La Défense

{{Short description|Business district in Île-de-France, France}} {{about||the sculpture by Auguste Rodin|La Defense (sculpture)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = La Défense | type = Central business district | image_skyline = La Défense Collage.jpg | imagesize = 280px | image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': La Défense skyline at night; La Défense station; Esplanade with Grande Arche; ''La Défense de Paris'' | image_flag = | flag_size = 100px | image_shield = | shield_size = 100px | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type =  | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | image_map = | mapsize = 200px | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Paris#France | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = France | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = Île-de-France | subdivision_type2 = Department | subdivision_name2 = Hauts-de-Seine | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | parts_type = Communes | parts_style = | parts = | p1 = Courbevoie | p2 = La Garenne-Colombes | p3 = Nanterre | p4 = Puteaux | unit_pref =  | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 5.6 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | population_as_of = 2022 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 50,000<ref name="Key figures">{{cite web |url=https://parisladefense.com/en/territory-strategy/key-figures |title=Key figures |website=ParisLaDefense.com |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = | population_metro = | population_urban = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | timezone = CET | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = CEST | utc_offset_DST = +2 | coordinates = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 92 | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | blank2_name = | blank2_info = | website = {{URL|https://parisladefense.com}} | footnotes = }}

'''La Défense''' ({{IPA|fr|la de.fɑ̃s|lang}}) is a major business district in France's Paris metropolitan area, {{Convert|3|km|mi}} west of the city limits. It is located in Île-de-France region's department of Hauts-de-Seine in the communes of Courbevoie, La Garenne-Colombes, Nanterre, and Puteaux.

La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district, covering {{convert|560|ha}}, for 180,000 daily workers,<ref name="Key figures"/><ref name="VilleCourbevoie">{{Cite web |title=La Défense, Tout sur ce quartier d'exception |url=https://www.ville-courbevoie.fr/1469/la-defense-le-1er-quartier-d-affaire-europeen.htm |publisher=Ville de Courbevoie |access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref> with 72 glass and steel buildings (of which 20 are completed skyscrapers, out of 24 in the Paris region), and {{convert|3500000|m2}} of office space. Around its Grande Arche and esplanade ({{ill|Parvis de la Défense|fr|lt=''le Parvis''}}), La Défense contains many of the Paris urban area's tallest high-rises. Westfield Les Quatre Temps, a large shopping mall in La Défense, has 220 stores, 48 restaurants and a 24-screen movie theatre.<ref name="ParisDigest">{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=La Défense near Paris. Shopping. Map. |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/business/ladefense.htm |access-date=2018-10-19 |publisher=Paris Digest}}</ref>

Paris La Défense Arena, the largest indoor arena in Europe, was inaugurated in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://parisladefense.com/en/discover/towers/paris-la-defense-arena |title=Paris La Défense Arena, Europe's largest indoor arena |date=2 March 2019 |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>

The district is located at the westernmost extremity of the {{Convert|10|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} ''Axe historique'' ("historical axis") of Paris, which starts at the Louvre in Central Paris and continues along the Champs-Élysées, well beyond the Arc de Triomphe along the Avenue de la Grande Armée before culminating at La Défense. The district is centred in an orbital motorway straddling the Hauts-de-Seine department communes of Courbevoie, La Garenne-Colombes, Nanterre and Puteaux. La Défense is primarily a business district and hosts a population of 50,000 permanent residents and 75,000 students.<ref name="Key figures"/><ref name=VilleCourbevoie /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fallon |first=Steve |title=Paris |last2=Annabel Hart |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2006 |isbn=1-74059-849-0 |location=Footscray, Victoria |page=155}}</ref> La Défense is also visited by 8,000,000 tourists each year<ref name=VilleCourbevoie /> and houses an open-air museum.<ref name="Open-air museum" />

==History== [[File:La Grande Arche de la Défense and the Yaacov Agam Fountain (1977).jpg|thumb|290px|La Grande Arche de la Défense and the Yaacov Agam Fountain (1977). The bronze sculpture on the left, seen from the rear, is ''La Défense de Paris'' by Louis-Ernest Barrias, after which La Défense is named.]] [[File:Eiffel Tower and La Défense from Tour Montparnasse.jpg|thumb|290px|Paris, with the skyscrapers of La Défense in the background and the Eiffel Tower in the foreground taken in 2023]] [[File:Grande Arche de La Défense et fontaine.jpg|thumb|290px|The Grande Arche is the central and defining building of ''La Défense''. It is, with the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile and the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, the third arch on the Historical Axis of Paris.]] La Défense takes its name from the statue ''La Défense de Paris'' by Louis-Ernest Barrias, which was erected in 1883<ref>{{cite web |title=La Défense de Paris |url=https://www.parisladefense.com/fr/territoire/oeuvres-art/defense-paris |access-date=2026-03-19 |publisher=Paris La Défense}}</ref> to commemorate the soldiers who defended Paris during the Franco-Prussian War.

In September 1958, the {{ill|Établissement public pour l'aménagement de la région de la Défense|lt=Public Establishment for Installation of La Défense|fr}} (EPAD) buildings (of which the Esso Tower was the first) were constructed and began to slowly replace the city's factories, shanties, and even a few farms. The Centre of New Industries and Technologies (CNIT) was built and first used in 1958. These "first generation" skyscrapers were all very similar in appearance, limited to a height of {{convert|100|m|ft}}. In 1966, the Nobel Tower was the first office skyscraper built in the area. In 1970, the RER line A railway was opened from La Défense to Étoile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait of the RER A |url=https://www.ratp.fr/en/travaux-ete-rer/portrait-rer |access-date=2018-01-31 |publisher=RATP}}</ref> In 1974, a contract for a Défense-Cergy high-speed hovercraft train was signed and soon abandoned.

In the early 1970s, in response to great demand, a second generation of buildings began to appear, but the economic crisis in 1973 nearly halted all construction in the area. A third generation of towers began to appear in the early 1980s. The biggest shopping centre in Europe (at the time), the ''Quatre Temps'', was created in 1981. In 1982, the EPAD launched the ''Tête Défense'' competition to find a monument to complete the ''Axe historique'', which eventually led to the construction of Grande Arche at the west end of the quarter. During the same period, hotels were constructed, the CNIT was restructured, and in 1992, Line 1 of the Paris Métro was extended to La Défense, which made the area readily accessible to more of the city.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

On Bastille Day 1990, French electronic composer Jean-Michel Jarre staged an ambitious concert at the site, using the Grande Arche and three of the area's towers as projection screens, and building a pyramidal stage above the road. The free concert, titled Paris la Défense, attracted two million spectators, stretching all the way back to the Arc de Triomphe. This beat Jarre's own previous world record for the largest attendance for a musical concert. After Jean Michel Jarre, German DJ Sash! and the singer La Trec set the video clip for their song ''Stay'' at La Défense in 1997.

After a stagnation in new development in the mid-1990s, La Défense is once again expanding and is now the largest purpose-built business district in Europe.

Major corporations headquartered at La Défense include Neuf Cegetel, Société Générale, TotalEnergies, Aventis, Areva, and Arcelor. The tallest skyscraper, the Tour First belongs to AXA, constructed in 1974. It is {{convert|231|m|ft}} high, has 50 floors, and is the highest inhabited building in the Paris area. This title was previously held by the Tour Montparnasse, which was the tallest inhabited building until the Tour First was renovated between 2007 and 2011, bringing it to its current height from a previous {{convert|159|m|ft}}; the tallest structure in Paris is the Eiffel Tower.

On 9 September 2008, La Défense celebrated its 50th anniversary with a huge fireworks display.<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/francefr/articles/105/article_72229.asp "La Défense : 50 ans d'histoire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119074805/http://www.rfi.fr/francefr/articles/105/article_72229.asp |date=19 January 2017 }} 9 November 2008, Danielle Birck {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

In December 2005, {{ill|Bernard Bled|fr|Bernard Bled}}, CEO and chairman of EPAD (La Defense Management and Development Office) announced an ambitious nine-year development plan called {{ill|La Defense 2006–2015|fr|Projet La Défense 2015|lt="La Defense 2006–2015"}}. This important modernisation plan has to give a new dimension to the district and focuses on four main axes: regenerate outdated skyscrapers, allow new buildings, improve the balance between offices and residential housing, and make the transport of local employees from their homes to La Défense easier. There are three aims: building {{convert|150000|m2|ft2}} of offices within demolition/rebuilding projects, building {{convert|300000|m2|ft2}} of offices within new projects, and building {{convert|100000|m2|ft2}} of housing.

In July 2006, the government confirmed this plan, which has to be carried out around 2015. It is justified by the strong estate pressure, which plays in favour of building new skyscrapers near Paris. Those constructions have the advantage of being more economical than small buildings. But it will have to overcome some difficulties: the French economy faced a short-term slowdown;{{when|date=July 2024}} the government is trying to balance tertiary sector employment in the whole region again, because today La Défense concentrates a major part of those jobs; and traffic is already saturated in the district, while it would need huge investments to extend transport infrastructures.

It launched high-profile international competitions and/or construction approval of several key {{convert|300|to|320|m|ft|adj=on}} tall sustainable development-style skyscrapers such as Tour Signal, Tour Phare, Hermitage Plaza, and Tour Generali. During said December 2005 Press Conference, EPAD released to the public an elaborate 3D animation film titled ''La Défense 2016''.

thumb|center|1000px|{{center|The district at night}}

== Education == Paris La Défense brings together the cluster of Leonardo da Vinci University Center, the IA Institut,<ref>[https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/ia-institut-s-apprete-a-devenir-un-pole-d-enseignement-de-reference-autour-des-datas-et-de-l-ia.N2188493 IA Institut s'apprête à devenir un pôle d'enseignement de référence autour des datas et de l'IA]</ref> a campus of EPITA<ref>[https://www.lemondeinformatique.fr/actualites/lire-le-ministere-des-armees-recrute-des-profils-cyber-a-l-epita-91780.html Le ministère des Armées recrute des profils cyber à l'Epita]</ref> and 4 business schools: EDC Paris Business School, ESSEC Business School, ICN Graduate Business School and IESEG School of Management.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://parisladefense.com/fr/download/kiosque/Guides_thematiques/etudier_a_paris_la_defense/etudier_a_paris_la_defense/assets/common/downloads/files/etudier_a_paris_la_defense.pdf |title=ÉTUDIER |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118190757/https://parisladefense.com/fr/download/kiosque/Guides_thematiques/etudier_a_paris_la_defense/etudier_a_paris_la_defense/assets/common/downloads/files/etudier_a_paris_la_defense.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is also home to the European School of Paris-La Défense, an international primary and secondary school that was accredited as a European School in 2020.

==Area specifications== * Divided into 4 major sectors<ref name="Key figures"/> * {{convert|1400|acre|km2}}<ref name="Key figures"/> * {{convert|3500000|m2|sqft}} of offices<ref name="Key figures"/> * {{convert|310000|m2|sqft}} of flagstone and sidewalk<ref name="Key figures"/> * {{convert|245000|m2|sqft}} of shops (including the {{convert|140000|m2|sqft}} ''Westfield Les Quatre Temps'' Shopping Mall)<ref name="Key figures"/> * {{convert|110000|m2|sqft}} of greenery<ref name="Key figures"/> * 180,000 employees<ref name="Key figures"/> * 70,000 students<ref name="Key figures"/> * 50,000 residents<ref name="Key figures"/> * 2,600 hotel rooms<ref name="Key figures"/> * 1,500 businesses<ref name="Key figures"/> * 500+ companies<ref name="Key figures"/> * 150 restaurants<ref name="Key figures"/> * 61 skyscrapers, 76m (250 ft) average building height<ref name="Key figures"/>

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4"> File:Monument Défense Paris - Courbevoie (FR92) - 2023-09-16 - 1.jpg|The name of the district comes from the statue of ''La Défense de Paris'' by Louis-Ernest Barrias which commemorates the Parisian resistance during the Franco-Prussian War. File:La Défense, Paris, France at night.jpg|View from Arc de Triomphe at night. File:La Défense viewed from Eiffel Tower.jpg|View from Eiffel Tower. File:Centre commercial Les Quatre Temps.jpg|The Mall "Westfield Les Quatre Temps", one of Europe's largest shopping centers. File:Skylight tower - La Défense - 2017-09-23.jpg|Skylight tower. File:Western part of La Défense as seen from the Grande Arche - 2020-07-07.jpg|Western part of La Défense as seen from the Grande Arche. File:La Défense from the top of the Grande Arche to the east - 2022-08-13.jpg|La Défense from the top of the Grande Arche. </gallery>

==Open-air museum== Besides the representative architecture, the area also houses an open-air museum with 70 statues and pieces of modern art,<ref name="Open-air museum">''[http://www.ladefense.fr/fr/kiosque/guide-oeuvres-en La Défense > Artworks: Guide 2013]''. Leaflet published by Defacto, Établissement public de gestion du quartier d'affaires de la Défense.</ref> including the following works:

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}} *César, ''Thumb'' (1965) *Joan Miró, ''Two fantastic characters'' (1976) *Alexander Calder, ''Red Spider'' (1976) *Yaacov Agam, ''Fountain'' (1977) *Richard Serra, ''Slat'' (1982) *Shelomo Selinger, ''The Dance'' (1983) *Bernar Venet, ''Two Indeterminate Lines'' (1988) *Takis, ''Bright Trees'' (1990) *Igor Mitoraj, ''Tindaro'' (1997) *Emily Young, ''Four Heads'' (2002) *Patrick Blanc, ''Green wall'' (2006) *Louis-Ernest Barrias, ''La Défense de Paris'' (1883) *François Morellet, ''La Défonce'' (1990)<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Défonce | Defacto – Quartier d'affaires de la Defense |url=http://www.ladefense.fr/en/oeuvres-d-art/la-defonce |access-date=2016-02-20 |website=Ladefense.fr}}</ref> *Guillaume Bottazzi, ''Peinture de 216 m2'' (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-30 |title=Une oeuvre géante de Guillaume Bottazzi à La Défense | Defacto – Quartier d'affaires de la Defense |url=http://www.ladefense.fr/en/une-oeuvre-geante-de-guillaume-bottazzi-la-defense |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311172128/http://www.ladefense.fr/en/une-oeuvre-geante-de-guillaume-bottazzi-la-defense |archive-date=11 March 2016 |access-date=2016-02-20 |website=Ladefense.fr}}</ref> {{div col end}}

<gallery widths="150" heights="150" perrow="4" mode="packed"> File:Bottazzi-public-art-la-defense-france.jpg|Guillaume Bottazzi, ''Untitled'', c. 2014 </gallery>

==Highrise buildings== <gallery widths="150" heights="180" perrow="5" mode="packed"> File:Tour First - La Defense - Inauguration 6 mai 2011.jpg|Tour First File:Tour-Total.jpg|Tour Total File:Areva1.jpg|Tour Areva File:Tour Trinity La Défense France.jpg|Tour Trinity File:Tour Eria, Paris La Défense.jpg|Tour Eria File:Tour Pacific, Paris La Défense.jpg|Tour Pacific </gallery>

===Completed highrise buildings above 50 m (164 ft) (1967–2025)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" | '''Name''' || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Built''' || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Use''' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Height''' || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Levels''' || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Municipality''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="width:45px;" | '''metres''' || style="width:45px; text-align:center;" | '''feet''' |- | The Link || 2025 || office || 242 || 794 || 52 || Puteaux |- | Tour First (formerly tour AXA) || 1974/2011 || office || 231 || 758 || 52 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Hekla || 2022 || office || 220 || 722 || 51 || Puteaux |- | Tour Majunga || 2014 || office || 194 || 636 || 47 || Puteaux |- | Tour Total (Coupole) || 1985 || office || 187 || 614 || 48 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Engie (T1) || 2008 || office || 185 || 607 || 37 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Granite (Société Générale) || 2008 || office || 184 || 600 || 37 || Nanterre |- | Tour CB21 (formerly tour Gan) || 1974 || office || 179 || 587 || 42 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Areva || 1974 || office || 178 || 584 || 44 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Saint-Gobain || 2020 || office || 178 || 584 || 39 || Courbevoie |- | Tour D2 || 2014 || office || 171 || 561 || 37 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Alicante (Société Générale) || 1995 || office || 167 || 548 || 37 || Nanterre |- | Tour Chassagne (Société Générale) || 1995 || office || 167 || 548 || 37 || Nanterre |- | Tour EDF || 2001 || office || 165 || 541 || 41 || Puteaux |- | Tour Carpe Diem || 2013 || office || 162 || 531 || 38 || Courbevoie |- | Cœur Défense || 2001 || office || 161 || 528 || 40 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Alto || 2020 || office || 160 || 525 || 38 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Adria (Technip) || 2002 || office || 155 || 509 || 40 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Égée (Ernst&Young) || 1999 || office || 155 || 509 || 40 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Ariane || 1975 || office || 152 || 499 || 36 || Puteaux |- | Tour Trinity || 2020 || office || 151 || 495 || 32 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Dexia (CBX) || 2005 || office || 142 || 466 || 36 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Europlaza || 1995 || office || 135 || 443 || 31 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Défense 2000 || 1974 || residential || 134 || 440 || 47 || Puteaux |- | Tour Eqho (formerly tour Descartes) || 1988 || office || 130 || 427 || 40 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Les Poissons || 1970 || mixed || 129.5 || 425 || 42 || Courbevoie |- | Tour France || 1973 || residential || 126 || 413 || 40 || Puteaux |- | Tour Franklin || 1972 || office || 120 || 394 || 33 || Puteaux |- | Tour Sequoia (Bull, Cegetel, SFR) || 1990 || office || 119 || 390 || 33 || Puteaux |- | Tour Winterthur || 1973 || office || 119 || 390 || 33 || Puteaux |- | Tour CGI (CB16) || 2003 || office || 117 || 384 || 32 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Neptune || 1972 || office || 113 || 371 || 28 || Courbevoie |- | Préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine || 1974 || office || 113 || 371 || 25 || Nanterre |- | Grande Arche || 1989 || monument, office || 110 || 361 || 37 || Puteaux |- | Tour Manhattan || 1975 || office || 110 || 361 || 32 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Aurore || 1970 || office || 110 || 361 || 29 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Eve || 1975 || mixed || 109 || 358 || 30 || Puteaux |- | Tour Initiale || 1967 || office || 109 || 358 || 30 || Puteaux |- | L'archipel || 2021 || office || 106 || 353 || 24 || Nanterre |- | Tour Nuage 1, Tours Aillaud || 1976 || residential || 105 || 344 || 39 || Nanterre |- | Tour Nuage 2, Tours Aillaud || 1976 || residential || 105 || 344 || 39 || Nanterre |- | Tour Gambetta || 1975 || residential || 104 || 341 || 37 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Cèdre || 1998 || office || 103 || 338 || 26 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Opus 12 || 1973 || office || 100 || 328 || 27 || Puteaux |- | Tour Athéna || 1984 || office || 100 || 328 || 25 || Puteaux |- | Tour Europe || 1969 || office || 99 || 325 || 28 || Courbevoie |- | Tour AIG || 1967 || office || 99 || 325 || 27 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Prisma (Tour Kvaerner) || 1998 || office || 97 || 318 || 25 || Courbevoie |- | Tour Atlantique || 1970 || office || 95 || 312 || 27 || Puteaux |- | Tour Pascal || 1983 || office || 95 || 312 || 27 || Puteaux |- | Tour Pacific || 1992 || office || 90 || 295 || 25 || Puteaux |- | Skylight || 2017 || residential || 76 || 249 || 19 || Puteaux |- | Rose de Cherbourg residence ||2018 || housing || 75 || 246 || 20 || Puteaux |- | Tour Eria || 2021 || mix || 59.35 || 195 || 13 || Puteaux |}

===Upcoming highrise buildings (2025–2030)=== {| class="wikitable" style="border:#999; background:light gray;" |- style="background:#eee; text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" | '''Name''' || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''Use''' || style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | '''Height''' || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''Levels''' || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''Municipality''' || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''Status ''' || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''Estimated Year of Completion''' |- style="background:#eee; text-align:center;" | style="width:50px;" | '''metres''' || style="text-align:center; width:50px;" | '''feet''' |- | Tour Sister 1 || office || style="text-align:center;" | 229 || style="text-align:center;" | 718 || style="text-align:center;" | 55 || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2027 |- | Tour des Jardins de l'Arche || office & hotel || style="text-align:center;" | 210 || style="text-align:center;" | 656 || style="text-align:center;" | 54 || style="text-align:center;" | Nanterre || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2027 |- | Tour C/ (Odyssey) || office || style="text-align:center;" | 187 || style="text-align:center;" | 613 || style="text-align:center;" | 42 || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 |- | Tour O/ (Odyssey) || mix || style="text-align:center;" | 174 || style="text-align:center;" | 570 || style="text-align:center;" | 33 || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 |- | Tours Sister 2 || office || style="text-align:center;" | 131 || style="text-align:center;" | 396 || style="text-align:center;" | 26 || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2027 |- | Tour D/ (Odyssey) || mix || style="text-align:center;" | 101 || style="text-align:center;" | 331 || style="text-align:center;" | ? || style="text-align:center;" | Courbevoie || style="text-align:center;" | ''approved'' || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 |}

===Canceled projects=== # Tour Sans Fins (1989): {{convert|425|m|ft|abbr=on}} # Hermitage Plaza (2022): {{convert|323|m|ft|abbr=on}} # Tour Generali (2011): {{convert|319|m|ft|abbr=on}} # Tour Signal (2009): {{convert|301|m|ft|abbr=on}} # Tour Phare (2018): {{convert|296|m|ft|abbr=on}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * Schaugg, Johannes: High-Rise Buildings – La Défense, Books on Demand 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-8391-4523-4}}.

==External links== {{commons}} {{Wikivoyage|Paris/La Défense|La Défense}} * [https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=48.89085,2.241468&spn=0.015124,0.039911&t=h&om=1 Satellite image from Google Maps] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140404055609/http://www.parisattractions.org/landmarks/la-defense La Défense de Paris] * [http://www.ladefense.fr Site officiel de l'EPAD (Établissement Public pour l'Aménagement de la Défense)] {{in lang|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130222758/http://www.connecting-paris.com/ladefense/en Connecting-Paris, web site created by the Chamber of commerce and industry of Paris to help companies setting up in La Defense] {{in lang|en}} * [http://www.expatriatesmagazine.com Expatriates Magazine], A printed publication distributed within various corporations situated in La Defense helping international employees integrate within the workplace and city {{in lang|en}} * [http://eras.free.fr/html/ld.html Les bâtiments de la Défense] {{in lang|fr}} * [http://en.structurae.de/geo/geoid/index.cfm?id=90 Structurae: Structural engineering and architecture guide to Paris-La Défense] {{in lang|en}}

{{Coord|48|53|30|N|2|14|27|E|region:FR_type:city|display=title}} {{La Défense}} {{Visitor attractions in Paris}} {{Courbevoie}} {{Nanterre}} {{Puteaux}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:La Defense}} Category:La Défense Category:Financial districts in France Category:Central business districts in France Category:Economy of Paris Category:Tourist attractions in Hauts-de-Seine