{{Short description|English regeneration agency (1981–1998)}} {{Use British English|date=November 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox organization |name = London Docklands Development Corporation |image = London Docklands Development Corporation.svg |image_size = 100px |caption = |map = |map_size = |map_caption = |formation = 1981 |dissolved = 1998 |type = |headquarters = London |location = |membership = |language = |leader_title = Chairmen |leader_name = {{plainlist| *Sir Nigel Broackes *Sir Christopher Benson *Sir David Hardy *Sir Michael Pickard }} |leader_title2 = Chief executives |leader_name2 = {{plainlist| *Reg Ward *Eric Sorenson *Neil Spence *Roger Squire }} |key_people = |num_staff = |budget = |website = }} [[File:London Docklands 1991.jpg|thumb|The Docklands Light Railway at South Quay in 1991, both built as a result of LDDC interventions]] The '''London Docklands Development Corporation''' ('''LDDC''') was a quango agency set up by the UK Government in 1981 to regenerate the depressed Docklands area of east London.<ref>[http://www.lddc-history.org.uk/ LDDC History Pages – Home Page]</ref> During its seventeen-year existence, it was responsible for regenerating an area of {{convert|8.5|sqmi|km2|order=flip}} in the London Boroughs of Newham, Tower Hamlets and Southwark. LDDC helped to create Canary Wharf, Surrey Quays Shopping Centre, London City Airport, ExCeL London, London Arena and the Docklands Light Railway, bringing more than 120,000 new jobs to the Docklands and making the area highly sought after for housing. Although initially fiercely resisted by local councils and residents, today it is generally regarded as having been a success and is now used as an example of large-scale regeneration, although tensions between older and more recent residents remain.
== Background == London's Docklands were at one time the largest and most successful in the world. The West India Docks which were opened in 1802 were followed by the London Docks, East India Docks, and St Katherine's Dock in the years afterwards and Surrey Docks, Millwall Dock and the Royal Docks in the rest of the 19th century.<ref name=SB>{{cite book |author1=Sue Brownill |title=Developing London's Docklands: Another Great Planning Disaster? |date=1993 |publisher=Paul Chapman Publishing |location=London |isbn=1853960985}}</ref>{{rp|16}} In 1909, after a number of mergers and collapses, the Port of London Authority was established to manage the docks.<ref name=SB />{{rp|17}} Tens of thousands of people were employed by the docks,<ref name=SB />{{rp|19}} as well as other nearby related industries, such as flour mills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flour milling and the port|author=PortCities London|publisher=PortCities UK|url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.104/Flour-milling-and-the-port.html|accessdate=12 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614095210/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.104/Flour-milling-and-the-port.html|archive-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>
During World War II, the docks area was heavily bombed during the Blitz, in an attempt to destroy London's economy and weaken the war effort.<ref name=Blitz>{{cite web |title=Docklands and the Blitz |url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.53/Docklands-and-the-Blitz.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429125313/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative-53/Docklands-and-the-Blitz.html |archive-date=29 April 2021 |accessdate=14 June 2020 |publisher=Port Cities}}</ref><ref name=NA>{{cite web |author1=Emma Down |title=The beginning of the London Blitz |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/beginning-london-blitz/ |website=The National Archives |access-date=1 April 2024 |date=7 September 2015}}</ref> This damaged or destroyed much of the docklands infrastructure,<ref name=NA /> as well as almost a third of the area's housing.<ref name=SB />{{rp|19}}
There was a brief resurgence during the 1950s but the docks were empty by 1980. The main reason was containerisation: goods used to be brought into the UK by relatively small ships and unloaded by hand; from the 1970s onwards most trade was carried within intermodal containers (shipping containers) or by truck on roll-on/roll-off ferries.<ref>{{cite video|title=The Box that Changed Britain|people=McGough, Roger (Narrator), McAulay, Graeme (Director & Producer), Crossley-Holland, Dominic (Executive Producer)|publisher=BBC4|date=2010}}</ref>
Between 1961 and 1971, almost 83,000 jobs were lost in the five boroughs in the Docklands area (Greenwich, Lewisham, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Southwark).<ref name=SB />{{rp|19}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|title=Urban Visions: From Planning Culture to Landscape Urbanism|first1= Carmen Díez |last1=Medina|first2=Javier |last2=Monclús|publisher=Spring|year=2018|isbn=978-3319590462|page=125}}</ref> A large percentage of the jobs which were lost were from large transnational corporations which had previously provided good job security.<ref name=SB />{{rp|19}} The decline was heightened by government policies which favoured the growth of industry outside London.<ref name=SB />{{rp|19}}
The housing in the Docklands area was nearly all council-owned terraced housing and flats. There was no commercial infrastructure such as banks or building societies or any new office accommodation.<ref>{{cite web|title='Public Housing in Poplar: The 1940s to the early 1990s', in Survey of London: Volumes 43 and 44, Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs|first= Hermione |last=Hobhouse|year=1994|pages=37–54|publisher=British History Online|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp37-54 |accessdate= 14 June 2020}}</ref>
== Formation == The London Docklands Development Corporation was established by the then Secretary of State for the Environment, Michael Heseltine, under section 135 of the Local Government, Planning and Land Act 1980. It was financed by a grant from central government and from the proceeds from the disposal of land for development.<ref name=hansard>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1981/jul/01/london-docklands-development-corporation|title=London Docklands Development Corporation (Area and Constitution) Order 1980|publisher=Hansard|date=1 July 1981|accessdate=14 June 2020}}</ref>
The corporation acted as a catalyst benefiting from the full range of planning authority powers (principally those of development control).<ref name=hansard/>
Additionally, the Government set up an Enterprise Zone with certain tax breaks in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/462/made|title=The Isle of Dogs Enterprise Zone Designation Order 1982|publisher=Legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=14 June 2020}}</ref>
== Operation 1981–1994 == thumb|right|The Docklands area as administered by LDDC. LDDC's first chief executive was Reg Ward, a former chief executive of Hereford and Worcester County Council and Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council.<ref name="Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2011">Obituary: Reg Ward, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 12 January 2011</ref> Ward said if he had created some grand plan..."we would still be debating and nothing would have got built. Instead, we have gone for an organic, market-driven approach, responding pragmatically to each situation."<ref name="Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2011"/>
Billingsgate Market had relocated from the City to Docklands in 1982,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/billingsgate_market_rent_paid_in_fish_1_978219 |title=Billingsgate Market rent paid in fish |last=Shaffi |first=Sarah |publisher=East London Advertiser |date=28 July 2011 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614102425/https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/billingsgate-market-rent-paid-in-fish-1-978219|archive-date=14 June 2020}}</ref> and this was thought to be typical of the type of industry which might be accommodated.
However, Docklands was close to the City of London and this made it an attractive secondary office location as well as a possible site for riverside residential development to accommodate the phenomenon of yuppies, the young high-income single-person households created by new jobs in the financial services industry. In the first few years of LDDC's operation several offices and flats schemes were given the go ahead including on Heron Quays and Surrey Quays. Many of these buildings demonstrated unique architecture, such as the Baltic Quay building in the Surrey Docks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balticquay.org.uk/about/history/|title=Our History|publisher=Baltic Quays|accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref>
LDDC's success was due to seizing opportunity and making maximum use of its assets. When faced with a large amount of redundant railway infrastructure, the LDDC created a cheap light rail scheme, the Docklands Light Railway to make use of it. This in turn made the whole area more accessible to the public and helped create the conditions for further development.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cross |first=David |date=1 September 1987 |title=Enthusiasts flock to busy opening day: Docklands Light Railway |newspaper=The Times }}</ref>
When American/Swiss banker Michael von Clemm visited West India Docks looking for a restaurant site, he became interested in the idea of building a back office. Reg Ward jumped on this and the resulting scheme became the successful Canary Wharf development.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2010 |title=Heron Tower becomes tallest building in The City |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8526857.stm |accessdate=11 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=United Kingdom list of tallest buildings |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?countryID=133 |accessdate=12 January 2009 |work=SkyscraperPage.com}}</ref> This development far exceeded initial projections for growth in the Royal Docks, and Canary Wharf developer Olympia and York proposed an extension of the Jubilee line to serve the site. Beginning construction in 1993, the Jubilee Line Extension opened in 1999 after the end of the LDDC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/linefacts/?line=jubilee |title=Jubilee line facts |publisher=Transport for London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212182726/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/linefacts/?line=jubilee |archive-date=12 February 2008 }}</ref>
The LDDC tapped into the boom in air travel by creating a small business airport making use of the vast open spaces of the Royal Docks. London City Airport became a fast-growing and popular airport.<ref>{{cite news|title=London City Airport bought for £2bn by Canadian-led group|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-35666988|accessdate=26 February 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=26 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228054940/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-35666988|archive-date=28 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
During the 1980s private housing was developed in Docklands which with some minor exceptions were the first to be built in the area. Soon many people from outside the area saw the opportunity of buying a house close to the city at what appeared to be cheap prices. On many of the developments, local council tenants were given first opportunities to buy at discounted prices, but this led to a number of abuses.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtmHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|title=Urban Process and Power|first= Peter|last= Ambrose|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|isbn=9780415008518|page=8}}</ref>
== Effects outside London == The success of the LDDC spurred the government to set up similar bodies elsewhere, for example in Merseyside (1981) and later the Black Country, Cardiff Bay, Trafford Park (Greater Manchester) (all 1987), and the Central Manchester Development Corporation (1988).<ref>''Impact of Urban Development Corporations in Leeds, Bristol and Central Manchester, DETR, 1998''</ref>
== Undemocratic nature == thumb|Plaque on commemorative sculpture of 1987 to the London Docklands Development Corporation as seen in 2021
One feature of the LDDC was that it was "insulated" from the local democratically elected councils.<ref name="BRS">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UybM_o4QYkC&pg=PT123 |last1=Brindley |first1=Tim |last2=Rydin |first2=Yvonne |last3=Stoker |first3=Gerry |title=Remaking Planning: The Politics of Urban Change |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134859009 }}</ref> Eddie Oliver, Deputy Chief Executive (1981–87)<ref name="LDDC History">{{cite web |title=LDDC History Pages - Veteran's Page |url=http://lddc-history.org.uk/veterans/index.html |publisher=The Innes Partnership |accessdate=14 June 2020}}</ref> agreed that it was undemocratic, explaining that it was an extraordinary arrangement for an extraordinary situation".<ref name="BRS"/>
== Withdrawal 1994–1998 == The LDDC began a staged withdrawal in 1994. It withdrew from Bermondsey in 1994, followed by Beckton in 1995, the Surrey Docks in 1996, from Wapping, Limehouse and the Isle of Dogs in 1997, and finally from the Royal Docks in late 1998. Under a process called "dedesignation" the powers it held reverted to the London boroughs. It was formally wound up on 31 March 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1998/953/article/2/made|title=The Urban Development Corporations in England (Dissolution) Order 1998|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=2018-08-28}}</ref>
== See also == * London Thames Gateway Development Corporation, a similar development corporation operating in Thames Gateway between 2004 and 2013 * London Legacy Development Corporation, a similar development corporation in the aftermath of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games * Cascades, Isle of Dogs
== References == {{Reflist}}
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Category:History of the London Borough of Newham Category:History of the London Borough of Southwark Category:History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Category:Government bodies based in London Category:Redevelopment projects in London Category:Organizations established in 1981 Category:Organizations disestablished in 1998 Category:Defunct organisations based in London Category:Development Corporations of the United Kingdom Category:Waterfront redevelopment organizations