a circumpolar arctic breeder and the only member of the genus Calcarius present in Eurasia.
==Taxonomy== The Lapland longspur was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the finches in the [[genus]] ''[[Fringilla]]'' and coined the [[binomial name]] ''Fringilla lapponica''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=180 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727087 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=37 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483272 }}</ref> The family is now generally separated by modern authors from the Fringillidae (Old World [[finch]]es). The Lapland longspur is now one of three longspurs placed in the genus ''[[Calcarius]]'' that was introduced in 1802 by the German naturalist [[Johann Matthäus Bechstein]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Finches, euphonias, longspurs, Thrush-tanager | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=30 December 2024 }}</ref> The English name refers to the long hind claws.<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED |Long }}</ref> The genus name ''Calcarius'' is from [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|calcaria}}, "spurs", and the specific ''lapponicus'' refers to [[Sápmi|Lapland]].<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n84 84], 219 }}</ref>
Five [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/> * ''C. l. subcalcaratus'' ([[Christian Ludwig Brehm|Brehm, CL]], 1826) – north Canada and Greenland * ''C. l. lapponicus'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – north Europe and north Asia * ''C. l. kamtschaticus'' [[Leonid Portenko|Portenko]], 1937 – northeast Siberia * ''C. l. alascensis'' [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1898 – extreme east Siberia, Alaska and northwest Canada * ''C. l. coloratus'' Ridgway, 1898 – [[Commander Islands]]
==Description== The Lapland longspur is a robust bird, with a thick yellow seed-eater's bill. The summer male has a black head and throat, white eyestripe, chestnut nape, white underparts, and a heavily streaked black-grey back. Other plumages have a plainer orange-brown head, a browner back and chestnut nape and wing panels.
'''Measurements''':<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lapland Longspur Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Lapland_Longspur/id|access-date=2020-09-29|website=www.allaboutbirds.org|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Length''': 5.9–6.3 in (15–16 cm) * '''Weight''': 0.8–1.2 oz (22.3–33.1 g) * '''Wingspan''': 8.7–11.4 in (22–29 cm)
==Distribution and habitat== It breeds across Arctic [[Europe]] and the [[Palearctic]] and in Canada and the northernmost United States. It is [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering in the Russian steppes, the southern United States, Northern Scandinavian arctic areas and down to coastal Southern Sweden, Denmark and [[Great Britain]]. This is the only [[Palearctic|Asia]]n [[species]] of the [[longspur]] buntings, and while it probably did not [[evolution|evolve]] there, it has been present in [[Eastern Europe]] for at least about 30,000 years.<ref name=AZC>{{cite journal |last1=Tomek |first1=Teresa |last2=Bocheński |first2=Zygmunt |date=2005 |title=Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland |journal=Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia |publisher=Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences |volume=48A |issue=1–2 |pages=43–65 |doi=10.3409/173491505783995743 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Behaviour==
===Call=== The most common flight call is a hard "prrrrt" usually preceded by a more nasal "teeww". When breeding, it also makes a softer "duyyeee" followed by a pause and a "triiiuuu"; both sounds alternate.
===Breeding=== The Lapland longspur is a ground-nesting bird, preferring to build its cup nest on heavily-vegetated slopes or among [[Carex stricta|tussocks]] in low-lying wet areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boal |first1=Clint W. |last2=Andersen |first2=David E. |date=2005 |title=Microhabitat Characteristics of Lapland Longspur, Calcarius lapponicus, Nests at Cape Churchill, Manitoba |journal=The Canadian Field-Naturalist |volume=119 |issue=2 |page=208 |doi=10.22621/cfn.v119i2.108|bibcode=2005CFNat.119..208B }}</ref> They lay, on average, 5 eggs per brood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Custer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Pitelka |first2=Frank A. |date=1977 |title=Demographic Features of a Lapland Longspur Population near Barrow, Alaska |journal=The Auk |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=505–525 |doi=10.1093/auk/94.3.505|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Kathleen E. |last2=Wingfield |first2=John C. |date=2004 |title=Effect of estradiol implants on reproductive behavior of female Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) |journal=General and Comparative Endocrinology |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=248–262 |doi=10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.03.015|pmid=15201063 }}</ref> It breeds in wet tundra, riparian areas, and marshes.<ref>Henry, J. D., and M. Mico. (2002). Relative abundance, habitat use, and breeding status of birds in Aulavik National Park, Banks Island, Northwest Territories. ''Canadian Field-Naturalist'' 116: 393-407.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodrigues |first=Robert |date=1994 |title=Microhabitat Variables Influencing Nest-Site Selection by Tundra Birds |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=110–116|doi=10.2307/1942120 |jstor=1942120 |bibcode=1994EcoAp...4..110R }}</ref>
=== Wintering === During the winter, these birds are commonly found across the Great Plains and northeast of the United States, as well as southern Canada, where they can typically be seen foraging in agricultural fields.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lapland Longspur |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/lapland-longspur |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Audubon Field Guide |language=en}}</ref> Lapland longspurs often form [[mixed species feeding flock|mixed-species flock]]s in winter, where they are regularly accompanied by [[horned lark]]s and [[snow bunting]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lapland Longspur Life History |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Lapland_Longspur/lifehistory |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology |language=en}}</ref>
=== Hybridization === In 2011, a male Lapland longspur × snow bunting hybrid was identified in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Macdonald |first1=Christie A. |last2=Martin |first2=Tracy |last3=Ludkin |first3=Rick |last4=Hussell |first4=David J. T. |last5=Lamble |first5=David |last6=Love |first6=Oliver P. |date=2012 |title=First Report of a Snow Bunting × Lapland Longspur Hybrid |journal=Arctic |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=344–348|doi=10.14430/arctic4222 |jstor=41758941 }}</ref>
===Food habits=== [[File:Lapland longspur on Buldir Island.jpg|thumb|Sitting on a dead [[cow parsnip]], [[Buldir Island]], Alaska]] The food habits of the Lapland longspur are quite simple: mostly seeds in winter and arthropods in the summer, when they are in activity.<ref name=Gabrielson>{{cite journal |last=Gabrielson |first=Ira Noel |date=1924 |title=Food habits of some winter bird visitants |journal=U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin |issue=1249}}</ref>
During the winter, the longspur feeds on seeds. They pick them on the ground, rarely feeding directly on plants. They will forage around the same area for a period varying between a few minutes and an hour, then fly away looking for a new foraging area. Their seed diet is composed mainly of seeds from grass, foxtail, cultivated millet, crabgrass and wheat.<ref name=Gabrielson/> During the breeding season, the birds migrate to the north, where their diet switches to arthropods. Nestlings are only fed arthropods, which also constitute the diet of the parents at that time of the year (June to July). The birds often catch insects in mid-air, but do forage through vegetation when climatic conditions prevent the insects from flying.<ref name=Watson>{{cite journal |last=Watson |first=Adam |date=1957 |title=Birds of the Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island |journal=The Canadian Field-Naturalist |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=87–109|doi=10.5962/p.341713 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Longspurs can consume between 3000 and 10,000 prey items (insects or seeds) per day, depending on their energy needs ; they may need to increase this number by 3000 when feeding the young.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Custer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Osborn |first2=Ronald G. |last3=Pitelka |first3=Frank A. |last4=Gessaman |first4=James A. |date=1986 |title=Energy Budget and Prey Requirements of Breeding Lapland Longspurs near Barrow, Alaska, U.S.A. |journal=Arctic and Alpine Research |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=415–427 |doi=10.2307/1551091 |jstor=1551091 |issn=0004-0851}}</ref> Dipteran larvae and adults form the major part of their insectivorous diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Custer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Pitelka |first2=Frank A. |title=Seasonal trends in summer diet of the Lapland longspur near Barrow, Alaska |journal=The Condor |date=1978 |doi=10.2307/1368039 |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=295–301|jstor=1368039 |bibcode=1978Condo..80..295C }}</ref>
==Gallery== <gallery> Calcarius lapponicus (female) 1996-07-25.jpg|Female Long2 (8330633934).jpg|Flock Calcarius lapponicus m.jpg|Illustration Calcarius lapponicus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.218 Ikamiut.jpg|Eggs </gallery>
==References== {{Reflist}} <!-- ==Further reading== {{Too much further reading|date=November 2014}}
===Book=== * Hussell, D. J. T., and R. Montgomerie. 2002. ''Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 656 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
===Thesis===
* Custer TW. Ph.D. (1974). ''Population ecology and bioenergentics of the Lapland longspur (''Calcarius lapponicus'') near Barrow, Alaska.'' University of California, Berkeley, United States, California. * Hunt KE. Ph.D. (1997). ''Testosterone, estrogen, and breeding behavior in an Arctic bird, the Lapland longspur''. University of Washington, United States, Washington. * Male SK. M.Sc. (2004). ''Reproductive ecology of the Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus) near a diamond mine''. Trent University (Canada), Canada. * Mullie A. M.Sc. (1991). ''Song of the Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus): Social factors contributing to dialect stability''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
===Articles=== [[File:Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus).jpg|thumb|Lapland longspur (''Calcarius lapponicus'')]] * Addis E, Wacker D, Clark A, Coverdill A, Meddle S, Walker B, Landys M, Reneerkens J & Wingfield JC. (2004). ''Influence of habitat condition on breeding in Plectrophenax nivalis and Calcarius lapponicus''. Integr Comp Biol. vol '''44''', no 6. pp. 672–672. * Andena L. (1979). ''The Lapland Longspur Calcarius-Lapponicus near Milan Italy''. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia. vol '''49''', no 1. pp. 24–27. * Benes B. (1974). ''The Occurrence of Calcarius-Lapponicus in Czechoslovakia''. Casopis Slezskeho Muzea Serie A Vedy Prirodni. vol '''23''', no 2. pp. 113–114. * Bennike O & Dyck J. (1986). ''A SUBFOSSIL LAPLAND BUNTING CALCARIUS-LAPPONICUS FEATHER FROM VOLVEDAL, NORTH GREENLAND''. Ornis Scandinavica. vol '''17''', no 1. pp. 75–77. * Boal CW & Andersen DE. (2005). ''Microhabitat characteristics of Lapland Longspur, Calcarius lapponicus, nests at Cape Churchill, Manitoba''. Can Field-Nat. vol '''119''', no 2. pp. 208–213. * Brugger F & Baula R. (1975). ''Calcarius-Lapponicus on the Orbe Plain''. Ornithologische Beobachter. vol '''72''', no 3. * Catuneanu II. (1980). ''Presence of the Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus in Romania''. Travaux du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa". vol '''21''', pp. 249–252. * Crins B. (2004). ''Lapland Longspur feeding on "hidden" grains''. Ontario Birds. vol '''22''', no 1. pp. 34–35. * Custer TW. (1973). ''Snowy Owl Predation on Lapland Longspur Nestlings Recorded on Film''. Auk. vol '''90''', no 2. pp. 433–435. * Custer TW, Osborn RG, Pitelka FA & Gessaman JA. (1986). ''Energy Budget and Prey Requirements of Breeding Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus near Barrow Alaska USA''. Arctic & Alpine Research. vol '''18''', no 4. pp. 415–428. * Custer TW & Pitelka FA. (1977). ''DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF A LAPLAND LONGSPUR POPULATION NEAR BARROW, ALASKA''. Auk. vol '''94''', no 3. pp. 505–525. * Custer TW & Pitelka FA. (1978). ''Seasonal Trends in Summer Diet of the Lapland Longspur near Barrow Alaska USA''. Condor. vol '''80''', no 3. pp. 295–301. * Enderlein R. (1988). ''Observation of 2 Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus near Herzhausen-Edersee West Germany in the Cold Winter of 1986-87''. Vogelkundliche Hefte Edertal. vol '''14''', pp. 19–21. * Endes M. (1977). ''The Lapland Longspur Calcarius-Lapponicus in Hungary''. Allattani Kozlemenyek. vol '''64''', no 1-4. pp. 41–44. * Fernbach J. (1960). ''Occurrence of the Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus in Backa Topola''. Larus. vol '''14''', no 155. * Fox AD, Francis IS, Madsen J & Stroud JM. (1987). ''The Breeding Biology of the Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus in West Greenland During Two Contrasting Years''. Ibis. vol '''129''', no 4. pp. 541–552. * Fox AD, Francis IS, McCarthy JP & McKay CR. (1992). ''Body Mass Dynamics of the Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus in West Greenland''. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol '''86''', no 2. pp. 155–162. * Francis IS, Fox AD, McCarthy JP & McKay CR. (1991). ''Measurements and Moult of the Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus in West Greenland''. Ringing & Migration. vol '''12''', no 1. pp. 28–37. * Gibson DD. (1986). ''Calcarius-Lapponicus-Coloratus in the Aleutian Islands Alaska USA''. Auk. vol '''103''', no 3. pp. 635–636. * Hunt K, Wingfield JC, Astheimer LB, Buttemer WA & Hahn TP. (1995). ''TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOR AND CIRCULATING TESTOSTERONE IN THE LAPLAND LONGSPUR AND OTHER ARCTIC PASSERINES''. Am Zool. vol '''35''', no 3. pp. 274–284. * Hunt KE, Hahn TP & Wingfield JC. (1999). ''Endocrine influences on parental care during a short breeding season: testosterone and male parental care in Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus)''. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. vol '''45''', no 5. pp. 360–369. * Hunt KE & Wingfield JC. (1998). ''Exogenous estradiol and reproductive behavior in female lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus)''. Am Zool. vol '''38''', no 5. * Hunt KE & Wingfield JC. (2004). ''Effect of estradiol implants on reproductive behavior of female Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus)''. Gen Comp Endocrinol. vol '''137''', no 3. pp. 248–262. * Hussell DJT. (1974). ''Photographic Records of Predation at Lapland Longspur and Snow Bunting Nests''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''88''', no 4. pp. 503–506. * Knochenmuss F. (1972). ''Calcarius-Lapponicus and Haliaetus-Albicilla on the Elbe near Prettin''. Falke. vol '''19''', no 8. * Lapous E. (1988). ''The Lapland Longspur Calcarius-Lapponicus in Sarthe First Case of Wintering in Continental France''. Alauda. vol '''56''', no 4. pp. 437–438. * Lee JC. (1978). ''LAPLAND LONGSPUR IN SOUTHEASTERN MEXICO''. Condor. vol '''80''', no 4. pp. 452–453. * Lenz M. (1972). ''On the Occurrence of Calcarius-Lapponicus in the Area of Berlin''. Ornithologische Mitteilungen. vol '''24''', no 8. pp. 171–172. * Madsen J. (1982). ''Timing of Breeding and Reproductive Success in a Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus Population in Eqalungmiut-Nunaat West Greenland''. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol '''76''', no 3-4. pp. 137–145. * McLaughlin RL & Montgomerie RD. (1985). ''Brood Division by Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus''. Auk. vol '''102''', no 4. pp. 687–695. * McLaughlin RL & Montgomerie RD. (1985). ''Flight Speeds of Central Place Foragers Female Lapland Longspur Calcarius-Lapponicus Feeding Nestlings''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''33''', no 3. pp. 810–816. * McLaughlin RL & Montgomerie RD. (1989). ''BROOD DISPERSAL AND MULTIPLE CENTRAL PLACE FORAGING BY LAPLAND LONGSPUR PARENTS''. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. vol '''25''', no 3. pp. 207–215. * McLaughlin RL & Montgomerie RD. (1989). ''EARLY NEST DEPARTURE DOES NOT IMPROVE THE SURVIVAL OF LAPLAND LONGSPUR CHICKS''. Auk. vol '''106''', no 4. pp. 738–741. * Mueller H, Ackermann G & Sadlik J. (1984). ''Breeding Period Observations of Anthus-Campestris Saxicola-Torquata and Calcarius-Lapponicus in the Subalpine Regions of the Riesengebirge Krkonose Czechoslovakia''. Beitraege zur Vogelkunde. vol '''30''', no 4-5. pp. 320–322. * Orr CD, Gillis DJ & Valdron LG. (1980). ''Snow Buntings Plectrophenax-Nivalis Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus and Other Passerines in Davis Strait and Labrador Sea Canada 1977–1979''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''94''', no 2. pp. 185–187. * Ouellet H. (1991). ''SAVANNAH SPARROW ATTENDS NEST OF LAPLAND LONGSPUR''. Bird Behaviour. vol '''9''', no 1-2. pp. 30–33. * Rucner D. (1970). ''Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus in the Zagreb Environs''. Larus. vol '''20''', no 97. * Schekkerman H. (1989). ''Autumn Migration and Biometrics of Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus at Castricum Noord-Holland Netherlands''. Limosa. vol '''62''', no 1. pp. 29–34. * Schiehmann H. (1973). ''Calcarius-Lapponicus in the Neuwieder Basin''. Emberiza. vol '''2''', no 4. pp. 189–190. * Sean KM & Erica N. (2005). ''Impacts of roads associated with the Ekati Diamond Mine(TM), Northwest Territories, Canada, on reproductive success and breeding habitat of Lapland Longspurs''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '''83''', no 10. p. 1286. * Seastedt TR. (1980). ''Diets of Young Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus in Arctic and Subarctic Alaska USA''. Condor. vol '''82''', no 2. pp. 232–233. * Seastedt TR & Maclean SFJ. (1977). ''Calcium Supplements in the Diet of Nestling Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus near Barrow Alaska''. Ibis. vol '''119''', no 4. pp. 531–533. * Seastedt TR & Maclean SFJ. (1980). ''Polygyny and Nest Spacing in Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus a Hypothesis''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''28''', no 1. pp. 313–314. * Sedinger JS. (1986). ''Two Adult Male Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus Feed the Same Fledgling''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''100''', no 2. pp. 269–270. * Tomialojc L. (1970). ''Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus in Poland''. Acta Ornithologica. vol '''12''', no 2. pp. 42–46. * Tryon PR & Maclean SF. (1980). ''Use of Space by Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus Breeding in Arctic Alaska USA''. Auk. vol '''97''', no 3. pp. 509–520. * Vidal A. (1977). ''Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus on the Danube near Kiefenholz-Opf''. Anzeiger der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern. vol '''16''', no 2/3. * West GC & Peyton LJ. (1980). ''Fatty-Acids of Depot Lipids in Migrating Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '''51''', no 2. pp. 138–143. * West GC & Peyton LJ. (1980). ''Food Habits of Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus During Spring Migration in Southern Yukon Territory Canada''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''94''', no 4. pp. 451–454. * West GC, Peyton LJ & Irving L. (1968). ''Analysis of Spring Migration of Lapland Longspurs to Alaska USA Calcarius-Lapponicus-Alascensis''. Auk. vol '''85''', no 4. pp. 639–653. * Williamson FSL & Emison WB. (1971). ''Variation in the Timing of Breeding and Molt of the Lapland Longspur Calcarius-Lapponicus in Alaska with Relation to Differences in Latitude''. Bioscience. vol '''21''', no 12. pp. 701–707. * Wingfield JC, Suydam R & Hunt K. (1994). ''The adrenocortical responses to stress in snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis) and Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) at Barrow, Alaska''. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology C Pharmacology Toxicology & Endocrinology. vol '''108''', no 3. pp. 299–306. * Wright JM. (1981). ''Response of Nesting Lapland Longspurs Calcarius-Lapponicus to Burned Tundra on the Seward Peninsula Alaska USA''. Arctic. vol '''34''', no 4. pp. 366–369. * Yesou P. (1983). ''The Lapland Bunting Calcarius-Lapponicus in Brittany with a Discussion of Its Distribution and Migrations in France and the Rest of Europe''. Alauda. vol '''51''', no 3. pp. 161–178. -->
==External links== {{Commons category|Calcarius lapponicus}} * {{Avibase|name=Calcarius lapponicus}} * [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Lapland_Longspur Lapland Longspur Species Account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology * [https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i5360id.html Lapland Longspur – ''Calcarius lapponicus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221727/http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i5360id.html |date=2007-12-25 }} – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter * {{InternetBirdCollection|lapland-longspur-calcarius-lapponicus|Lapland Longspur}} * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020311084527/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/20230400.htm Stamps]}} (for Canada) with Circumpolar Range-Map at bird-stamps.org * {{VIREO|Lapland+longspur|Lapland Longspur}} * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720012657/http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?action=searchresult&Bird_ID=1940 Lapland Longspur images]}} at {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031026003411/http://www.orientalbirdimages.org/ Oriental Bird Images - A Database of the Oriental Bird Club]}} (see pulldown menu at page bottom) * {{IUCN_Map|22721033/166427206|Calcarius lapponicus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q208703}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Calcarius|Lapland longspur]] [[Category:Birds of the Arctic]] [[Category:Birds of Scandinavia]] [[Category:Holarctic birds]] [[Category:Birds described in 1758|Lapland longspur]] [[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]