{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> [[File:Canada Pride flag.svg|thumb|Canadian [[pride flag]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Moscati |first1=Nicolina |title=Canadian gay rainbow flag at Montreal gay pride parade 2017 |work=COUNTRY 107.3 |date=31 May 2023 |url=https://www.country1073.ca/2023/05/31/canadas-pride-history/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Country Rogers Digital Media: 107.3 (CJDL FM). Published August 20, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saskatoon's gay pride parade on June 16, 2012 |date=15 June 2012 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/daryl_mitchell/7469653808/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Daryl Mitchell. Published June 30, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada Pride Flag |url=https://shop.flagshop.com/index.php/pride/canada-pride/pride-canada-flag.html |access-date=November 29, 2021 |website=Default Store View |archive-date=November 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129031914/https://shop.flagshop.com/index.php/pride/canada-pride/pride-canada-flag.html |url-status=live}}</ref>]] Although same-sex sexual activity was illegal in Canada up to 1969, [[Gay literature|gay]] and [[Lesbian literature|lesbian themes]] appear in Canadian literature throughout the 20th century. Canada is now regarded as one of the most advanced countries in legal recognition of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer ([[LGBTQ]]) rights.
Canada is a relatively gay-friendly country, with its largest cities featuring their own [[gay village|gay areas and communities]], such as [[Toronto]]'s [[Church and Wellesley]] neighbourhood, [[Montreal]]'s [[Gay Village, Montreal|Gay Village]] [[commercial district]], [[Vancouver]]'s [[Davie Village]], and [[Ottawa]]'s [[Bank Street (Ottawa)|Bank Street Gay Village]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-introduces-first-gay-village-1.1078985 |title=Ottawa introduces first 'Gay Village' | work=CBC News}}</ref> Social surveys show a general tolerance of homosexuality. Every summer, Canada's [[LGBT community]] celebrates [[gay pride]] in all major cities, with many political figures from the federal, provincial, and municipal governments. There are a number of LGBT-targeted media outlets. Attitudes to LGBT rights are under debate within and between different Christian churches.
==History== {{main|LGBTQ history in Canada|Timeline of LGBTQ history in Canada}} Same-sex sexual activity was [[Decriminalization of homosexuality in Canada|decriminalised]] in Canada in 1969. Subsequently, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation was outlawed in different parts of the country, and during the late 1990s, this was extended to the whole of Canada in a series of legal judgments. [[Same-sex marriage in Canada|Same-sex marriage]] was recognised in 2005. Gender identity and gender expression were brought under the [[Canadian Human Rights Act]] in 2017.
==Rights== {{main|LGBT rights in Canada}} Since the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]'s 1995 decision in ''[[Egan v Canada]]'', sexual orientation has been considered a prohibited basis of discrimination under [[Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Section 15]] of the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]''.<ref>''Egan v. Canada'', [1995] 2 S.C.R. 513 at 528.</ref> Some provinces enacted protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation prior to the ''Egan'' decision, with the first being [[Quebec]]'s amendments to its ''[[Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms|Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms]]'' in 1977. On June 20, 1996, the ''Canadian Human Rights Act'' (CHRA, {{langx|fr|Loi canadienne sur les droits de la personne}}) was amended to include sexual orientation as a protected ground. The CHRA guarantees the right to equality, equal opportunity, fair treatment, and an environment free from discrimination in employment and the provision of goods, services, facilities, or accommodation within federal jurisdiction.<ref name="act">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-discrimination-and-harassment-because-sexual-orientation/part-i-%E2%80%93-context-sexual-orientation-human-rights-protections-case-law-and-legislation|title=Part I – The context: sexual orientation, human rights protections, case law and legislation | Ontario Human Rights Commission}}</ref>
==Society== ===Demographics=== While LGBT people live in both large and small communities throughout Canada, the largest and most prominent LGBT communities are located in major metropolitan cities, such as [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], [[Vancouver]], and [[Ottawa]]. LGBT-oriented neighborhoods, or [[gay village]]s, such as Toronto's [[Church and Wellesley]], Vancouver's [[Davie Village]], and Montreal's ''[[Gay Village, Montreal|Village gai]]'' have emerged as hubs of LGBT culture and tourism.
As the [[Census of Canada]] does not ask respondents to identify their sexual orientation, there is no exact overall count of how many Canadians identify as LGBT. A separate data program, the Canadian Community Health Survey, showed in 2015 that 1.7 percent of respondents identified as gay or lesbian, and 1.3 percent identified as bisexual. However, the Health Survey is not the same thing as the census, and it is not a universal survey of all Canadians but only a self-selected voluntary survey filled out by active users of specific health services.<ref>[https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3226 "Canadian Community Health Survey - Annual Component (CCHS)"]. [[Statistics Canada]].</ref> Because [[same-sex marriage]] has been legal in Canada since the passage of the ''[[Civil Marriage Act]]'' in 2005, census figures are published for same-sex couples.<ref name=flocking>[https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/same-sex-couples-are-flocking-to-the-altar-to-get-married-new-census-canada-data-reveals "Same-sex couples are flocking to the altar, new census data reveals"]. ''[[National Post]]'', September 19, 2012.</ref> The [[Canada 2006 Census]] recorded approximately 7,500 same-sex marriages nationwide, while the [[Canada 2011 Census]] listed 21,000.<ref name=flocking /> However, the 2011 data only included couples living in major cities; some additional data on same-sex couples in smaller communities were withheld from publication after [[Statistics Canada]] determined that due to data tabulation errors, as many as 4,500 pairs of platonic roommates may have been incorrectly counted as additional same-sex couples.<ref name=counted>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/census-may-have-counted-roommates-as-married-gay-couples-1.1153344 "Census may have counted roommates as married gay couples"]. [[CBC News]], September 19, 2012.</ref> This error primarily seemed to affect smaller natural resource communities, such as development sites in the [[Alberta oil sands]], where some people reported themselves as both married and living with a person of the same sex, but may in fact have been migrant workers, who weren't married to the same person with whom they were sharing accommodation on the census date.<ref name=counted />
===Festivities=== Pride parades have been held in various cities throughout Canada since the events of [[Pride Week 1973]] and have also become larger in attendance, as legal and cultural attitudes towards LGBT citizens in Canada are relaxed. The largest current pride event, [[Pride Week (Toronto)|Pride Week]] in Toronto, was launched in 1981 following that year's [[Operation Soap]] by Toronto Metropolitan Police; the bathhouse raid and reaction by LGBT people is considered the Canadian equivalent of the 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] in New York City. [[Edmonton Pride]] also evolved from the protests against a 1981 bathhouse raid in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], although that event did not add a parade until the early 1990s.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130620200620/http://vueweekly.com/front/story/looking_back_moving_forward/ "Looking back, moving forward"]}}. ''[[Vue Weekly]]'', June 10, 2009.</ref> Many other Canadian cities, both large and small, have since launched annual pride events, with the largest and most prominent festivities taking place in Toronto, [[Calgary]] ([[Calgary Pride]]), [[Ottawa]] ([[Capital Pride (Ottawa)|Capital Pride]]), [[Montreal]] ([[Fierté Montréal]]), [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] ([[Halifax Pride]]), and [[Vancouver]] ([[Vancouver Pride Festival|Vancouver Pride]]).
Toronto acted as host city for the international [[WorldPride]] in 2014.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/07/03/world_pride_in_toronto_oneyear_countdown_begins.html "World Pride in Toronto: One-year countdown begins"]. ''[[Toronto Star]]'', July 3, 2013.</ref>
As of 2017, at least one annual pride event takes place in every Canadian province and territory. In recent years, particularly in the 2010s, successful pride events have been launched in many Canadian cities much smaller than the traditional gay meccas.<ref name=evolution>[http://www.dailyxtra.com/canada/news/evolution-pride-celebrations-in-canada?market=210 "Evolution of Pride celebrations in Canada"]. ''[[Xtra!]]'', June 11, 2013.</ref> In addition to the events noted above, festivals are currently held in [[Cranbrook, British Columbia|Cranbrook]], [[Tenzin Norkhel]], [[Kamloops]], [[Kelowna]], [[Nanaimo]], [[New Westminster]], [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]], [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] and [[Whistler, British Columbia|Whistler]] in British Columbia; [[Fort McMurray]], [[Grande Prairie]], [[Jasper, Alberta|Jasper]], [[Lethbridge]], [[Medicine Hat]] and [[Red Deer, Alberta|Red Deer]] in Alberta; [[Moose Jaw]], [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]], [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]] ([[Queen City Pride]]), and [[Saskatoon]] ([[Saskatoon Pride]]) in Saskatchewan; [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]], [[Flin Flon]], [[Portage la Prairie]], [[Steinbach, Manitoba|Steinbach]], [[Thompson, Manitoba|Thompson]]<ref>[http://www.thompsoncitizen.net/article/20140604/THOMPSON0101/306049992/-1/thompson/thompson-will-become-third-manitoba-community-to-celebrate-sexual "Thompson will become third Manitoba community to celebrate sexual diversity"]. ''[[Thompson Citizen]]'', June 4, 2014.</ref> and [[Winnipeg]] ([[Pride Winnipeg]]) in Manitoba; [[Belleville, Ontario|Belleville]], [[Brockville, Ontario|Brockville]], [[Cornwall, Ontario|Cornwall]], [[Durham Region]], [[Elliot Lake]], [[Greater Sudbury]] ([[Sudbury Pride]]), [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] ([[Pride Hamilton]]), [[Waterloo Region|Kitchener-Waterloo-Cambridge]] ([[Tri-Pride]]), [[Guelph]] ([[Guelph Pride]]), [[Halton Region]], [[Kenora]], [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[London, Ontario|London]], [[Muskoka District]], [[Regional Municipality of Niagara|Niagara Region]], [[North Bay, Ontario|North Bay]], [[Regional Municipality of Peel|Peel Region]], [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]], [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste. Marie]],<ref>[http://www.saultstar.com/2014/08/19/sault-pridefest-gets-local-support "Sault Pridefest gets local support"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904110321/http://www.saultstar.com/2014/08/19/sault-pridefest-gets-local-support |date=2014-09-04 }}. ''[[Sault Star]]'', August 19, 2014.</ref> [[Simcoe County, Ontario|Simcoe County]] ([[Simcoe Pride]]), [[Thunder Bay]] ([[Thunder Pride]]), [[Timmins]]<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/pride-festivals-catching-on-in-northern-ontario-1.2741536 "Pride festivals catching on in northern Ontario"]. [[CBCS-FM|CBC Sudbury]], August 20, 2014.</ref> and [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]] ([[Windsor Pride]]) in Ontario; [[Quebec City]], [[Rimouski]]<ref name=enracine>[http://www.fugues.com/217102-article-la-fierte-senracine-dans-les-regions-de-sherbrooke-et-rimouski.html "La Fierté s’enracine dans les régions de Sherbrooke et Rimouski"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214061832/http://www.fugues.com/217102-article-la-fierte-senracine-dans-les-regions-de-sherbrooke-et-rimouski.html |date=2015-02-14 }}. ''[[Fugues (magazine)|Fugues]]'', September 26, 2013.</ref> and [[Sherbrooke]]<ref name=enracine /> in Quebec; [[Charlotte County, New Brunswick|Charlotte County]], [[Fredericton]], [[Miramichi, New Brunswick|Miramichi]], [[Moncton]] and [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] in New Brunswick; [[Charlottetown]] in Prince Edward Island; [[Antigonish, Nova Scotia|Antigonish]], [[Cumberland County, Nova Scotia|Cumberland County]], [[Pictou County, Nova Scotia|Pictou County]], [[Truro, Nova Scotia|Truro]], [[Sydney, Nova Scotia|Sydney]] and [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia|Yarmouth]] in Nova Scotia; [[Corner Brook]] and [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] in Newfoundland and Labrador; [[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]] in Yukon; [[Norman Wells]] and [[Yellowknife]] in the Northwest Territories and [[Iqaluit]] in Nunavut.
In some smaller cities, pride events do not feature the parade that is a traditional part of larger pride festivals; Waterloo Region's tri-Pride, for example, currently centres around an afternoon [[music festival]] in a city park. Most pride events are held in the summer, although the cities of Guelph, Ottawa and Whistler also have "Winter Pride" festivals based on programs of winter recreational activities such as [[Ice skating|skating]], [[skiing]] and [[snowboarding]].
Many of the organizing committees are members of [[Fierté Canada Pride]], a national organization that fosters collaboration between and helps to promote pride events.<ref name=evolution />
Several major cities also host annual LGBT [[film festival]]s, including the [[Inside Out Film and Video Festival]] in both Toronto and Ottawa, [[Fairy Tales Queer Film Festival]] in Calgary, [[Reel Pride]] in Winnipeg, [[Image+Nation]] in Montreal, the [[Queer North Film Festival]] in Sudbury, the [[Reelout Queer Film Festival]] in Kingston, [[Queer City Cinema]] in Regina and the [[Vancouver Queer Film Festival]] in Vancouver.
=== Indigenous === Various Canadian [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]] Nations have had terms to describe sexual and gender variance, such as the Siksika([[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]]) term ''aakíí’skassi'' which described men who performed work typically associated with women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Filice |first=Michelle |date=September 21, 2023 |title=Two-Spirit |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/two-spirit |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> Within indigenous communities these differences were seen as occupying a unique third gender role, and were not seen as a difference in sexuality.<ref name=":0" /> Today these people are often identified as [[Two-spirit|Two-Spirit]], a term put forth by Indigenous queer activist Albert McLeod, to broadly represent these variances within the many North American [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michelin |first=Ossie |date=2023-06-08 |title=After 30 years, Albert McLeod continues to blaze a trail for queer Indigenous people |url=https://broadview.org/two-spirit-albert-mcleod/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Broadview Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Having a unique term was important as Indigenous queer identity and concerns were distinct from those of non-indigenous LGBTQ+ people.
===Religion=== While the earliest advocacy for LGBT rights initially came from or was adopted by members of the left-wing milieu of Canadian politics, LGBT-affirmative religious organizations such as the [[Metropolitan Community Church]] played an early role in the advocacy for civil rights. MCC pastor [[Brent Hawkes]], rector of the [[Metropolitan Community Church of Toronto|MCC of Toronto]], became one of the earliest openly gay advocates for LGBT civil rights in the country, and performed the first same-sex marriage ceremony in the country, eventually participating in the successful legal struggle to have it recognized by Ontario.
The issue of LGBT-affirmative policies has also become a major topic of theological and political discussion in the [[United Church of Canada]], which now ordains LGBT clergy and performs same-sex marriage ceremonies.
On the opposite end, theological conservatives, including those who operate the Roman Catholic Church in Canada and related organizations, officially object to LGBT rights such as same-sex marriage and refuse to perform or recognize them.
===Education=== Anti-discrimination policies apply strongly to state school institutions throughout Canada. Catholic educational institutions have tended to object to these laws and have entered into controversies with provincial governments over the prevention of [[gay-straight alliance]]s being formed in Catholic schools.
===Media=== {{See also|LGBTQ media#Canada}} Canada has a significant number of LGBT-targeted media outlets.
[[Pink Triangle Press]] has published the newspapers ''[[Xtra!]]'' in Toronto, ''[[Xtra! West]]'' in Vancouver and ''[[Capital Xtra!]]'' in Ottawa. In 2015, the company announced that it was folding all three print titles, but would continue publication of the website, ''[[Daily Xtra]]'', as a digital media title. The company also formerly published the Toronto-based magazines ''[[The Body Politic (magazine)|The Body Politic]]'' and ''[[Fab (magazine)|fab]]''.
Other past and present LGBT publications in Canada have included ''Esprit'', ''[[Rites (magazine)|Rites]]'', ''[[Fugues (magazine)|Fugues]]'', ''[[Wayves]]'', ''abOUT'', ''[[Outlooks]]'', ''[[OutWords]]'', ''[[Perceptions (magazine)|Perceptions]]'', ''[[GO Info]]'', ''[[Plenitude (magazine)|Plenitude]]'' and ''[[Siren (magazine)|Siren]]'', as well as a short-lived national edition of ''fab''.
The television channel [[OutTV (Canada)|OUTtv]], a general interest channel for LGBT audiences, broadcasts on [[digital cable]]. Two premium subscription channels, [[Playmen TV]] and [[Maleflixxx Television]], air [[gay pornography]].
The broadcast group [[Evanov Communications]] operated [[CIRR-FM]], a radio station in Toronto which aired a mix of [[contemporary hit radio]] music and LGBT-oriented talk programming. The company was granted a license to operate a similar radio station, [[CHRF]] in Montreal, which was launched in 2015 but converted to an [[adult standards]] format within less than a year; the original CIRR, in turn, was shut down in fall 2023.
Nova Scotian comic book shop [[Cape & Cowl|Cape & Cowl Comics & Collectibles]] is a [[transgender|transgender-owned]] shop specializing in LGBTQ+ items and [[pride parade|pride]] items, including pride flags, [[self-published]] books, zines, toys, DVD and VHS tape videos and other items. Proprietor Jay Aaron Roy also features a safe space in the shop for maginalized, LGBTQ+, disabled and at-risk youth.
==={{Anchor|LGBTQ literature in Canada}}Literature=== {{Category see also|LGBTQ literature in Canada}} Most contemporary analysis of [[LGBTQ literature|LGBT literature]] in Canada begins with three poets, [[Émile Nelligan]], [[Frank Oliver Call]] and [[Elsa Gidlow]]. Although neither Nelligan nor Call can be definitively determined to have been gay, due to the lack of a clear biographical record of their sexual or romantic relationships, both have been extensively analyzed for the presence of [[homoerotic]] themes in some of their writing,<ref name="seminal">[[John Barton (poet)|John Barton]] and [[Billeh Nickerson]], eds. ''Seminal: The Anthology of Canada's Gay Male Poets''. [[Arsenal Pulp Press]], 2007. {{ISBN|1551522179}}.</ref> while Gidlow wrote what is believed to be the first volume of openly [[lesbian]] love poetry ever published by a North American writer.<ref>[[Kenneth Rexroth|Rexroth, Kenneth]] (1978). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27775804 Elsa Gidlow's Sapphic Songs]". ''American Poetry Review''. 7 (1), 20. {{subscription required}}</ref>
Nelligan suffered a [[psychosis|psychotic]] breakdown at the age of 19 in 1899 and was institutionalized for the remainder of his life, and nearly all of his work was published only after his confinement. While the cause of his mental illness has been extensively debated, in recent years a number of critics and biographers have postulated that Nelligan was gay and suffered from inner conflict between his sexuality and his religious upbringing.<ref>"Émile Nelligan, interné parce que gai?" ''[[Michel Désautels|Désautels]]'', January 14, 2011.</ref> Nelligan's poetry includes several allusions to [[public sex]] in parks, a practice much more strongly associated with the history of homosexuality than that of heterosexuality;<ref name=drummer1>[http://thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com/2009/10/13/the-first-poets-part-1-%E2%80%9Cgaydar-moments%E2%80%9D/ "The First Poets, Part 1: “Gaydar Moments”]. ''The Drummer's Revenge'', October 13, 2009.</ref> Montreal's [[Mount Royal Park]], the apparent inspiration for much of his outdoor poetry, was indeed known as a [[gay cruising]] spot even in Nelligan's lifetime.<ref name=drummer1 /> Nelligan was also profoundly inspired by writers, such as [[Paul Verlaine]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]] and [[Charles Baudelaire]], who openly wrote about LGBT themes. Despite the sexual and romantic nature of Nelligan's writing, no records exist to confirm that he ever had a sexual or romantic relationship with anyone male or female;<ref>Émile J. Talbot, ''Reading Nelligan''. [[McGill-Queen's University Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|0773523189}}.</ref> however, later biographers have published some evidence that he may have been the lover of poet [[Arthur de Bussières]].<ref name=dostie>Gaëtan Dostie, [http://ssjb.com/nelligan-et-de-bussieres-crees-par-dantin/ "Nelligan et de Bussières créés par Dantin ?"]. ''Le Patriote''. Republished by the [[Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society]] of Montreal, July 22, 2015.</ref>
Analysis of gay subtext in Call's writing rests especially on his 1944 poetry collection ''Sonnets for Youth'',<ref name=seminal /> which contains explicit homoerotic themes and is inspired by [[Greek mythology]] including the myth of [[Hyacinth (mythology)|Hyacinth]],<ref name=drummer1 /> although his earlier collections ''In a Belgian Garden'' and ''Acanthus and Wild Grape'' also contain numerous references to male beauty.<ref name=drummer1 /> In addition, all of Call's most explicitly sexual poetry is written in the second person, a common technique of gay writers who wish to disguise the gender of the person they're writing about.<ref name=drummer1 /> However, limited biographical information is known about Call outside of his writing itself, so his sexuality cannot be confirmed.<ref name=drummer1 />
Despite the uncertainty surrounding their sexual orientations, both Nelligan and Call are included in [[John Barton (poet)|John Barton]] and [[Billeh Nickerson]]'s 2007 anthology ''Seminal: The Anthology of Canada's Gay Male Poets''.<ref name=seminal />
Gidlow and her friend [[Roswell George Mills]] also published ''[[Les Mouches fantastiques]]'', the first known LGBT publication in Canadian history, between 1918 and 1920.<ref name=gayrag>{{Cite news |title=Canada's first gay rag |date=February 19, 2015 |newspaper=[[Xtra!]] |publisher=[[Pink Triangle Press]] |location=Toronto}}</ref>
In 1943, critic [[John Sutherland (Canadian writer)|John Sutherland]] published a review of [[Patrick Anderson (poet)|Patrick Anderson]]'s poetry in the literary magazine ''[[First Statement]]'' which suggested [[homoerotic]] themes in his writing, and accusing Anderson of "some sexual experience of a kind not normal";<ref>John Sutherland, "The Writing of Patrick Anderson". ''First Statement'', 1.19 (1943): 3– 6</ref> Anderson was married at the time to Peggy Doernbach, and threatened to sue.<ref name=seminal/> Sutherland printed a retraction in the following issue.<ref>John Sutherland, "Retraction". ''First Statement'', 1.20 (1943): cover.</ref> Anderson did in fact come out as gay later in life after returning to the [[United Kingdom]] in the 1950s,<ref name=seminal /> although he continued to treat his sexuality as a private matter, declining inclusion in an anthology of gay male literature in 1972.<ref>Brian Trehearne, ''The Montreal Forties: Modernist Poetry in Transition''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|9780802044525}}.</ref> Sutherland later published a similar attack on [[Robert Finch (poet)|Robert Finch]], dismissing his poetry as the work of a "dandified versifier".
Explicitly [[gay male]] literature by openly gay writers emerged in Canada in the 1960s, with [[Paul Chamberland]]'s poetry collection ''L'afficheur hurle'' (1964), [[Jean-Paul Pinsonneault]]'s novel ''Les terres sèches'' (1964), [[Edward A. Lacey]]'s poetry collection ''The Forms of Life'' (1965), [[Scott Symons]]' novel ''Place d'Armes'' (1967) and [[John Herbert (playwright)|John Herbert]]'s play ''[[Fortune and Men's Eyes]]'' (1967) each an important landmark in the history of Canadian LGBT literature.
Several contemporary openly gay writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including [[Timothy Findley]], [[Michel Tremblay]], [[Tomson Highway]], [[Marie-Claire Blais]], [[Douglas Coupland]], [[Wayson Choy]] and [[Ann-Marie MacDonald]], have been among Canada's leading mainstream literary stars.
Beginning in 2007, the [[Writers' Union of Canada]] instituted the [[Dayne Ogilvie Prize]], an annual [[literary award]] presented to emerging LGBTQ-identified writers. In 2018, Montreal's [[Blue Metropolis]] literary festival created the [[Blue Metropolis Violet Prize]] as a complement to honour established LGBTQ writers for their bodies of work.<ref name=knegt>Peter Knegt, [http://www.cbc.ca/arts/canadian-lgbtq-literature-is-having-a-moment-and-this-montreal-festival-is-showcasing-that-1.4623790 "Canadian LGBTQ literature is having a moment, and this Montreal festival is showcasing that"]. [[CBC Arts]], April 18, 2018.</ref>
==References== {{reflist|2}}
{{LGBT in Canada}} {{Americas topic|LGBT in}}
[[Category:LGBTQ in Canada| ]] [[Category:LGBTQ demographics]]