{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Speciesbox | image = Lábrido limpiador común (Labroides dimidiatus), mar Rojo, Egipto, 2023-04-17, DD 90.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shea, S. |author2=Liu, M. |date=2010 |title=''Labroides dimidiatus'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T187396A8523800 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T187396A8523800.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | taxon = Labroides dimidiatus | authority = (Valenciennes, 1839) | synonyms ={{Specieslist |Cossyphus dimidiatus|Valenciennes, 1839 |Labroides paradiseus|Bleeker, 1851 |Callyodon ikan|Montrouzier, 1857 |Labroides bicincta|Saville-Kent, 1893 |Labroides caeruleolineatus|Fowler, 1945 }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name = CoFS>{{Cof genus|genus=''Labroides''|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> }}
The '''bluestreak cleaner wrasse''' ('''''Labroides dimidiatus''''') is one of several species of cleaner wrasses found on coral reefs from Eastern Africa and the Red Sea to French Polynesia. Like other cleaner wrasses, it eats parasites and dead tissue off larger fishes' skin in a mutualistic relationship that provides food and protection for the wrasse and considerable health benefits for the other fishes.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review |year=2000 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=311–355 |title=Evolution and ecology of cleaning symbioses in the sea |author=Côté, I.M. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Biodiversity Science |year=2012 |url=http://www.biodiversityscience.com/2012/01/31/high-street-cleaners/ |title=High street cleaners |author=Johnson, M.L. |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125020028/https://www.biodiversityscience.com/2012/01/31/high-street-cleaners/ }}</ref><ref name="Sims_2013" >{{cite journal | last1 = Sims | first1 = C.A. | last2 = Riginos | first2 = C. | last3 = Blomberg | first3 = S.P. | last4 = Huelsken | first4 = T. | last5 = Drew | first5 = J. | last6 = Grutter | first6 = A.S. | year = 2013 | title = Cleaning up the biogeography of ''Labroides dimidiatus'' using phylogenetics and morphometrics. | journal = Coral Reefs | volume = 33| pages = 223–233| doi = 10.1007/s00338-013-1093-2 | s2cid = 17804061 }}</ref> It is also notable for having potentially passed the mirror test.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Taiga |last2=Kohda |first2=Masanori |last3=Awata |first3=Satoshi |last4=Bshary |first4=Redouan |last5=Sogawa |first5=Shumpei |date=11 September 2024 |title=Cleaner fish with mirror self-recognition capacity precisely realize their body size based on their mental image |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70138-7 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=20202 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-70138-7 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=11390716 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kohda |first1=Masanori |last2=Bshary |first2=Redouan |last3=Kubo |first3=Naoki |last4=Awata |first4=Satoshi |last5=Sowersby |first5=Will |last6=Kawasaka |first6=Kento |last7=Kobayashi |first7=Taiga |last8=Sogawa |first8=Shumpei |date=14 February 2023 |title=Cleaner fish recognize self in a mirror via self-face recognition like humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=120 |issue=7 |article-number=e2208420120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2208420120 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9963968 |pmid=36745814|bibcode=2023PNAS..12008420K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kohda |first1=Masanori |last2=Hotta |first2=Takashi |last3=Takeyama |first3=Tomohiro |last4=Awata |first4=Satoshi |last5=Tanaka |first5=Hirokazu |last6=Asai |first6=Jun-ya |last7=Jordan |first7=Alex L. |date=7 February 2019 |title=If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals? |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |article-number=e3000021 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000021 |doi-access=free |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=6366756 |pmid=30730878}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Devlin |first=Hannah |last2= |first2= |date=7 February 2019 |title=Scientists find some fish can 'recognise themselves' in mirror |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/07/scientists-find-some-fish-can-recognise-themselves-in-mirror |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
== Taxonomy == A genetic analysis of ''L. dimidiatus'' revealed the population fell into two monophyletic clades, with Indian Ocean populations generally having different stripe widths to western Pacific fishes. The Japanese cleaner wrasses, though, fell within the same group as Indian Ocean fish, despite differing in appearance, and both clades overlap around Papua New Guinea.<ref name="Sims_2013" /> Two closely related cleaner wrasse species, ''L. pectoralis'' and ''L. bicolor'', were grouped inside the ''L. dimidiatus'' clade, so the bluestreak cleaner wrasse may in fact be polyphyletic, incorporating several species.<ref name="Sims_2013" />
== Description == left|thumb|Juvenile This is a small wrasse, averaging {{Convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} long, at most {{Convert|14|cm|abbr=on}}. It can be recognized due to a wide, longitudinal, black stripe running along the side and eye; the back and the stomach are white (sometimes slightly yellowish). This white part changes to a bright blue on the front of the animal, while the black band widens at the tail. The young are black with an electric-blue line.<ref name="Sims_2013" />
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== Distribution == The bluestreak cleaner wrasse is found on coral reefs in the tropics from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean to the western Pacific (including Papua New Guinea, Japan, Fiji, and French Polynesia).<ref name="Sims_2013" /> It was first recorded from the Kermadec Islands Marine Reserve north of New Zealand in 2015, after researchers examined hundreds of hours of unused documentary film footage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liggins|first1=Libby|last2=Sweatman|first2=Jenny Ann|last3=Trnski|first3=Thomas|last4=Duffy|first4=Clinton A. J.|last5=Eddy|first5=Tyler D.|last6=Aguirre|first6=J. David|date=2020|title=Natural history footage provides new reef fish biodiversity information for a pristine but rarely visited archipelago|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|page=3159|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-60136-w|pmid=32081990|pmc=7035361|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020NatSR..10.3159L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/16/1079198?slug=new-species-accidentally-discovered-on-film|title=New species accidentally discovered on film|last=Hancock|first=Farah|date=16 March 2020|website=Newsroom|language=en-AU|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
==Cleaning== Cleaner wrasses are usually found at cleaning stations, which are occupied by different units of cleaner wrasses, such as a group of youths, a pair of adults, or a group of females accompanied by a dominant male. When visitors come near the cleaning stations, the cleaner wrasses greet the visitors by performing a dance-like motion in which they move their rear up and down.<ref>{{cite web |last=Froese |first=Rainer |title=Labroides dimidiatus |url=http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=5459&AT=bluestreak+cleaner+wrasse |access-date=16 September 2013 |publisher=FishBase}}</ref> The visitors are referred to as "clients". Bluestreak cleaner wrasses clean to consume ectoparasites on client fish for food. The bigger fish recognise them as cleaner fish because they have a lateral stripe along the length of their bodies,<ref name="Stummer_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Stummer |first1=L. E. |last2=Weller |first2=J. A. |last3=Johnson |first3=M. L. |last4=Côté |first4=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Size and stripes: how clients recognise cleaners |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.10.018 |s2cid=53299983}}</ref> and by their movement patterns. Cleaner wrasses greet visitors in an effort to secure the food source and cleaning opportunity with the client. Upon recognising the cleaner and successfully soliciting its attention, the client fish adopts a species-specific pose to allow the cleaner access to its body surface, gills, and sometimes mouth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soares |first1=Marta C. |last2=Bshary |first2=Redouan |last3=Mendonça |first3=Rute |last4=Grutter |first4=Alexandra S. |last5=Oliveira |first5=Rui F. |date=3 July 2012 |title=Arginine Vasotocin Regulation of Interspecific Cooperative Behaviour in a Cleaner Fish |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=7 |issue=7 |article-number=e39583 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0039583 |doi-access=free|pmc=3389009 }}</ref><ref name="Stummer_2005"/> Other fish that engage in such cleaning behavior include goby fish (''Elacatinus ''spp.)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soares |first1=M. C. |last2=Côté |first2=I. M. |last3=Cardoso |first3=S. C. |last4=Bshary |first4=R. |date=August 2008 |title=The cleaning goby mutualism: a system without punishment, partner switching or tactile stimulation |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/28974/files/Soares_Marta_C._-_The_cleaning_goby_mutualism_a_system_without_20120417.pdf |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=276 |issue=3 |pages=306–312 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00489.x}}</ref> The bluestreak cleaner wrasse is known to clean balaenopterids, chondrichthyans, homarids, octopodids, and dermochelyids.
<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed"> File:Cleaner wrasse with a client.JPG|With a client elongated surgeonfish at a cleaning station File:Giant Moray Eel getting cleaned.jpg|With a client giant moray eel File:Cleaner station komodo.jpg|With ''Priacanthus hamrur'' File:Labroides dimidiatus 452338000.jpg|With a sunset wrasse File:Labroides dimidiatus cleaning Acanthurus mata - Gijon Aquarium - 2015-07-02.webm|Video of ''L. dimidiatus'' cleaning the gills of an elongate surgeonfish </gallery>
In different regions, the bluestreak cleaner wrasse displays various degrees of dependency on clients' ectoparasites as a primary food source. In tidal environments such as the Great Barrier Reef, it is a facultative cleaner that feeds more on corals than on fish clientele.<ref name="Dunkley_2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Dunkley |first1=Katie |last2=Ward |first2=Ashley J. W. |last3=Perkins |first3=Sarah E. |last4=Cable |first4=Jo |date=March 2020 |title=To clean or not to clean: Cleaning mutualism breakdown in a tidal environment |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=3043–3054 |bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.3043D |doi=10.1002/ece3.6120 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=7083704 |pmid=32211175 |s2cid=214041635 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Juvenile bluestreak cleaners are seen to bite their clients more often than the adults within that region, thus changing the dynamic of the known mutualistic relationship.<ref name="Dunkley_2020" /> In regions where the bluestreak cleaners are solely dependent on clients' parasites, though, fish that have access to cleaning services have better body condition than those without access.<ref name="Ros_2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Ros |first1=Albert F.H. |last2=Lusa |first2=Jeanne |last3=Meyer |first3=Meghann |last4=Soares |first4=Marta |last5=Oliveira |first5=Rui F. |last6=Brossard |first6=Michel |last7=Bshary |first7=Redouan |date=January 2011 |title=Does access to the bluestreak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus affect indicators of stress and health in resident reef fishes in the Red Sea? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0018506X10002874 |journal=Hormones and Behavior |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=151–158 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.11.006 |hdl=10400.12/1245 |pmid=21087610 |s2cid=18666960 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> In the Marsa Bareika of the Ras Mohamed Nature Reserve, Egypt, the bluestreak cleaner wrasse live in specific sectors of the shallow reefs and are shown to rely on ectoparasites from species such as the brown surgeonfish and white belly damselfish.<ref name="Ros_2011" /> In this region, fish that visit cleaner wrasses have lower antibody responses than those without cleaner access, suggesting that cleaner access may decrease the need for active immunity.<ref name="Ros_2011" /> === Mimicry === [[Image:NiseKGP.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|''Aspidontus taeniatus,'' a sabretoothed blenny that mimics cleaner wrasses.]] Some fish mimic cleaner wrasses. For example, a species of blenny called ''Aspidontus taeniatus'' has evolved the same behavior to tear small pieces of flesh or skin from bigger fish rather than rid them of parasites. Another species, the bluestreak fangblenny, ''Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos'', mimics juvenile cleaner wrasse so its presence is tolerated by the cleaners, which is assumed to enable it to take advantage of the concentration of potential victims.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Magnus |last2=Hull |first2=Susan |year=2006 |title=Interactions between fangblennies (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos) and their potential victims: fooling the model rather than the client? |journal=Marine Biology |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=889–897 |bibcode=2006MarBi.148..889J |doi=10.1007/s00227-005-0118-y |s2cid=85772684}}</ref>
{{Clear|right}}<!-- not specific to this species ===Life history=== All cleaner wrasses start their lives as females. A group of six to eight cleaner wrasses contains only one male, as the rest are females or juveniles. When the male dies, the strongest female changes her sex, an occurrence known as sequential hermaphroditism.{{cn|date=October 2013}}Cleaner wrasses sleep in crevices between rocks or corals, covered in a slime layer they secrete at dusk and which can be seen floating on the surface in the morning. Cleaner wrasses live for about four years, and can grow to up to four inches.{{cn|date=October 2013}}
===Cooperation=== This food acquisition also serves to clean the "client" fish in a mutualistic relationship: both parties benefit from the interaction. This relationship requires trust between the related parties because the cleaner wrasse wants to eat the flesh and mucus of the client fish, since this would be of a greater short-term benefit to the cleaner wrasse. Engaging in this behavior is considered to be "cheating". Punishment by the client fish deters this behavior. After being bitten, the client will either chase or flee away from the cleaner wrasse. This punishment proves to be effective because cleaner wrasses are less likely to bite the client in future interactions.<ref>{{cite book |last=West |first=Nicholas B. Davies, John R. Krebs, Stuart A. |title=An introduction to behavioural ecology |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-1416-5 |edition=4th ed. |location=Oxford}}</ref> Cooperation increases in the presence of bystanders, especially those that are attractive food sources (large and highly parasitized). The cleaner wrasses were found to feed against their preferences and not cheat when doing so would allow them access to more future clients.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pinto |first=Ana |date=12 July 2011 |year=2011 |title=Cleaner Wrasses Labroides dimidiatus Are More Cooperative in the Presence of an Audience |journal=Current Biology |volume=21 |issue=13 |pages=1140–1144 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.021 |pmid=21700458 |coauthors=Jennifer Oates, Alexandra Grutter, Redouan Bshary}}</ref>
===Competition and cheating=== Competition and access to multiple partners leads to improved cleaning of clients by cleaner wrasses. When the client has the opportunity to switch cleaning partners, each interaction lasts longer. Thus there is a more extensive cleaning of the client. This does not mean that there is less cheating though. To limit the cheating of cleaner wrasses, a client with access to many partners may utilize many different strategies, such as punishment and pursuit. When cheated, the clients will aggressively pursue and chase the cleaner wrasses.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adam |first=Thomas C. |date=June 2010 |title=Competition encourages cooperation: client fish receive higher-quality service when cleaner fish compete |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=1183–1189 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.02.023}}</ref> Other clients will be able to see this chase and will know to avoid engaging with that specific cleaner wrasse in the future.
===Punishment=== To go along with the importance of attractive food sources, cleaner wrasses vary intensity of punishment of each other. Males punish females more extensively when similarly sized females cheat highly valued clients. Clients watch cleaning interactions between cleaner wrasses and other clients, so that they know which ones to avoid. Males and females clean in groups, so if one cheats the other pays the price as well. This is why males punish females through cheating in return, partner switching, or termination of partnership. The size of the female is important because punishment is passed down the dominance hierarchy, and there is little threat of retaliation by subordinates. The males are the most dominant and do not want females to overtake them to become males due to the hermaphroditic trait. Cheating by similarly sized females can lead to a decrease in size difference at which females change sex and become competitors to the males. This has been determined to be adaptive since females respond to become more cooperative after increased punishment. Punishment can be adjusted based on circumstances, and these subtleties have an important bearing on cooperative interaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Raihani |first=N. J. |date=15 June 2011 |title=Male cleaner wrasses adjust punishment of female partners according to the stakes |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=279 |issue=1727 |pages=365–370 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0690 |pmc=3223671 |pmid=21676980 |coauthors=Pinto, A. I.; Grutter, A. S.; Wismer, S.; Bshary, R.}}</ref>-->
== Reproduction == thumb|Courtship Cleaner wrasse males defend specific living territories from other males in which they are able to have control over the females in those territories. When the dominant male no longer exists in that territory, one of the larger females is able to change sexes to take control over that territory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuwamura |first1=Tetsuo |last2=Tanaka |first2=Naomi |last3=Nakashima |first3=Yasuhiro |last4=Karino |first4=Kenji |last5=Sakai |first5=Yoichi |date=May 2002 |title=Reversed Sex-Change in the Protogynous Reef Fish Labroides dimidiatus |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2002.00791.x |journal=Ethology |language=en |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0310.2002.00791.x |bibcode=2002Ethol.108..443K |issn=0179-1613|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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== References == {{Reflist}}
== Further reading == {{Refbegin}} *Meulengracht-Madsen, Jens: (1976) ''Akvariefisk i farger'', J.W. Cappelens forlag AS *[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=5459&genusname=Labroides&speciesname=dimidiatus ''Labroides dimidiatus'' at FishBase] {{Refend}}
== External links == * {{Wikispecies-inline|Labroides dimidiatus}} * {{Commons-inline}} * {{sealifephotos|219014}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2000165}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse}} Bluestreak cleaner wrasse Category:Fish described in 1839 Category:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes Category:Articles containing video clips