{{Short description|None}}
thumb|{{ill|Tokyo Rainbow Pride|ja|東京レインボープライド}} in 2016.The '''LGBTQ community in Tokyo''' is one of the largest in Asia. While Japan does not assign as much moral or social weight to sexuality as in the West, it is still difficult for Japanese people to come out in society as being LGBT;<ref name="Tamagawa15">{{Cite journal|last=Tamagawa|first=Masami|date=2015|title=Same-Sex Marriage in Japan|journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies|volume=12|issue=2|pages=160–187|doi=10.1080/1550428X.2015.1016252|s2cid=146655189}}</ref> the community reportedly experiences homophobia even amongst those in the community.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tamagawa|first=Masami|title=Same-Sex Marriage in Japan|journal= Journal of GLBT Family Studies|volume=12|issue=2|pages=160–187|doi=10.1080/1550428X.2015.1016252|year=2016|s2cid=146655189}}</ref> Only 5% of Japanese people report they know somebody who is LGBT.<ref name="Tamagawa18">{{Cite journal|last=Tamagawa|first=Masami|title=Coming Out of the Closet in Japan: An Exploratory Sociological Study|journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies|volume=14|issue=5|pages=488–518|doi=10.1080/1550428X.2017.1338172|year=2018|doi-access=free}}</ref>
There is a community in Japan called Stonewall that aims to serve the LGBT community,<ref name=StonewallJapan>{{Cite web|url=https://stonewalljapan.org/|title=Connecting Japan's LGBTQIA+|website=Stone Wall Japan}}</ref> with many local chapters spread across Japan. Stonewall provides educational awareness, useful information, communicative online platforms, and fellowship opportunities.<ref name=StonewallJapan/>
==History==
=== American occupation of Japan (1945–1952) === The gay neighborhood of Ni-chōme,<ref name=Baudinette>{{Cite journal|last=Baudinette|first=Thomas|date=2017|title=The spatialisation of desire in a Japanese gay district through signage|url=https://www.acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1357|journal=ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies|volume=16|pages=501}}</ref> Tokyo, came into existence following the rapid societal changes following the American occupation of Japan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luther & Boyd|first=Catherine & Douglas|date=1997|title=American Occupation Control Over Broadcasting in Japan|journal=Journal of Communication|volume=47|pages=39–59|doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1997.tb02705.x}}</ref> It features strong ties to the red-light district.
Following this, places for the LGBT community slowly began to open throughout Japan. In 1948, a gay tea shop opened in Shinjuku; in the 1950s, the first gay bar was called Yanagi ({{CJKV|t=|j=やなぎ}}).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Queer Japanese: Gender and Sexual identities through Linguistics Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/queerjapanesegen00abeh|url-access=limited|last=Abe|first=Hideko|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/queerjapanesegen00abeh/page/n177 165]|isbn=9780230622364 }}</ref>
===Gay Bars (1960–1980)=== By the 1960s, the number of gay bars throughout Ni-chōme and all throughout Tokyo had begun to expand to about fifty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nakamura, Yanagihara, and Shida|first=Haruko, Yoshie, and Tetsuyuki|date=2017|title=Current Situation and Challenges of Building a Japanese LGBTQ Ephemera Collection at Yale|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2700&context=jeal|journal=Journal of East Asian Libraries|volume=165|pages=1–18}}</ref><ref name=LiviaandHall>{{Cite book|title=Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality|url=https://archive.org/details/queerlyphrasedla00livi_960|url-access=limited|last=Livia and Hall|first=Anna and Kira|publisher=Oxford University|year=1997|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/queerlyphrasedla00livi_960/page/n123 103]}}</ref> In 1973, Kikōshi ({{CJKV|j=貴公子|l=young noble|c=|s=|t=|p=}}), Roppongi, Tokyo, was the country's first ''onabe'' (or "masculine lesbian") bar.<ref name=LiviaandHall/><ref>Valentine, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1G_dVlJ2KhcC&pg=PA103 103].</ref>
=== Development of LGBT societies (1989–2011) === {{One source|subsection | date = February 2020 }} In 1988, participants from the Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme formed 'A Terribly Apropos Gay Organisation.',<ref name=StonewallJapan/> or ATAGO, for the ad-hoc nature of its first meeting. While initially only for gay people, the organisation renamed itself to ATAGLO to include lesbians. ATAGLO helped LGBT and JET participants initially by producing a newsletter, ''Between the Sheets'', a directory for couch-surfing, and mentoring and counselling.
After a youth recreation house in Fuchū began excluding LGBT members, the {{nihongo|OCCUR|アカー|akā}} group began legal proceedings against it in 1990.<ref name="Valentinep104">Valentine, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1G_dVlJ2KhcC&pg=PA104 104].</ref>
In 1994, members of Gayjet, another group which eventually merged with ATAGLO, expressed their concern with CLAIR, the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations, for censoring and discriminating LGBT+ voices within the community<ref name=StonewallJapan/> The now-merged ATAGLO started to work on a proposal so that they could become Special Interest Group (SIG) of AJET, a sub-organisation handling support and communities. The purpose of this group was to be in publications, become more aware in the media, building relationships with LGBT+ and JET members.<ref name=StonewallJapan/> Then, Gayjet created a proposal which collected 450 signatures of people that supported them.<ref name=StonewallJapan/>
In 1995, the group renamed themselves Stonewall, as CLAIR stated they would stop funding AJET if the word "Gay" was in an organisation's name. After the suggestion of regional leaders in 2008, the organisation underwent structural change in 2011, becoming more separate. This seemed to create distance between them and AJET, who contacted Stonewall to rebuild AJET's LGBT social group. In May 2011, 10 original JET participants helped to create new leadership roles for the roughly 120 members, and reinforce Stonewall as part of AJET under the name Stonewall Japan. A constitution and formal roles were drawn up, and Stonewall claims to have over 2000 members in 2020.
Later in 2014, the organization wanted to change the name to 'Life as a Gay JET' then to 'Life as a GLBT JET' then to 'Life as an LGBT Jet in Japan'.<ref name=StonewallJapan/>
In 2011, AJET and Stonewall became distant from each other, and their relationship dwindled down.<ref name=StonewallJapan/> However, an AJET rep contacted a Stonewall member to see if they wanted to help rebuild AJET's LGBT social group for them.<ref name=StonewallJapan/> So, in May 2011, 10 people that participated from JET helped to create new leadership roles and rebrand 'Stonewall Ajet'.<ref name=StonewallJapan/> They continued to have meetings to make changes to the organization.<ref name=StonewallJapan/> Because of the rise in participants, Stonewall AJET became an organization due to the amount of help they received.<ref name=StonewallJapan/> Since establishing this new organization, they since they created a President, Vice President, Web Coordinator, Event Coordinator, and Block Leaders.<ref name=StonewallJapan/>
=== Pride Parade (1994) === In 1994, Japan had its first pride parade for gays and lesbians, and it opened its first gay community center called ATKA.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tamagawa|first=Masami|year=2018|title=Coming Out of the Closet in Japan: An Exploratory Sociological Study|journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies|volume=14|issue=5|pages=488–518|doi=10.1080/1550428X.2017.1338172|doi-access=free}}</ref>
===Gay Bars and Clubs (2010–present)=== thumb|Exterior of the gay bar Dragon Men in 2019 In 2010, there was a decline of gay clubs and bars by a third due to construction near the Fukutoshin line increasing value in the area.<ref name="Tamagawa18" /> Then, on August 17, 2012, it was banned to dance in clubs in Ni-chōme which is a popular district in Tokyo for the LGBT community. Establishments include Aiiro Cafe and Dragon Men.
===Tokyo-wide same sex unions=== In 2021 the government of Tokyo announced it would begin to offer legal unions for same sex romantic couples.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/07/asia/japan-same-sex-marriage-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Tokyo pushes ahead with same-sex marriage plan |agency=Reuters|publisher=CNN|date=2021-12-07|accessdate=2021-12-25}}</ref>
==Geography== {{more citations needed section|date=September 2014}} Most LGBT institutions in Tokyo are in Shinjuku Ni-chōme.<ref name=Rieber>Rieber, Beth. ''Frommer's Tokyo''. John Wiley & Sons, April 30, 2012. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yI65G-H-Vb0C&pg=PT269 269].</ref> As of 2010 there are about 300 gay bars in this community.<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-boys-of-shinjuku-is-tokyos-gay-district-doomed-1888527.html]". ''Independent''. February 7, 2010. Retrieved on March 16, 2015.</ref>
Tokyo's gay scene is not limited to Ni-chōme. A number of other areas, such as Ueno, Asakusa, Shimbashi, and Ikebukuro, have conglomerations of gay bars, although none as dense as in Ni-chōme.<ref name=timeout>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/bars-nightlife|title=Bars|website=Time Out}}</ref> Information about these bars, bookstores, sex shops, and cruising spots can be found in the Otoko-machi Map (Boy's Town Map), a country-wide guide to Japanese gay establishments, or in monthly gay magazines like ''G-men'' and ''Badi''. Tokyo also has a great number of gay "circles" including LGBT sports teams, cultural groups, and religious groups.
'''The number of gay bars in 2013 (Lesbian bar not included)'''<ref name = "gclick">[http://www.gclick.jp/ Gclick]</ref>
*Shinjuku Total – 297<ref name = "gclick" /> **Shinjuku ni-chōme – 291<ref name = "gclick" /> **Kabukicho – 4<ref name = "gclick" /> **Nishi-Shinjuku – 2<ref name = "gclick" /> *Ueno – 95<ref name = "gclick" /> *Asakusa – 67<ref name = "gclick" /> *Shinbashi – 66<ref name = "gclick" /> *Ikebukuro – 21<ref name = "gclick" /> *Shibuya – 8<ref name = "gclick" /> *Nakano – 6<ref name = "gclick" />
Reference：Doyama(Osaka)-154, Sakae(Nagoya)-63, Fukuoka-62, Namba(Osaka)-42, Noge(Yokohama)-37, Susukino(Sapporo)-32, Nagarekawa (Hiroshima)-30, Sakurazaka(Okinawa)-26, Shinsekai(Osaka)-25
'''The number of gay-related businesses: Bar, nightclub, host club, cruising box, sauna, gay book and video store, etc. (Lesbian bars not included)'''
*Shinjuku Total – 460<ref name = "gclick" /> **Shinjuku ni-chōme – 402 (Bar-274, host clubs-17, Delivery health/Fashion health-28, Gay bathhouse & cruising boxes-15)<ref name = "gclick" /> **Nishi-Shinjuku – 18<ref name = "gclick" /> **Kabukicho – 17<ref name = "gclick" /> **North Shinjuku / Okubo – 14<ref name = "gclick" /> **Yoyogi (Shinjuku Station south exit) – 9<ref name = "gclick" /> *Ueno – 123<ref name = "gclick" /> *Asakusa – 80<ref name = "gclick" /> *Shinbashi – 74<ref name = "gclick" /> *Ikebukuro – 37<ref name = "gclick" /> *Nakano – 25<ref name = "gclick" /> *Shibuya – 15<ref name = "gclick" />
==Institutions== ''Regumi'' ({{CJKV|j=レズビアン組|r=Rezubian-gumi|l=lesbian group}}) is a lesbian group in Tokyo.<ref name=Valentinep104/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality|url=https://archive.org/details/queerlyphrasedla00livi_960|url-access=limited|last=Livia & Hall|first=Anna & Kira|publisher=Oxford University|year=1997|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/queerlyphrasedla00livi_960/page/n124 104]}}</ref> The use of the abbreviation ''regumi'' avoids using the word "lesbian" (レスビアン ''resubian'' or レズビアン ''rezubian'') and its abbreviation ''rezu'' (レズ), which in Japanese is derogatory.<ref>Valentine, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1G_dVlJ2KhcC&pg=PA104 104]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=1G_dVlJ2KhcC&pg=PA105 105].</ref><ref name=LiviaandHall105>{{Cite book|title=Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality|url=https://archive.org/details/queerlyphrasedla00livi_960|url-access=limited|last=Livia & Hall|first=Anna & Kira|publisher=Oxford University|year=1997|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/queerlyphrasedla00livi_960/page/n125 105]}}</ref> The short version for regumi is rezi, which is an insulting term in Japanese.<ref name=LiviaandHall105/>
The Tokyo Gay and Lesbian Deaf Rainbow Alliance,<ref>Nakamura, Karen (Yale University). "[http://www.p.u-tokyo.ac.jp/cbfe/030/2012-01/TransDisability.pdf Trans/Disability: Disability, Queer Sexualities, and Transsexuality from a Comparative Ethnographic Perspective] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064504/http://www.p.u-tokyo.ac.jp/cbfe/030/2012-01/TransDisability.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}" (トランス／ディサビリティー：比較人類学視点から見る現代の障害者運動、クイアーセクシュアリティ、と性同一性障害運動; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064504/http://www.p.u-tokyo.ac.jp/cbfe/030/2012-01/TransDisability.pdf Archive]). University of Tokyo. p. 11 (11/18). Retrieved on September 24, 2014.</ref> or the Tokyo Lesbian and Gay Deaf Community (TLGDC), is in the city.<ref name=Valentinep104/> Taski Tade, who was a member of this group, conducted an interview that was translated into English.<ref>Symons, Caroline. ''The Gay Games: A History'' (Routledge Critical Studies in Sport). Routledge, April 26, 2010. {{ISBN|1134027907}}, 9781134027903. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dW18AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 158].</ref>
OCCUR has an English name that does not directly indicate that it is an LGBT group.<ref name=Valentinep104/>
==Recreation== As of 2012 there are two gay pride parades in Tokyo: {{ill|Tokyo Rainbow Pride|ja|東京レインボープライド}} (TRP) and Tokyo Pride.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Itakura|first=Kyohei|title=Making Japan"Out-and-Proud" Through Not-Yet Consensual Translation: A Case Study of Tokyo Rainbow Pride's Website|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt6887040t/qt6887040t.pdf?t=o98c33|journal=Queer Cats Journal of LGBTQ Studies|volume=1|pages=1–31}}</ref>
In 1994 the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) began organizing the Tokyo Pride Parade, originally named the Tokyo Lesbian & Gay Parade (TL&GP); it was Japan's first gay pride parade. The event received its current name in 2007. The parade had a hiatus from 2008, ending in 2010. It had another hiatus in 2011.<ref name=Siguenza>Siguenza. "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2012/04/24/issues/tokyo-gets-double-dose-of-gay-pride-for-2012/#.VCF7HxYkWb4 Tokyo gets double dose of gay pride for 2012]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140913090054/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2012/04/24/issues/tokyo-gets-double-dose-of-gay-pride-for-2012/ Archive]). ''The Japan Times''. April 24, 2012. Retrieved on September 24, 2014.</ref><ref name=Siguenza12>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2012/04/24/issues/tokyo-gets-double-dose-of-gay-pride-for-2012/#.XegnxJNKgWp|title=Tokyo gets double dose of gay pride for 2012|last=Siguenza|date=2012|website=Japan Times}}</ref> In 2010 Antoni Slodowski of ''Reuters'' wrote that "Although the number of participants in the parade is on the rise, it is a small crowd in a city of 12.8 million people and the event is relatively small even by Asian standards."<ref>Slodowski, Antoni. "[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-gay-idUSTRE67D0NH20100814 Japan's gay community parades for first time in 3 years]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035106/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/08/14/us-japan-gay-idUSTRE67D0NH20100814 Archive]). ''Reuters''. August 14, 2010. Retrieved on September 24, 2014.</ref>
In May 2011 Tokyo Rainbow Pride was created. The organizers created it to ensure that a gay pride parade would be held in Tokyo in the event Tokyo Pride could not be held.<ref name=Siguenza/> Akie Abe attended Tokyo Rainbow Pride in 2012.<ref>Garcia, Michelle. "[http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/04/27/japans-first-lady-shines-tokyo-pride Japan's First Lady Shines At Tokyo Pride]." ''The Advocate''. April 27, 2014. Retrieved on September 24, 2014.</ref> Rainbow Pride is a part of Rainbow Week (東京レインボーウィーク ''Tōkyō Reinbōwīku'').<ref>"[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/04/28/japan-thousands-march-in-tokyo-in-support-of-lgbt-rights/ Japan: Thousands march in Tokyo in support of LGBT rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024175833/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/04/28/japan-thousands-march-in-tokyo-in-support-of-lgbt-rights/ |date=2014-10-24 }}" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141024175833/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/04/28/japan-thousands-march-in-tokyo-in-support-of-lgbt-rights/ Archive]). ''Pink News''. April 28, 2013. Retrieved on September 24, 2014.</ref>
=== Tokyo Rainbow Pride === thumb|Tokyo Rainbow Pride, 2013 Rainbow week of TRP 2017 was held from April 29 to May 7. Parade took place on May 7, 2017.<ref name="tokyorainbowpride.com">{{Cite web|last=Pride|first=Tokyo Rainbow|title=東京レインボープライド2021|url=https://tokyorainbowpride.com/|access-date=2021-07-23|website=東京レインボープライド2021|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Itakura|first=Kyohei|title=Making Japan "Out-and-Proud" Through Not-Yet-Consensual Translation: A Case Study of Tokyo Rainbow Pride's Website|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt6887040t/qt6887040t.pdf?t=o98c33|journal=Queer Cats Journal of LGBTQ Studies|volume=1|pages=1–31}}</ref> Free Tea Dance at Wall&Wall Omotesando. Event info at Tokyo Rainbow Pride website.<ref name="tokyorainbowpride.com"/>
The parade in 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Emma|last=Steen|title=Tokyo Rainbow Pride cancelled for 2020|url=https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/tokyo-rainbow-pride-cancelled-for-2020|date=2020-03-23|website=Time Out|access-date=2023-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708225701/https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/tokyo-rainbow-pride-cancelled-for-2020|archive-date=2023-07-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2022, the parade returned for the first time in three years. However, it occurred on a limited scale, as the 2020 and 2021 editions of the parade were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
In 2023, the parade returned in full for the first time in four years.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Anika|last1=Osaki|first2=Karin|last2=Kaneko|title=Tokyo Rainbow Pride returns in full for first time in four years|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/04/23/national/tokyo-rainbow-pride-first-time-four-years/|date=2023-04-23|website=The Japan Times|access-date=2023-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708225253/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/04/23/national/tokyo-rainbow-pride-first-time-four-years/|archive-date=2023-07-08|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Media == Many male artists have been coming out of the closet and speaking publicly about being gay on talk shows and other TV programs in Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4939796-1.html|title=On Japanese TV, The Lady Is A Man Cross-dressing 'onnagata' Are Popular For Being Outspoken|last=Ryall|first=Julian|date=2010-09-15|website=All Business|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100915195608/http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4939796-1.html|archive-date=2010-09-15}}</ref> With being famous, there comes a lot of talk on sexuality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4939796-1.html#selection-1865.0-1865.91|title=On Japanese TV, The Lady Is A Man Cross-dressing 'onnagata' Are Popular For Being Outspoken|last=Ryall|first=Julia|date=2010-09-15|website=All Business|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100915195608/http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4939796-1.html#selection-1865.0-1865.91|archive-date=2010-09-15}}</ref> There are two pop culture critics that are examples of being gay and coming out.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4939796-1.html#selection-1865.0-1865.91|title=On Japanese TV, The Lady Is A Man Cross-dressing 'onnagata' Are Popular For Being Outspoken|last=Ryall|first=Julian|date=2010-09-15|website=All Business|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100915195608/http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4939796-1.html#selection-1865.0-1865.91|archive-date=2010-09-15}}</ref>
Some celebrities use being LGBT to get more attention from the media.<ref name=Ashcraft>{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/being-hard-gay-for-laughs-and-cash-5806679|title=Being Hard Gay for Laughs and Cash|last=Ashcraft|first=Brian|website=Kotaku|date=30 May 2011 }}</ref> One comedian, Masaki Sumitani, rose to fame by wearing promiscuous clothing.<ref name=Ashcraft/> He wore a leather harness, cap, and boots.<ref name=Ashcraft/> By him thrusting while wearing this outfit had his fans screaming for him.<ref name=Ashcraft/>
In 1975, there were twelve women that were one of the first people to come out and label themselves as lesbians. They were published in a magazine called Subarashi Onna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/lesbian-history-archive-artifacts/|title=The First Lesbian Porn and 10 Other Revealing Artifacts from Lesbian History|last=Leckert|first=Oriana|date=2019|website=Vice}}</ref>
There are two notable transgender celebrities, Ai Haruna and Ayana Tsubaki, who are Japanese celebrities that became well known from popular TV shows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/kuchikomi/television-perpetuates-outmoded-gender-stereotypes|title=Television perpetuates outmoded gender stereotypes|last=Kuchikomi|date=2009|website=Japan Today}}</ref> In 2011, a fashion model by the name of Hiromi came out as a lesbian to the public.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Transforming Japan: How Feminism and Diversity are Making a Difference|last=Fujimura-Fanselow|first=Kumiko|publisher=The Feminist Press|year=2011|location=New York|pages=147–196}}</ref>
==Notable residents== * Aya Kamikawa (transgender politician in Setagaya ward)<ref>Nakagawa, Ulara. "[http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/life/lesbians-in-Japan-struggle-to-build-their-own-community-814836 Japan's lesbians still scared to come out] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917150442/http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/life/lesbians-in-Japan-struggle-to-build-their-own-community-814836 |date=2014-09-17 }}" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140917150442/http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/life/lesbians-in-Japan-struggle-to-build-their-own-community-814836 Archive]). ''CNN''. November 19, 2010. Retrieved on September 24, 2014.</ref>
==See also== {{Portal|Japan|LGBTQ|Tokyo}} * {{ill|Kagemachaya|ja|陰間茶屋}} (陰間茶屋, Japanese gay bar) * LGBT culture in Japan * LGBT rights in Tokyo * LGBT rights in Japan * Homosexuality in Japan
==References== * Valentine, James. "Pots and Pans: Identification of Queer Japanese in Terms of Discrimination" (Chapter 5). In: Livia, Anna and Kira Hall (editors). ''Queerly Phrased : Language, Gender, and Sexuality: Language, Gender, and Sexuality''. Oxford University Press, October 7, 1997. {{ISBN|0195355776}}, 9780195355772. Start p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1G_dVlJ2KhcC&pg=PA95 95].
==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading== * Nakagawa, Ulara. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20141013025850/http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/play/tokyos-best-gay-lesbian-night-life-spots-108489 Best Tokyo gay and lesbian bars]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141013025850/http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/play/tokyos-best-gay-lesbian-night-life-spots-108489 Archive]). ''CNN''. January 11, 2011. * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnrAISE6x08 Japan (GAYCATION Episode 1)]." Viceland. February 24, 2016. – Documentary by Elliot Page (credited as Ellen Page)
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707195430/http://www.tokyorainbowweek.jp/ Tokyo Rainbow Week] {{in lang|ja}} {{LGBT in Japan}} {{LGBTcultureworldwide}}
Category:LGBTQ culture in Tokyo Category:LGBTQ history in Japan Category:LGBTQ culture in Japan