{{Short description|Brand name for aluminum alloys developed and produced by Imperial Chemical Industries}} '''Kynal''' was a brand name for a series of aluminium alloys developed and originally produced by the British chemical manufacturer Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICI Metals Division |website=Grace's Guide |url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/ICI_Metals_Division }}</ref> The name was derived from Kynoch, an existing ICI trademark for ammunition, and aluminium. It was largely used as substitute for Alclad, a popular corrosion-resistant aluminium alloy.
ICI produced Kynal in quantity at a facility in Waunarlwydd, outside Swansea. The material was extensively used by the British aviation industry during the Second World War, being recognised as a strategic resource. Numerous variations upon the material were devised by ICI around this time. During the 1950s, British Railways became a key consumer of Kynal, using the material on numerous members of its new fleet of diesel traction, including the first generation diesel multiple units (DMUs). By the twenty-first century, the material was largely considered to be obsolete, while the Waunarlwydd chemical works was permanently closed during the 2000s.
==History== A key facility involved in the production of Kynal was the Ministry of Aircraft Production's factory at Waunarlwydd,<ref>{{location|51.644727|-4.021163}}</ref> near Swansea. ICI built and operated the plant on the government's behalf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICI Metal Works; Alcoa Aluminium Factory, Waunarlwydd, Gowerton |website=Coflein |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/414966/details/ici-metal-worksalcoa-aluminium-factory-waunarlwydd-gowertonwith-camouflage-scheme }}</ref> Functionally, Kynal was similar to, and could be a substitute for, Alclad.<ref name = "ross 50">Ross 2013, p. 50.</ref> Applications included various forged items, including pipework, vessels, and heat exchangers, as well as fuselage elements of aircraft.<ref>{{cite journal |url = https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb033113/full/html?skipTracking=true |title = The Analysis of Fuselages of Arbitrary Cross-section and Taper: A DSIR Sponsored Research Programme on the Development and Application of the Matrix Force Method and the Digital Computer |author1 = J. H. Argyris|author2=S. Kelsey |journal = Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology |issn = 0002-2667 |date = 1 May 1959|volume = 31 |issue = 5 |pages = 133–143 |doi = 10.1108/eb033113 |url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url = https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb019457/full/html |title = Curtailing Corrosion in Chemical and Petroleum Engineering |issn = 0003-5599 |date = 1 August 1958 |journal = Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials |volume = 5 |issue = 6 |pages = 195–196 |doi = 10.1108/eb019457 |url-access = subscription }}</ref> By 1938, the material was being producing at a very high volume as a consequence of the European powers having entered a period of rearmament around the time of Munich crisis, which led into the Second World War.<ref name="Flight, 1938" >{{Cite magazine |date=9 June 1938 |magazine=Flight |title=ICI Advertisement |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%201624.html |page=14 }}</ref>
During the postwar era, Kynal continued to hold its strategic importance.<ref name="Flight, 1955" >{{Cite magazine |date=10 June 1955 |magazine=Flight |title=The British Light-alloy Industry |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%200813.html |pages=808–811 }}</ref> The material proliferated throughout British engineering throughout the 1950s and 1960s; it began to be used in the frames of road vehicles during the mid 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hLknAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kynal |title = Kynal lightens |work= The Automobile Engineer |date = 1956 |page = 125}}</ref> Kynal was used extensively for British Railways' modernisation of the 1950s, specifically in the construction of the publicly-owned organisation's new diesel fleet.<ref>{{Cite book |title=British Railways Main-Line Diesels |section=North British Locomotive Co. diesel-hydraulic B-B Type 2 (British Rail Class 22) |first=R. S. |last=Carter |publisher=Ian Allan Publishing |year=1963 |pages=28–29 }}</ref> The majority of the 'lightweight' diesel multiple units (DMUs) featured the material.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Going Ahead with 'Kynal' |website=Grace's Guide |url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:Im1958v206-p434da.jpg }}</ref> Around the same era, the company was also involved in studies into the use of Kynal as a roofing material.<ref>{{Google Books|id=fw0nAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kynal|work=Metallurgia: The International Journal of Metals and Materials|volume=49–50|publisher=Kennedy Press|date= 1954|page=173}}</ref>
By the twenty-first century, Kynal was largely considered to be obsolete as a material.<ref name = "ross 950">Ross 2013, pp. 9, 50.</ref> During the 2000s, the original Waunarlwydd plant, which was by then owned by Alcoa, was closed down.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=BBC News |title=Jobs cut at metal plant |date=21 January 2003 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2680369.stm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=BBC News |title=298 jobs to go as factory shuts |date=21 November 2006 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6170326.stm }}</ref> Despite this, research efforts into fields such as battery technology have involved the use of Kynal.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://patents.google.com/patent/JP3363910B2/en |title = JP3363910B2: Non-aqueous thin battery |publisher = Google = |date = 1998}}</ref>
==Table== {| class=wikitable |- | ! Al !! Cu !! Mg !! Si !! Mn !! Ni !! Zn !! Others !! |- | ! colspan=7 | % | || |- ! Kynal P5 | ≥99.5 | colspan=7 rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | Pure aluminium {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=9}} |- ! Kynal P10 | ≥99 |- | | colspan=8 | Aluminium–silicon alloys || |- ! Kynal PA15 | | colspan=2 rowspan=3 | | 12 | colspan=4 rowspan=3 | | rowspan=3 | Brazing wire {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=17}}<ref>{{Cite book |title='Kynal' Solders and 'Kynal' Flux for Soldering Aluminium |publisher=ICI |year=1953 }}</ref> |- ! Kynal PA16 | || 5 |- ! Kynal PA17 | || 5 |- | | colspan=8 | Aluminium–manganese alloys || |- ! Kynal PA19 | | colspan=3 | | 1.25 | colspan=3 | | {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=12}} |- | | colspan=8 | Aluminium–magnesium alloys || |- ! Kynal M35/1 | | rowspan=4 | | 2 | colspan=5 rowspan=4 | | rowspan=4 | {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=26}} |- ! Kynal M35/2 | || 3 |- ! Kynal M36 | || 5 |- ! Kynal M37 | || 7 |- | | colspan=8 | Aluminium–magnesium–silicon alloys || |- ! Kynal M39/1 | | rowspan=2 | | 0.7 || 0.5 | colspan=4 rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=34}} |- ! Kynal M39/2 | || 0.7 || 1 |- | | colspan=8 | Aluminium–copper alloys || |- ! Kynal 90 | || 2.2 || 0.3 | colspan=5 | | {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=41}} |- ! Kynal C65 | || 4 || 0.6 || || 0.5 | colspan=3 rowspan=4 | | rowspan=3 | {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=41}} |- ! Kynal C66 | || 4.4 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 0.6 |- ! Kynal C67 | || 4.4 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 0.6 |- ! Kynal C69 | || 1 || 1 || || || {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=34}} |- | | colspan=8 | Nickel–aluminium alloys || |- ! Kynal Y88 | || 2.6 || 1 || 1 | rowspan=2 | | 1 | rowspan=2 | | 0.1% Ti | rowspan=2 | {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=41}} |- ! Kynal Y92 | || 4 || 1.5 || || 2 || |- | | colspan=8 | Aluminium–zinc alloys || |- ! Kynal Z93 | || 0.4 || 2.7 || || || || 5.3 || || {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=47}} |- ! Kynal-Core C65A | colspan=8 rowspan=5 | | rowspan=5 | Pure aluminium-clad forms of the corresponding alloys {{sfnp|Metallic Materials Specification|page=50}} |- ! Kynal-Core C66A |- ! Kynal-Core C67A |- ! Kynal-Core C68A |- ! Kynal-Core Z93A |}
== See also == * Kycube, a similarly named series of copper beryllium alloys produced by IMI.
== References == ===Citations=== {{Reflist}}
===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |title=Metallic Materials Specification Handbook |first=R. B. |last=Ross |edition=4 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2013 |isbn=9781461534822 |ref={{harvid|Metallic Materials Specification}} }} * {{Cite book |title=Woldman's Engineering Alloys |series=Materials data series |editor-first=John P. |editor-last=Frick |publisher=ASM International |year=2000 |isbn=9780871706911 |ref={{harvid|Woldman's}} |pages=667–668 }} {{refend}}
==External links== * [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb019104/full/html?skipTracking=true AIDS FOR THE CORROSION ENGINEER via emerald.com]
Category:Aluminium alloys