{{italic title}} {{other uses|Kukan (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox film | name = Kukan | director = Rey Scott | producer = {{ubl|Herbert T. Edwards|Rey Scott|Li Ling-Ai <small>(technical advisor)</small>}} | writer = {{ubl|Rey Scott|Ralph Schoolman <small>(adaptation)</small>|Yutang Lin <small>(foreword)</small>}} | narrator = Niles Welch | music = {{ubl|'''Uncredited:'''|Edward Craig}} | cinematography = Rey Scott | editing = {{ubl|Charlie Bellante|Sam Citron}} | distributor = {{ubl|Adventure Epics|United Artists}} | released = {{Film date|1941|06|23}} | runtime = 62 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-battle-cry-of-china-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmja3nze |title=The Battle Cry of China |website=British Board of Film Classification |date=May 9, 1943}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English }} '''''Kukan''''' (originally subtitled '''''The Secret of Unconquerable China''''') is a 1941 American documentary film co-produced by Li Ling-Ai<ref name="aljaz">{{Cite web |last=Griner |first=Allison |date=March 6, 2016 |title=Finding Kukan and a piece of Chinese-American history |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/3/6/finding-kukan-and-a-piece-of-chinese-american-history |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> and Rey Scott, and directed by Scott about the Chinese resistance to Japanese aggression during the early part of World War II (see Second Sino-Japanese War). Though Li served as co-producer and sponsor, she was credited as a "technical advisor" in its credits.<ref name="aljaz" /> The film was distributed in 16mm by Adventure Epics and given an Honorary Academy Award at the 14th Academy Awards.
United Artists acquired the film for broader distribution in April 1942 and renamed it ''KUKAN: The Battle Cry of China'' before releasing it in 35mm in August of the same year. Considered lost for many years, a print was located and partially restored at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nestedeggproductions.com/finding-kukan/kukan-arrives-at-ampas|title=Only copy of KUKAN Arrives at AMPAS for Restoration|date=April 2010|accessdate=2011-08-11}}</ref>
In 2016, Robin Lung produced a documentary about Li, ''Finding Kukan''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nestedeggproductions.com/|title=Finding KUKAN}}, the homepage of the documentary about Li Ling-Ai.</ref> ''Kukan'' is available as an extra on ''Finding Kukan'''s home release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nestedeggproductions.com/purchase|title=Purchase Information for the documentary FINDING KUKAN|date=August 8, 2017 |accessdate=2019-02-08}}</ref>
== Title etymology == The word Kukan is composed of two Chinese characters:
Together, the Chinese characters Kǔgàn (苦干) translates to "hard work" or "bitter struggle".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=China Focus: Restored Oscar-winning film captures China's WWII suffering, resilience |url=https://english.news.cn/20250626/84f906afd36e4bb8b9736537f11d50a5/c.html |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=english.news.cn |language=en|date=June 26, 2025}}</ref> As per the original subtitle, "Unconquerable China", people willing to endure a bitter struggle.
==Production background== Scott, a St. Louis native and foreign correspondent for London's ''Daily Telegraph'', took a handheld 16mm camera and color film to war-torn China, where he traveled from Hong Kong to the wartime capital Chongqing, and then along the Burma Road to Lanzhou. From there, he ventured to Tibet, then back to Chongqing. Throughout the film, Scott narrated his journey and detailed various ethnic groups that make up the Chinese population, including the Miao people from the mountains of Guizhou, the Muslim population of Lanzhou, the Buddhist population in Tibet, the nomads from the Gobi Desert and the Han and Manchu populations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |date=July 14, 1941 |title=The New Pictures |url=https://time.com/archive/6786929/the-new-pictures-jul-14-1941/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241222085325/https://time.com/archive/6786929/the-new-pictures-jul-14-1941/ |archive-date=2024-12-22 |access-date=2026-05-30 |work=TIME |language=en}}</ref>
The final 20 minutes of ''Kukan'' consists of an aerial attack by Japanese bombers against the defenseless city of Chongqing from August 19–20, 1940. The bombing took up the film's final 20 minutes and showed some of the 200 tons of bombs dropped on the city. Scott captured his footage from a vantage point on the roof of the U.S. Embassy, which was near the center of the attack.<ref name=":0" /> Bosley Crowther, reviewing the film for ''The New York Times'', called the sequence "one of the most awesome bits of motion picture yet seen in this day of frightful news events...somehow this wanton violence appears even more horrible than the scenes we have witnessed of London's destruction."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |date=1941-06-24 |title=' Kukan,' a Vivid Fact Film About Modern China and Its Myriad Peoples, Is Seen at the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/24/archives/kukan-a-vivid-fact-film-about-modern-china-and-its-myriad-peoples.html |access-date=2026-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
=== Indo-China convoy === After arriving in Haiphong, Scott joins a truck convoy on "(a) highway from Dongang, on the railway in French Indochina, to Kweilin, capital of Kwangsi, via Nanning, able to take five-ton loads…"<ref name="FDRPSF_China1938">{{cite report |title=Radio Report: Volume of Military Supplies Entering China via Haiphong |date=April 20, 1938 |publisher=Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum |series=President's Secretary's File (PSF), Box 26 |page=3 |url=http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/psf/psfa0261.pdf |access-date=March 25, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barthel |first1=Alexandre |title=“Bad Luck for the Chinese”: France and the Transit of War Materiel to China During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1939) |journal=MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities |date=9 June 2022 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1163/26659077-25010002 |quote=The US archives tend to show, however, that the ban on the transit of war materiel was not total, as most of the materiel from the United States continued to pass into China through French Indochina until the outbreak of the war in Europe…|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Itinerary:
* The convoy makes a dash across the border at night to evade Japanese planes. * After crossing the border, the convoy enters rural China, Kwangsi (Guangxi) province. * Scott observes that Nanning appears deserted during the day as people hide in the fields from air raids, but becomes active at night. * Near Kweiyang (Guiyang), the ambulances reach the training hospital of Dr. Robert Lim, who is working to build China's medical corps. * Scott describes Chungking (Chongqing) as a city built on cliffs at the junction of the Chialing (Jialing) and Yangtze rivers. He counts the alleged "300" steps leading up into the city. * At Chengtu (Chengdu) located 200 miles northwest of Chungking, Scott visits West China Union University to document the "intellectual migration" of students and the development of industrial cooperatives.
== Post production ==
The film was theatrically released in 1942. ''Kukan'' received the attention of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who saw the film at a public White House screening.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kukan |url=http://theoscarsite.com/pictures1941/kukan.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060510111942/http://theoscarsite.com/pictures1941/kukan.htm |archive-date=2006-05-10 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=The Oscar Site}}</ref>
Scott received an Honorary Academy Award for ''Kukan''. The award was presented as a certificate rather than as a statuette, and it cited Scott "for his extraordinary achievement in producing ''Kukan'', the film record of China's struggle, including its photography with a 16mm camera under the most difficult and dangerous conditions." ''Kukan'' was one of two non-fiction features about World War II cited by the Academy for its 1941 Oscars, the other being ''Target for Tonight'', produced by the British Ministry of Information.<ref name=AMPAS>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/events/past/2005/oscars_docs/essay.html |title="The Birth of the Documentary Oscars"by Ed Carter, AMPAS |access-date=August 2, 2008 |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906193433/http://www.oscars.org/events/past/2005/oscars_docs/essay.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Though Li Ling-Ai was a co-producer and sponsor of the film, she was credited as a "technical advisor" in its credits.<ref name="aljaz" /> It is reported that several Americans joined the Flying Tigers in China after viewing the documentary.<ref name=":1" />
==See also== *List of rediscovered films
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== *{{IMDb title | id=0121453 | title=Kukan}} * [https://www.facebook.com/Kukandocumentary Facebook page for FINDING KUKAN]
Category:1941 films Category:1941 documentary films Category:Films about Chinese Americans Category:Films about Bombing of Chongqing Category:Documentary films about World War II Category:Second Sino-Japanese War films Category:Documentary films about aviation Category:1940s rediscovered films Category:American documentary films Category:Rediscovered American films Category:1941 American films Category:American pro-Chinese propaganda films