{{Short description|Federal holiday in the United States}}{{Use American English|date=September 2017}} {{About|the American holiday|the similarly-named holiday in other countries|Labour Day|other uses}} {{Pp-pc1}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox holiday |type = secular |holiday_name = Labor Day |observedby = United States |image = First United States Labor Day Parade, September 5, 1882 in New York City.jpg |caption = Labor Day Parade in [[New York City|New York's]] [[Union Square, Manhattan|Union Square]], 1882 |date = First Monday in September |longtype = National |week_ordinal = first |weekday = Monday |month = September |duration = 1 day |scheduling = nth weekday of the month <!-- infobox has built-in date calculator ---> |frequency = Annual |celebrations = [[Parade]]s, food of different [[cultures]] and [[barbecue]]s. |relatedto = [[Labour Day]] |significance = }}
'''Labor Day''' is a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday in the United States]] celebrated on the first Monday of September to honor and recognize the [[Labor history of the United States|American labor movement]] and the works and contributions of [[Workforce|laborers]] to the development and achievements in the [[United States]].<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, [https://www.dol.gov/general/laborday/history-daze "Labor Daze – Pride, Chaos and Kegs on Labor's First 'Day'"]</ref><ref name="labor dept"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Labor Day 2020 |url=https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/labor-day-1 |website=History.com |date=April 13, 2010 |publisher=A&E Television Networks |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
Beginning in the late 19th century, as the [[trade union]] and [[labor movement]]s grew, trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor. "Labor Day" was promoted by the [[Central Labor Union]] and the [[Knights of Labor]], which organized the first parade in [[New York City]]. By the time it became an official [[federal holiday]] in 1894, thirty [[U.S. state|states in the U.S.]] officially celebrated Labor Day.<ref name="Bridgemens1921"/>
[[Labour Day (Canada)|Canada's Labour Day]] is also celebrated on the first Monday of September. More than 150 other countries celebrate [[International Workers' Day]] on May 1, the European holiday of [[May Day]]. May Day was chosen by the [[Second International]] of [[socialist]] and [[communist]] parties to commemorate the general [[Strike action|labor strike]] in the United States and events leading to the [[Haymarket affair]], which occurred in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], from May 1 – May 4, 1886.<ref>[[Philip S. Foner]] (1986). ''May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886–1986.'' New York: International Publishers. pp. 41–43. {{ISBN|0-7178-0624-3}}.</ref><ref>Rothman, Lily (May 1, 2017). "The Bloody Story of How May Day Became a Holiday for Workers". ''Time.'' Retrieved 2018-03-18.</ref>
==History== ===Origin=== [[File:Peter-j-mcguire.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[P. J. McGuire]], Vice President of the [[American Federation of Labor]], is frequently credited as the father of Labor Day in the United States.]]
Beginning in the late 19th century, as the [[trade union]] and [[labor movement]]s grew, diverse groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor. In the United States, a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the early 1880s.
Alternative accounts of the event's origin exist. Descendants of two men with similar last names claim their great-grandfather was the true father of the holiday.<ref name=":1" />
According to one early history of Labor Day, the event originated in connection with a General Assembly of the [[Knights of Labor]] convened in New York City in September 1882.<ref name=CinciTrib>{{cite news |title=Origin of Labor Day |work=Cincinnati Tribune |date=September 1, 1895 |edition=Special Labor Day supplement |page=26 }}</ref> In connection with this clandestine Knights assembly, a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the [[Central Labor Union]] (CLU) of New York.<ref name=CinciTrib /> Secretary of the CLU [[Matthew Maguire (labor activist)|Matthew Maguire]] is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration.<ref name="labor dept">{{cite web |url=https://www.dol.gov/general/laborday/history |publisher=[[United States Department of Labor]] |title=The History of Labor Day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925162056/https://www.dol.gov/general/laborday/history |archive-date=September 25, 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=November 3, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/05/us/labor-day-founder.html |title=McGuire or Maguire? A Tussle Over Who Founded Labor Day |first=Jenny |last=Gross |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 6, 2020 }}</ref>
An alternative theory maintains that the idea of Labor Day was the brainchild of [[Peter J. McGuire]], a vice president of the [[Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions]], which was a predecessor of the [[American Federation of Labor]]. After a visit to [[Toronto]] where he saw parades celebrating labor that May,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |publisher=[[Carpenters' District Council of Ontario]] |url=https://thecarpentersunion.ca/history/ |access-date=2020-09-08 |language=en-CA |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831012008/https://thecarpentersunion.ca/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-03 |title=Labour day – a holiday born in Canada |url=https://canadianlabour.ca/labour-day-a-holiday-born-in-canada/ |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=[[Canadian Labour Congress]] |language=en-US }}</ref> he put forward the initial proposal in spring 1882.<ref name="Bridgemens1921">{{cite book |title=The Bridgemen's magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443 |access-date=September 4, 2011 |year=1921 |publisher=[[International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers]] |pages=443–444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009062557/http://books.google.com/books?id=bIFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443 |archive-date=October 9, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> According to McGuire, on May 8, 1882, he made a proposition to the fledgling Central Labor Union in New York City that a day be set aside for a "general holiday for the laboring classes".<ref name="McGuire">{{cite news |first=P.J. |last=McGuire |author-link=Peter J. McGuire |title=Labor Day – Its Birth and Significance |work=The Union Agent |location=Kentucky |volume=3 |issue=9 |date=September 1898 |page=1 }}</ref> According to McGuire he further recommended that the event should begin with a street parade as a public demonstration of organized labor's solidarity and strength, with the march followed by a picnic, to which participating local unions could sell tickets as a fundraiser.<ref name=McGuire /> According to McGuire he suggested the first Monday in September as an ideal date for such a public celebration, owing to optimum weather and the date's place on the calendar, sitting midway between the [[Fourth of July]] and [[Thanksgiving]] public holidays.<ref name=McGuire />
Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKeever |first=Amy |date=2020-09-04 |title=Labor Day's surprisingly radical origins |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/holidays/history-labor-day/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907150911/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/holidays/history-labor-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref>
In 1909, the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as "Labor Sunday", to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.<ref name="labor dept" /> This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture, although some churches continue to acknowledge it.<ref name="Mental Floss">{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Hannah |date=2019-08-05 |title=8 Facts About Labor Day |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/591320/8-facts-about-labor-day |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=Mental Floss |language=en}}</ref>
===Legal recognition=== The popularity of the event spread across the country. In 1887, [[Oregon]] became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official [[public holiday]]. By 1894, thirty [[U.S. states]] were already officially celebrating Labor Day. In that year, shortly after the [[Pullman Strike]], the [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed a bill recognizing the first Monday of September as Labor Day and making it an official [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]. President [[Grover Cleveland]] signed the bill into law on June 28.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Public Acts of the Fifty-Third Congress of the United States |journal=United States Statutes at Large |date=1894 |volume=28 |page=96 |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/53rd-congress/session-2/c53s2ch118.pdf |access-date=September 4, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Bridgemens1921" /> The federal law, however, only made it a holiday for federal workers. As late as the 1930s, unions were encouraging workers to strike to make sure they got the day off.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zagorsky |first1=Jay |title=Have we forgotten the true meaning of Labor Day? |url=https://theconversation.com/have-we-forgotten-the-true-meaning-of-labor-day-64526 |access-date=1 September 2019 |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=29 August 2017 |ref=Zagorsky}}</ref> All U.S. states, the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], and the [[Territories of the United States|United States territories]] have subsequently made Labor Day a statutory holiday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=The History of Labor Day |work=UAW |url=https://uaw.org/history-labor-day/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |publisher=[[United Auto Workers]] |via=[[Internet Archive]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917012341/https://uaw.org/history-labor-day/ |archive-date=September 17, 2023 |language=en-US }}</ref>
==Labor Day versus May Day== [[File:Labor Day parade on Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. LCCN2017645684 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|Labor Day parade on Pennsylvania Avenue in [[Washington, D.C.]], {{Circa|1894|lk=no}}]]
The date of May 1 (an ancient European folk holiday known as [[May Day]]) emerged in 1886 as a holiday for the celebration of labor, later becoming known as [[International Workers' Day]]. The date had its origins at the 1885 convention of the American Federation of Labor, which passed a resolution calling for adoption of the [[eight-hour day]] effective May 1, 1886. While negotiation was envisioned for achievement of the shortened work day, use of the strike to enforce this demand was recognized, with May 1 advocated as a date for coordinated strike action.<ref name="Foner19">Philip S. Foner, ''May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday.'' New York: International Publishers, 1986; p. 19.</ref> In Chicago, that strike culminated in the bloody [[Haymarket affair]] of May 4, 1886.<ref name="Mental Floss" />
There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be, with some advocating for continued emphasis of the September march-and-picnic date while others sought the designation of the more politically charged date of May 1. Conservative [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] President [[Grover Cleveland]] was one of those concerned that a labor holiday on May 1 would tend to become a commemoration of the [[Haymarket affair]] and would strengthen [[Socialism in the United States|socialist]] and [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchist]] movements that backed the May 1 commemoration around the globe.<ref> Sally Kohn (September 1, 2014). [https://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/01/opinion/kohn-labor-day/ Why Labor Day was a political move]. ''[[CNN]].'' Retrieved August 3, 2018.</ref> In 1887, he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday as a less inflammatory alternative,<ref name="progressive">{{cite web |title = Knights of Labor |date = September 3, 2007 |website = Progressive Historians |url = http://progressivehistorians.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=2041 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930082656/http://progressivehistorians.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=2041 |archive-date = September 30, 2007 }}</ref> formally adopting the date as a United States federal holiday through a law that he signed in 1894.<ref name="labor dept" />
Since the mid-1950s, the United States has celebrated [[Loyalty Day]] and [[Law Day (United States)|Law Day]] on May 1. Unlike Labor Day, neither are legal public holidays (in that government agencies and most businesses do not shut down to celebrate them) and therefore have remained relatively obscure. Loyalty Day is formally celebrated in a few cities, while some [[bar association]]s hold Law Day events to celebrate the [[rule of law]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Office of the Federal Register |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |url={{google books|PTA5AAAAIAAJ|page=42|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |date=1967 |pages=42–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Law Day |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/law-day/history-of-law-day/ |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=[[American Bar Association]] |language=en}}</ref>
==Unofficial end of summer== Labor Day is called the "unofficial end of summer"<ref>{{cite news |first = Martin |last = Weil |date = 31 August 2019 |title = Labor Day weekend brings summer to an unofficial close |newspaper =[[The Washington Post]] |url = http://origin.wbir.com/news/article/286875/0/Labor-Day-marks-unofficial-end-of-rainy-summer }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> because it marks the end of the [[United States of America|U.S.]] culture's nominal summer season. Of the 7% of Americans who take two-week vacations, many take their [[vacation]]s during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend.<ref>"Vacations - 2024" survey by AYTM. https://aytm.com/surveys/698670/stat/f374e5d919bc96fd19e9d44e3e9fd20a#charts</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labor Day: The last (and best) chance for a summer vacation |date=2019-08-31 |df=dmy-all |newspaper =[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/labor-day-weekend-brings-summer-to-an-unofficial-close/2019/08/31/718e1a52-cc4f-11e9-a4f3-c081a126de70_story.html }}</ref> Many fall activities, such as school and sports (particularly [[American football|football]]), begin about this time.
In the United States, many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend (see [[First day of school]]). Some begin the week before, making Labor Day weekend the first three-day weekend of the school calendar, while others begin the Tuesday following Labor Day. Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day.<ref name=CharlesSenter2008>{{cite book |last1 = Charles |first1 = C.M. |last2 = Senter |first2 = Gail W. |year = 2008 |title = Elementary Classroom Management |publisher = Pearson / Allyn and Bacon |isbn = 978-0-205-51071-9 |page = 20 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UcRKAAAAYAAJ |access-date = September 4, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140107144015/http://books.google.com/books?id=UcRKAAAAYAAJ |archive-date = January 7, 2014 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
In the U.S. state of [[Virginia]], the [[amusement park]] industry successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day, in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state. The relevant statute has been nicknamed the "[[Kings Dominion]] law" after one such park.<ref>{{cite news |last = Freed |first = Benjamin |date = August 25, 2014 |title = "Kings Dominion law" still reigns in Virginia |magazine = [[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian Magazine]] |url = https://washingtonian.com/2014/08/25/kings-dominion-law-still-reigns-in-virginia/ |access-date = September 5, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160913181141/https://www.washingtonian.com/2014/08/25/kings-dominion-law-still-reigns-in-virginia/ |archive-date = September 13, 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> This law was repealed in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Max |date=March 21, 2019 |title=With repeal of 'Kings Dominion' law, VA schools can now start before Labor Day |website=WTOP News |url=https://wtop.com/virginia/2019/03/kings-dominion-law-repeal-means-virginia-schools-can-start-earlier/|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>
In the U.S. state of [[Minnesota]], the [[Minnesota State Fair|State Fair]] ends on Labor Day. Under state law, public schools normally do not begin until after the holiday. One reason given for this timing was to allow time for schoolchildren to show [[4-H]] projects at the Fair.<ref>{{cite web |title = Commonly asked questions |website = mpls.k12.mn.us |url = http://www.mpls.k12.mn.us/commonly_asked_questions |access-date = November 27, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904112846/http://www.mpls.k12.mn.us/commonly_asked_questions |archive-date = September 4, 2017 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
In U.S. sports, Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports. [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) teams usually play their first games that weekend,<ref>{{cite web |last=Kirshner |first=Alex |date=2017-09-03 |df=dmy-all |title=Why CFB's week 1 became a Thursday-to-Monday event |url=https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2017/9/3/16135686/thursday-fridaysunday-monday-games-week-1-2018 |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=SBNation.com |lang=en}}</ref> and the [[National Football League]] (NFL) traditionally play their [[NFL Kickoff Game|kickoff game]] the Thursday following Labor Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kickoff game now a national event |website=FOX Sports |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/nfl/kickoff-game-now-a-national-event |access-date=2020-09-06 |lang=en-US}}</ref> The [[Southern 500]] [[NASCAR]] auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at [[Darlington Raceway]] in [[Darlington, South Carolina]] from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportingnews.com/nascar/story/2014-08-22/sprint-cup-schedule-2015-darlington-labor-day-weekend-date-bristol-race-atlanta |title=Sprint Cup schedule: Darlington gets Labor Day weekend back, Bristol moves spring race to April |last=Pockrass |first=Bob |date=August 22, 2014 |website=[[Sporting News]] |access-date=2014-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826224615/http://www.sportingnews.com/nascar/story/2014-08-22/sprint-cup-schedule-2015-darlington-labor-day-weekend-date-bristol-race-atlanta|archive-date=August 26, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> At [[Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis|Indianapolis Raceway Park]], the [[National Hot Rod Association]] hold their finals of the [[NHRA U.S. Nationals]] drag race that weekend.<ref>{{cite web |title=NHRA U.S. Nationals |website=[[Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis|Lucas Oil Raceway]] |url=https://lucasoilraceway.com/nhra-u-s-nationals/ |access-date=2021-09-05 }}</ref> Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the [[US Open (tennis)|U.S. Open tennis championships]], held in [[Flushing Meadows]], New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Open tennis championship |website=City of New York |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/events/us-open-tennis-championship/261521/12 |access-date=2020-09-06}}</ref>
In the fashion world, Labor Day was once considered the last day it was acceptable to wear white<ref>{{cite news |last = FitzPatrick |first = Laura |date = September 8, 2009 |title = Why we can't wear white after Labor Day |magazine = [[Time Magazine]] |url = http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1920684,00.html |access-date = February 25, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110303043411/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1920684,00.html |archive-date = March 3, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> or [[seersucker]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Bell |first = Johnathan |date = May 9, 2011 |title = An introduction to seersucker for men |website = Guy Style Guide |url = http://www.guystyleguide.com/2011/05/an-intro-to-seersucker-for-men/ |access-date = May 2, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120419213127/http://www.guystyleguide.com/2011/05/an-intro-to-seersucker-for-men/ |archive-date = April 19, 2012 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last = O'Brien |first = Glenn |date = December 15, 2000 |title = Daytime wedding after Labor Day: Is it okay to wear a light beige suit to a daytime wedding after Labor Day? |magazine = [[GQ (magazine)|GQ Magazine]] |department = The Style Guy |url = https://www.gq.com/style/style-guy/suiting/200012/light-beige-labor-day |access-date = May 2, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120131175847/http://www.gq.com/style/style-guy/suiting/200012/light-beige-labor-day |archive-date = January 31, 2012 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> The source of the tradition lies in part with the migration of wealthy 19th century New Yorkers back from their summer-home [[Newport Mansions]] and accompanying change back from summer clothes.<ref name="NPR">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/28/nx-s1-4982821/fashionistas-get-ready-its-safe-to-break-out-the-white-clothing |title=Fashionistas get ready: It's safe to break out the white clothing. |date=May 28, 2024 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> The traditional last day to wear [[straw hat]]s moved from around Labor Day (September 1) to September 15. In 1922, the [[Straw Hat Riot]] broke out due to gangs snatching the hats of men violating this rule in New York City. The unofficial beginning of summer, and the summer fashion season in the United States, is [[Memorial Day]]. In the 2020s, some people have approved of wearing white year-round.<ref name="NPR" />
There are numerous events and activities organized in major cities. For example, New York offers the [[Labor Day Carnival]], and fireworks over Coney Island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labor Day weekend |website=rove.me |date=August 11, 2023 |url=https://rove.me/to/new-york/labor-day-weekend}}</ref> In Washington, one popular event is the Labor Day Concert at the U.S. Capitol featuring the [[National Symphony Orchestra]] with free attendance.<ref>{{cite web |title=20+ ways to celebrate Labor Day weekend in Washington, DC |website=Destination DC |url=https://washington.org/visit-dc/ways-celebrate-labor-day-weekend-washington-dc}}</ref>
==Observance dates (1971–2037)==
{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="13" | Year || Labor Day |- | || || 1981 || 1987 || 1992 || 1998 || || 2009 || 2015 || 2020 || 2026 || || 2037 || September 7 (week 37) |- | 1971 || 1976 || 1982 || || 1993 || 1999 || 2004 || 2010 || || 2021 || 2027 || 2032 || || September 6 (common year week 36, leap year week 37) |- | || 1977 || 1983 || 1988 || 1994 || || 2005 || 2011 || 2016 || 2022 || || 2033 || || September 5 (week 36) |- | 1972 || 1978 || || 1989 || 1995 || 2000 || 2006 || || 2017 || 2023 || 2028 || 2034 || || September 4 (week 36) |- | 1973 || 1979 || 1984 || 1990 || || 2001 || 2007 || 2012 || 2018 || || 2029 || 2035 || || September 3 (week 36) |- | 1974 || || 1985 || 1991 || 1996 || 2002 || || 2013 || 2019 || 2024 || 2030 || || || September 2 (week 36) |- | 1975 || 1980 || 1986 || || 1997 || 2003 || 2008 || 2014 || || 2025 || 2031 || 2036 || || September 1 (week 36) |}
==Labor Day sales== [[File:Back-to-school sale at Wal-Mart, Newburgh, NY.jpg|thumb|A back-to-school sale at a [[Walmart]]]] To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop, Labor Day has become an important weekend for [[discounts and allowances]] by many retailers in the United States, especially for [[Back to school (marketing)|back-to-school sales]]. Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year, second only to the Christmas season's [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Labor Day Intention Still Holds Meaning |url = http://www.tri-parishtimes.com/opinion/our_view/article_36a691dc-f2ed-11e1-87ab-0019bb2963f4.html |access-date = August 31, 2012 |newspaper = Tri Parish Times |date = August 30, 2012 |archive-date = December 16, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191216170344/http://www.tri-parishtimes.com/opinion/our_view/article_36a691dc-f2ed-11e1-87ab-0019bb2963f4.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>
==See also== * [[Labor unions in the United States]] * {{anl|United States labor law}} * [[Workers' Memorial Day]]
==References== {{reflist|25em}}
==General and cited references== * {{Cite book |last=Green |first=James |year=2007 |title=Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America |location=New York |publisher=Anchor Books |isbn=978-1-4000-3322-5 |oclc=494649024 |ref=Death}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Labor Day in the United States}} * [http://www.tomchristopher.com/?op=home/Comic%20History/Labor%20Day%20and%20Labor-Related%20Comics History of Labor Day, History of Artists and Writers Unions, Rare Labor Related Comic Books] * [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/09/labor-day-may-first-american-labor-movement-haymarket/ "Labor Day is May 1: Today is a boss's holiday"]. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]''. September 7, 2015. * [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/09/labor-day-may-day-cleveland-debs-strikes-pullman/ "Today Belongs to Workers"]. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]''. September 5, 2016. * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Labor Day|short=x}}
{{US Federal Holidays}} {{US Holidays}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:1882 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Federal holidays in the United States]] [[Category:Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)]] [[Category:Labor in the United States|Day]] [[Category:Labour days]] [[Category:Monday observances]] [[Category:Public holidays in the United States]] [[Category:Recurring events established in 1882]] [[Category:September observances]] [[Category:Summer in the United States]] [[Category:United States flag flying days]]