{{Short description|Red dwarf in the constellation Volans}} {{Starbox begin | name = L 98-59 }} {{Starbox observe | epoch = J2000 | constell = Volans | ra = {{RA|08|18|07.62144}}<ref name=GaiaDR3/> | dec = {{DEC|-68|18|46.8054}}<ref name=GaiaDR3/> | appmag_v = {{val|11.69|0.05}}<ref name=Zach2013/> }} {{Starbox character | engvar=en-UK | type = Red dwarf (main sequence) | class = M3V<ref name="Demangeon2021"/> | variable = None |b-v=+1.53<ref name=Zach2013/> |r-i=+1.28<ref name=Zach2013/> }} {{Starbox astrometry | radial_v = {{val|-6.10|0.19}}<ref name=GaiaDR3/> | prop_mo_ra = {{val|94.794|(18)}} | prop_mo_dec = {{val|-340.084|(20)}} | pm_footnote = <ref name=GaiaDR3/> | parallax = 94.2664 | p_error = 0.0155 | parallax_footnote = <ref name=GaiaDR3/> | absmag_v = | absmag_bol = }} {{Starbox detail | source = <ref name="Cadieux2025"/> | mass = {{val|0.2923|0.0067}} | radius = {{val|0.3155|0.0062}} | luminosity_bolometric = {{val|0.0122|0.0010}} | gravity = {{val|4.91|0.02}} | temperature = {{val|3415|60|fmt=commas}}<ref name="Demangeon2021"/> | habitable_inner = 0.090 au | habitable_outer = 0.237 au | metal_fe = {{val|-0.46|0.26}}<ref name="Demangeon2021"/> | rotation = {{val|76.7|1.5}} days | rotational_velocity = <!--Rotational velocity (v sin i, in km/s)--> | age_gyr = {{val|4.94|1.44}}<ref name="Nicholls2026"/> }} {{Starbox catalog | names = {{odlist | 2MASS=J08180763-6818468 | L=98-59 | NLTT=19357 | TIC=307210830 | TOI=175 | TYC=9193-2365-1}}<ref name=SIMBAD/> }} {{Starbox reference | Simbad = L+98-59 | NSTED = L-98-59 }} {{Starbox end}} thumb|The system as illustrated by NASA. Note that the illustration was created before the discoveries of planet e and f.
'''L 98-59''' (TOI-175, TIC 307210830) is a bright M dwarf star, located in the constellation of Volans, at a distance of {{convert|10.608|pc|ly|lk=on|abbr=off}}, as measured by the ''Gaia'' spacecraft.<ref name=Cloutier2019/>
Broadband photometry shows that it is an M3 dwarf star with three confirmed terrestrial-sized planets in transit, which were announced in March 2019 by TESS,<ref name=Kostov2019/> as well as two additional non-transiting planets, for a total of five known planets. The outermost planet is in the habitable zone.<ref name="Schwarz2026"/>
==Planetary system== The planets b, c, and d of L 98-59 were discovered in 2019 by TESS.<ref name=Kostov2019/> The non-transiting potential super-Venus planet L 98-59 e was discovered in 2021, along with indications of the presence of L 98-59 f, another non-transiting super-Earth located in the system's habitable zone.<ref name="Demangeon2021"/><ref name="eso2112"/> In 2025, the planet f was confirmed, and an additional planet candidate orbiting interior to planet b was detected.<ref name="Schwarz2026"/>
The two innermost confirmed planets, L 98-59 b and c, as well as L 98-59 e are possibly hot rocky worlds. L 98-59 d has a low density, around {{val|2.2|u=g/cm3}} versus {{val|5.5|u=g/cm3}} for Earth, indicating large amounts of volatiles.<ref name="ES-20210806"/>
In September 2021, suggested tests of the abilities of the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to detect and describe the atmospheric features of the three inner planets were reported.<ref name="AJ-20210929"/> Hubble observations of the three transiting planets in 2022 have found no clear evidence of atmospheres, with high mean molecular weight atmospheres, cloudy or hazy atmospheres, or no atmospheres all being consistent with the observed flat spectra.<ref name="Damiano2022"/><ref name="Zhou2022"/><ref name="Zhou2023"/><ref name="Barclay2025"/> However, the JWST did find evidence of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide for planets b and d, suggesting that both are sulfur-rich volcanic worlds with strong tidal heating,<ref name="2024ApJ...975L..10G"/><ref name="2024ApJ...975L..11B"/> and may contain a global internal magma ocean.<ref name="Nicholls2026"/><ref name="BelloArufe2025"/><ref name="Oxford_2026-03-16_L98-59d"/>
{{OrbitboxPlanet begin | name = L 98-59 | table_ref = <ref name="Cadieux2025"/> }} {{OrbitboxPlanet hypothetical | exoplanet = .06<ref name="Schwarz2026"/> | mass_earth = {{val|0.58|0.12|p=≥}} | period = {{val|1.7361|0.0007|0.0008}} | semimajor = {{val|0.0188|0.0004}} | eccentricity = {{val|0.027|0.040|0.020}} }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = b | mass_earth = {{val|0.46|0.11}} | period = {{val|2.2531140|(4)|fmt=none}} | semimajor = {{val|0.0223|0.0007}} | radius_earth = {{val|0.837|0.019}} | eccentricity = {{val|0.031|0.017|0.016}} | inclination = {{val|88.08|0.23|0.20}} }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = c | mass_earth = {{val|2.00|0.13}} | period = {{val|3.6906764|(4)|fmt=none}} | semimajor = {{val|0.0309|0.0010}} | radius_earth = {{val|1.329|0.029}} | eccentricity = {{val|0.002|0.002|0.001}} | inclination = {{val|88.88|0.21|0.17}} }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = d | mass_earth = {{val|1.64|0.07}} | period = {{val|7.450729|(2)|fmt=none}} | semimajor = {{val|0.0494|0.0016}} | radius_earth = {{val|1.627|0.041}} | eccentricity = {{val|0.006|0.007|0.004}} | inclination = {{val|88.44|0.05}} }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = e | mass_earth = {{val|2.82|0.19|p=≥}} | period = {{val|12.8278|0.0018}} | semimajor = {{val|0.0712|0.0022}} | radius_earth = | eccentricity = {{val|0.012|0.009|0.008}} | inclination = 80–88.82 }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = f | mass_earth = {{val|2.8|0.3|p=≥}} | period = {{val|23.064|0.055}} | semimajor = {{val|0.1052|0.0033}} | radius_earth = | eccentricity = {{val|0.044|0.027|0.028}} | inclination = 74–89.20 }} {{Orbitbox end}}
==Gallery== [[File:Comparison of the L 98-59 exoplanet system with the inner Solar System.jpg|thumb|left|655px|<div align="center">Artist's impression of the L 98-59 system, compared to the inner Solar System. Distances are not to scale.<ref name="eso2112b"/></div>]] {{clear}}
== See also == * {{annotated link|List of potentially habitable exoplanets}} * {{annotated link|List of exoplanets discovered in 2019}} * {{annotated link|TOI-700 d}}
== References == {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite simbad |title=L 98-59 |access-date=23 March 2025}}</ref>
<ref name=GaiaDR3>{{Cite Gaia DR3|5271055243163629056}}</ref>
<ref name=Cloutier2019>{{Cite journal|last1=Cloutier|first1=R.|last2=Astudillo-Defru|first2=N.|last3=Bonfils|first3=X.|last4=Jenkins|first4=J. S.|last5=Berdiñas|first5=Z.|last6=Ricker|first6=G.|last7=Vanderspek|first7=R.|last8=Latham|first8=D. W.|last9=Seager|first9=S.|last10=Winn|first10=J.|last11=Jenkins|first11=J. M.|date=2019-09-01|title=Characterization of the L 98-59 multi-planetary system with HARPS - Mass characterization of a hot super-Earth, a sub-Neptune, and a mass upper limit on the third planet|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2019/09/aa35957-19/aa35957-19.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en|volume=629|pages=A111|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201935957|arxiv=1905.10669|bibcode=2019A&A...629A.111C |issn=0004-6361|hdl=1721.1/125703|s2cid=166228063|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=Kostov2019>{{Cite journal|last1=Kostov|first1=Veselin B.|last2=Schlieder|first2=Joshua E.|last3=Barclay|first3=Thomas|last4=Quintana|first4=Elisa V.|last5=Colon|first5=Knicole D.|last6=Brande|first6=Jonathan|last7=Collins|first7=Karen A.|last8=Feinstein|first8=Adina D.|last9=Hadden|first9=Samuel|last10=Kane|first10=Stephen R.|last11=Kreidberg|first11=Laura|date=2019-06-27|title=The L 98-59 System: Three Transiting, Terrestrial-Sized Planets Orbiting a Nearby M-dwarf|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=158|issue=1|pages=32|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab2459|arxiv=1903.08017|bibcode=2019AJ....158...32K |issn=1538-3881|hdl=1721.1/124742|s2cid=118855908|hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="ES-20210806">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-06|title=EarthSky {{!}} An inner solar system much like ours, 35 light-years away|url=https://earthsky.org/space/inner-solar-system-much-like-ours-l-98-59/|last=Anderson|first=Paul Scott|access-date=2021-08-07|work=Earth & Sky|language=en-US}}</ref>
<ref name="eso2112">{{cite web |title = New ESO observations show rocky exoplanet has just half the mass of Venus |url = https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2112/ |publisher = European Southern Observatory |id = eso2112 |date = 5 August 2021 |access-date = 8 August 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="eso2112b">{{Cite web|last=|title=Comparison of the L 98-59 exoplanet system with the inner Solar System|url=https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso2112b/|access-date=2021-08-07|work=European Southern Observatory|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Demangeon2021">{{cite journal |display-authors = etal |first1 = Oliver D. S. |last1 = Demangeon |first2 = M. R. |last2 = Zapatero Osorio |first3 = Y. |last3 = Alibert |first4 = S. C. C. |last4 = Barros |first5 = V. |last5 = Adibekyan |first6 = H. M. |last6 = Tabernero |title = A warm terrestrial planet with half the mass of Venus transiting a nearby star |url = https://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso2112/eso2112a.pdf |date = July 2021 |journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume = 653 |pages = 38 |doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/202140728|s2cid = 236957385 |arxiv = 2108.03323 |bibcode = 2021A&A...653A..41D }}</ref>
<ref name=Zach2013>{{cite journal |last1=Zacharias |first1=N. |last2=Finch |first2=C. T. |last3=Girard |first3=T. M. |last4=Henden |first4=A. |last5=Bartlett |first5=J. L. |author5-link=Jennifer Bartlett (astronomer) |last6=Monet |first6=D. G. |last7=Zacharias |first7=M. I. |title=The Fourth US Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC4) |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=1 February 2013 |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=44 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/145/2/44 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AJ....145...44Z/abstract |issn=0004-6256|arxiv=1212.6182 |bibcode=2013AJ....145...44Z |s2cid=119299381 }}</ref>
<ref name="AJ-20210929">{{cite journal |last=Pidhorodetska |first=Daria |display-authors=et al. |title=L 98-59: A Benchmark System of Small Planets for Future Atmospheric Characterization |date=29 September 2021 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=162 |number=4 |page=169 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ac1171 |arxiv=2106.00685 |bibcode=2021AJ....162..169P |s2cid=235293792 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Barclay2025">{{citation|arxiv=2301.10866|year=2023|title=The transmission spectrum of the potentially rocky planet L 98-59 c|last1=Barclay |first1=Thomas |last2=Sheppard |first2=Kyle B. |last3=Latouf |first3=Natasha |last4=Mandell |first4=Avi M. |last5=Quintana |first5=Elisa V. |last6=Gilbert |first6=Emily A. |last7=Liuzzi |first7=Giuliano |last8=Villanueva |first8=Geronimo L. |last9=Arney |first9=Giada |last10=Brande |first10=Jonathan |last11=Colón |first11=Knicole D. |last12=Covone |first12=Giovanni |last13=Crossfield |first13=Ian J. M. |last14=Damiano |first14=Mario |last15=Domagal-Goldman |first15=Shawn D. |last16=Fauchez |first16=Thomas J. |last17=Fiscale |first17=Stefano |last18=Gallo |first18=Francesco |last19=Hedges |first19=Christina L. |last20=Hu |first20=Renyu |last21=Kite |first21=Edwin S. |last22=Koll |first22=Daniel |last23=Kopparapu |first23=Ravi K. |last24=Kostov |first24=Veselin B. |last25=Kreidberg |first25=Laura |last26=Lopez |first26=Eric D. |last27=Mang |first27=James |last28=Morley |first28=Caroline V. |last29=Mullally |first29=Fergal |last30=Mullally |first30=Susan E. |display-authors=1 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=169 |issue=5 |page=241 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ada5f6 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2025AJ....169..241B }}</ref>
<ref name="Damiano2022">{{cite journal |last1=Damiano |first1=Mario |last2=Hu |first2=Renyu |display-authors=etal |date=November 2022 |title=A Transmission Spectrum of the Sub-Earth Planet L98-59 b in 1.1-1.7 μm |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=164 |issue=5 |pages=225 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ac9472 |arxiv=2210.10008 |bibcode=2022AJ....164..225D |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Zhou2022">{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Li |last2=Ma |first2=Bo |display-authors=etal |date=November 2022 |title=Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Rocky Planet L 98-59 b: No Evidence for a Cloud-free Primordial Atmosphere |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=164 |issue=5 |pages=203 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ac8fe9 |arxiv=2210.10699 |bibcode=2022AJ....164..203Z |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Zhou2023">{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Li |last2=Ma |first2=Bo |display-authors=etal |date=February 2023 |title=Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Planets L 98-59 c and d: No Evidence for a Clear Hydrogen Dominated Primary Atmosphere |journal=Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=025011 |doi=10.1088/1674-4527/acaceb |arxiv=2212.09526 |bibcode=2023RAA....23b5011Z|s2cid=254854167 }}</ref>
<ref name="2024ApJ...975L..11B"> {{cite journal | last1=Banerjee | first1=Agnibha | last2=Barstow | first2=Joanna K. | last3=Gressier | first3=Amélie | last4=Espinoza | first4=Néstor | last5=Sing | first5=David K. | last6=Allen | first6=Natalie H. | last7=Birkmann | first7=Stephan M. | last8=Challener | first8=Ryan C. | last9=Crouzet | first9=Nicolas | last10=Haswell | first10=Carole A. | last11=Lewis | first11=Nikole K. | last12=Lewis | first12=Stephen R. | last13=Yang | first13=Jingxuan | display-authors=3 | title=Atmospheric Retrievals Suggest the Presence of a Secondary Atmosphere and Possible Sulfur Species on L98-59 d from JWST Nirspec G395H Transmission Spectroscopy | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=975 | issue=1 | page=L11 | date=2024-11-01 | arxiv=2408.15707 | bibcode=2024ApJ...975L..11B | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ad73d0 | doi-access=free | issn=2041-8205 }}</ref>
<ref name="2024ApJ...975L..10G"> {{cite journal | last1=Gressier | first1=Amélie | last2=Espinoza | first2=Néstor | last3=Allen | first3=Natalie H. | last4=Sing | first4=David K. | last5=Banerjee | first5=Agnibha | last6=Barstow | first6=Joanna K. | last7=Valenti | first7=Jeff A. | last8=Lewis | first8=Nikole K. | last9=Birkmann | first9=Stephan M. | last10=Challener | first10=Ryan C. | last11=Manjavacas | first11=Elena | last12=Alves de Oliveira | first12=Catarina | last13=Crouzet | first13=Nicolas | last14=Beck | first14=Tracy. L | display-authors=3 | title=Hints of a Sulfur-rich Atmosphere around the 1.6 R ⊕ Super-Earth L98-59 d from JWST NIRspec G395H Transmission Spectroscopy | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=975 | issue=1 | page=L10 | date=2024-11-01 | arxiv=2408.15855 | bibcode=2024ApJ...975L..10G | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ad73d1 | doi-access=free | issn=2041-8205 }}</ref>
<ref name="BelloArufe2025"> {{cite journal | last1=Bello-Arufe | first1=Aaron | last2=Damiano | first2=Mario | last3=Bennett | first3=Katherine A. | last4=Hu | first4=Renyu | last5=Welbanks | first5=Luis | last6=MacDonald | first6=Ryan J. | last7=Seligman | first7=Darryl Z. | last8=Sing | first8=David K. | last9=Tokadjian | first9=Armen | last10=Oza | first10=Apurva V. | last11=Yang | first11=Jeehyun | display-authors=3 | title=Evidence for a Volcanic Atmosphere on the Sub-Earth L 98-59 b | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=980 | issue=2 | page=L26 | date=2025-02-20 | arxiv=2501.18680 | bibcode=2025ApJ...980L..26B | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/adaf22 | doi-access=free | issn=2041-8205 }}</ref>
<ref name="Cadieux2025"> {{cite journal | last1=Cadieux | first1=Charles | last2=L'Heureux | first2=Alexandrine | last3=Piaulet-Ghorayeb | first3=Caroline | last4=Doyon | first4=René | last5=Artigau | first5=Étienne | last6=Cook | first6=Neil J. | last7=Coulombe | first7=Louis-Philippe | last8=Roy | first8=Pierre-Alexis | last9=Lafrenière | first9=David | last10=Lamontagne | first10=Pierrot | last11=Radica | first11=Michael | last12=Benneke | first12=Björn | last13=Ahrer | first13=Eva-Maria | last14=Weisserman | first14=Drew | last15=Cloutier | first15=Ryan | display-authors=3 | title=Detailed Architecture of the L 98-59 System and Confirmation of a Fifth Planet in the Habitable Zone | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=170 | issue=3 | page=154 | date=2025-09-01 | arxiv=2507.09343 | bibcode=2025AJ....170..154C | doi=10.3847/1538-3881/adef59 | doi-access=free | issn=0004-6256 }}</ref>
<ref name="Schwarz2026"> {{cite journal | last1=Schwarz | first1=Paul I. | last2=Dreizler | first2=Stefan | last3=Heller | first3=René | title=Confirmation of a Non‐Transiting Planet in the Habitable Zone of the Nearby M Dwarf L 98‐59 | journal=Astronomische Nachrichten | volume=347 | issue=2 | date=2026 | arxiv=2507.06413 | bibcode=2026AN....34770059S | doi=10.1002/asna.70059 | issn=0004-6337 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asna.70059 | access-date=2026-03-18 }}</ref>
<ref name="Nicholls2026"> {{cite journal | last1=Nicholls | first1=Harrison | last2=Lichtenberg | first2=Tim | last3=Chatterjee | first3=Richard D. | last4=Guimond | first4=Claire Marie | last5=Postolec | first5=Emma | last6=Pierrehumbert | first6=Raymond T. | display-authors=3 | title=Volatile-rich evolution of molten super-Earth L 98-59 d | journal=Nature Astronomy | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | date=2026-03-16 | arxiv=2507.02656 | bibcode=2025arXiv250702656N | doi=10.1038/s41550-026-02815-8 | issn=2397-3366 }}</ref>
<ref name="Oxford_2026-03-16_L98-59d"> {{cite web | title=Researchers reveal a new class of molten planet | website=University of Oxford | date=2026-03-16 | url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2026-03-16-researchers-reveal-new-class-molten-planet | access-date=2026-03-18 }}</ref>
}}
== External links == * [https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2112/ New ESO observations show rocky exoplanet has just half the mass of Venus] (ESO press release) * [https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite TESS – Official Website] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wkNlv5nDLE Smallest exoplanet found so far] (video; 1:53; NASA; June 2019)
{{Astrobiology}} {{Exoplanets}} {{Extraterrestrial life}} {{Stars of Volans|state=collapsed}} {{2019 in space}} {{2021 in space}} {{Portal bar|Astronomy|Biology|Stars|Astronomy}} {{Sky|08|18|07.62|-|68|18|46.8|34.648}}
Category:M-type main-sequence stars Category:Planetary systems with five confirmed planets 175 Category:Volans