Kujata

{{Short description|Cosmic bull in medieval Islam}} {{for|the island| Kiatak}} [[File:Islamic cosmology.jpg|thumb|The cosmic bull Kuyūthāʾ bears the Flat Earth, which is rimmed by Mount Qaf and stands on Bahamut. Ottoman Turkish version of ''The Wonders of Creation'' by Zakariya al-Qazwini, c.1553.<ref name=loc>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/earth.html#obj104 |title=Islamic World Map |work=World Treasures: Beginnings. Earth |date=29 July 2010 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref>]] '''Kuyūthāʾ''' ({{langx|ar|كيوثاء}}), more rarely '''Kiyūbān''' ({{lang|ar|کیوبان}}) or '''Kibūthān''' ({{lang|ar|کبوثان}}), is the cosmic bull in medieval Muslim cosmography. It is said to carry on its back the angel who shoulders the world, and the rock platform upon which this angel stands. The Kuyūthāʾ is said to stand on the back of Bahamut, a giant fish or whale.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=abookofcreatures |date=2020-04-20 |title=Kuyūtha |url=https://abookofcreatures.com/2020/04/20/kuyutha/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=A Book of Creatures |language=en}}</ref>

The bull is variously described as having 40,000 horns and legs, or 40,000 eyes, ears, mouths, and tongues, in the oldest sources. The number of appendages can vary in later versions. Its breathing controls the tides.<ref name=":0" />

The ''Kiyūbān'' or ''Kibūthān'' appear in printed editions of Zakariya al-Qazwini's cosmography. These have been claimed to be corruptions of the term Leviathan ({{langx|ar|لوياتان}}). Alternate names include ''al-Rayann''.

Edward William Lane transcribed the name as ''Kuyootà'' or ''Kuyoothán'', and in various editions of Jorge Luis Borges' ''Book of Imaginary Beings'', it is given as '''Kuyata''' (Spanish), '''Kujata''' (first English translation, 1969), and '''Quyata''' (revised English translation).

==Orthography== [[File:Gentil Album(1774)-fol34-Sisteme du monde.jpg|thumb|The angel-supporting ruby mountain ("{{lang|fr|montagne de rubis}}") balanced on the multi-horned bull. Islamic cosmography.{{efn|The top disc is one of 7 earths, within a ring of emerald mountains, surrounded by sea ("{{lang|fr|mer autour de la montagne d'emeraude}}"). Copied from the book ''Oudjetoulinde''. Text commentaries of Massabi and Meschat.}}{{right|{{small|—''Gentil Album'' (1774), p. 34. Held by the Victoria and Albert Museum.<ref name=archer&graham/><ref name=ramaswamy/>}}}}]] "Kuyootà" was Edward Lane's transcription of the beast's name according to an Arabic source not clearly specified.{{Efn|name="lane-unclear-src"|Lane introduces the source as an "account as inserted in the work of one of the writers above quoted".}}<ref name="Lane"/> This became "Kuyata" in Jorge Luis Borges's ''El libro de los seres imaginarios'' (originally published as ''Manual de zoología fantástica'', 1957{{sfnp|Borges|Guerrero|1967|p=3}}).<ref name="borges0"/>{{sfnp|Borges|Guerrero|1967|p=67–68}} Then in its first English translation ''Book of Imaginary Beings'' (1969) it was further changed to "Kujata",{{Efn|di Giovanni's English translation ''Book of Imaginary Beings'', 1969.}}<ref name="borges1"/> and then to "Quyata" (in the 2005 translation).{{Efn|Hurley's English translation ''Book of Imaginary Beings'', 2005}}<ref name="borges2"/>

'''Kuyūta''' is yet another spelling in print, re-transcribed from Lane.<ref name=hastings/> '''Kujūta''' was given by Thomas Patrick Hughes's ''Dictionary of Islam''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hughes |first=Thomas Patrick |author-link=Thomas Patrick Hughes |title=Earth, the |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion |publisher=W. H. Allen |year=1885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDtbAAAAQAAJ&q=%22this%20bull%22&pg=PA103 |pages=102–103}}</ref>

"Kuyūthā" appears in a copy of al-Qazwini's cosmography{{Efn|name=qazwini-quote|"الصخرة أن تدخل تحت قدمي الملك ثم لم يكن للصخرة قرار فخلق الله تعالى ثورا عظيما يقال له كيوثاء (..the rock to under the feet of the malak (angel), and as the rock was not steady, God created a great bull called Kuyūthā)"}} and as "Kīyūbān ({{langx|ar|کیوبان}}) or Kibūthān" ({{langx|ar|کبوثان}}) in Wüstenfeld's 1859 printed edition of al-Qazwini.<ref name=chaylan-daffner-kiyuban>{{harvp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|loc=p. 214, note 195}} transcribes "Kīyūbān/Kibūthān" from Wüstenfeld ed., '''I''', p. 148</ref>{{sfnp|Wüstenfeld|1849|p=145}}<ref name=ethe-notes-leviathan>{{harvp|Ethé|1868}}, p. 488, notes to Wüstenfeld's p. 145, line 5.</ref> These names are said to be corrupted text,<ref name="guest&ettinghausen"/> and emended to read close to "Leviat[h]an" ({{langx|ar|لوياتان}}), by German translator Hermann Ethé.<ref name=ethe-notes-leviathan/>{{Refn|Wüstenfeld's edition has been criticized for being a collation (composite), mostly based on the Codex Gotha 1508, portions replaced with text from other manuscripts; for being thus based on a late 18th century copy; and not using a shorter recension that was the most widely disseminated.<ref>{{harvp|Streck|1936}}, "al-Ḳazwīnī", ''Ency. of Islām'', p. 842</ref>}}

"Kuyoothán" is an alternate spelling from the source Lane identifies as Ibn-Esh-Shiḥneh,<ref>{{harvp|Lane|1883}}, p. 106, note 1</ref> which was some manuscript Lane had in his possession.<ref name="lane-1001nights-v1"/>

'''Rakaboûnâ''' is one variant name for the bull, as read from some manuscript of Al-Damiri (d. 1405) by French Dr. Nicolas Perron, though the original text has ''al-thawr Kuyūtha'' ({{langx|ar|الثور كيوثا}}, 'the bull Kuyūtha'. Cairo ed. of 1819)<ref name=al-damiri/><ref name=perron/> Al-Rayann is the name of the bull as it appears in Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī (ca. 1100)'s version of the ''Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā’'' ("Tales of the Prophets").<ref name=muhammad-al-kisai-qisas>Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī, ''Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā’'', {{harvp|Thackston|1997|p=10}}</ref> A reshaping of its nature must have occurred in Arab storytelling, some time in the pre-Islamic period.{{sfnp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|p=238}} One proposed scenario is that a pair of beasts from the bible were confused with each other;<ref name="guest&ettinghausen"/> the behemoth mis-assigned to the fish, and the aquatic leviathan to the bull.

Shia sources like the 17th-century hadith collection Biḥār al-anwār have the variant Lahūtā.<ref>The [https://books.google.com/books?id=94sCAAAAMAAJ&q=tabashir%2Bal-hikmah Ṭabāshīr al-Ḥikmah] by 19th-century scholar Abū ’l-Qāsim al-Dhāhabī al-Shīrāzī has a chapter devoted to these creatures.</ref>

Some scholars have shown how the variations of this name may come down to subtle changes in the script and missreadings over the centuries, especially when moving from manuscript to print.<ref>See the dedicated blog entry at the [https://abookofcreatures.com/2020/04/22/etymology-corner-a-lot-of-bull/ Book of Creatures].</ref> In terms of palaeography, the ductus similarities of the consonants involved would explain the shifs between ''luyā-, luhā- and kujā-''.

==Derivation== '''Lūyātān''' ({{langx|ar|لوياتان}}) was the bull's reconstructed correct name in Arabic according Hermann Ethé's notes.<ref name=ethe-notes-leviathan/> Accordingly, he translates the bull's name as ''Leviathan'' in his German translation of Qazwini.{{Efn|Just as he translates the great fish's name, Bahamūt as ''Behemot'' (German for Behemoth).}}

Other commentators such as {{ill|Maximillan Streck|de}} have also stated that the bull derived from the biblical Leviathan, much as the name of the Islamic cosmic fish Bahamut derived from the biblical Behemoth.<ref name="ency-islam-kaf"/><ref>{{harvp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|loc=p. 236, note 268}}</ref>

==Lane's summary== {{See also|Bahamut#Lane's summary}}

Borges relied on Islamic traditional cosmography as summarized by Edward Lane in ''Arabian Society in the Middle Ages'' (1883).<ref>{{harvp|Borges|Guerrero|2005|pp=25, 164}} (on "Bahamut" am "Quyata"), and Hurley's note to them, pp. 221, 234, saying that the entries derive from Lane, ''Arabian Society''.</ref>

Lane's summary of Arabic source{{Efn|name="lane-unclear-src"}} explains that "Kuyootà" was the name of the bull created by God to hold up a rock of "ruby", on which stood an earth-propping angel. God created the angel, rock, then the bull in that order according to this source,{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Angel, then bull, then rock on the bull's hump, according to Ibn al-Wardi, Yaqut al-Hamawi, and al-Tha'labi.<ref>{{harvp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|loc=p. 215, and note 196}}</ref>}} then a giant fish called Bahamut to sustain the bull underneath. Before this, the earth was oscillating in wayward directions, and all these layers of support were needed to achieve stability.<ref name="Lane"/>

The bull had 4,000 eyes, ears, noses, mouths, tougues, feet, according to Lane's summary,<ref name="Lane"/> but the number is 40,000 eyes, limbs, etc. in several (older) Islamic sources, as discussed below.

==Arabic sources== {{See also|Bahamut#Arabic sources}}

Kuyūthā{{Efn|name=qazwini-quote}}{{Efn|"Kīyūbān/Kibūthān" is Wüstenfeld ed. published in the West, as noted.}} is the name of the bull in the text of al-Qazwini (d. 1283)'s popular cosmography, ''The Wonders of Creation''. This approximates Lane's spelling "Kuyootà". There exist a multitude of "editions" and manuscripts of al-Qazwini, which vary widely.<ref>{{harvp|Streck|1936}}, "al-Ḳazwīnī", ''Ency. of Islām'', p. 841</ref>

Al-Damiri (d. 1405) on authority of Wahb ibn Munabbih, is one source he specifically named as being used by Lane, in his summary.{{Efn|"Ed-Demeeree, on the authority of Wahb Ibn-Munebbih, quoted by El-Isḥáḳee, 1, 1."}}<ref>{{harvp|Lane|1883}}, p. 107, note 2.</ref> This so-called al-Damiri's account is considered to be a mere later redaction of al-Qazwini's cosmography printed on the margins,<ref>{{harvp|Streck|1936}}, "al-Ḳazwīnī", ''Ency. of Islām'', p. 844.</ref> and it may be noted that in Qazwini's account, Wahb ibn Munabbih acts as narrator.<ref>The passage begins "Wahb ben Munabbih sagt..." (in German), {{harvp|Ethé|1868|p=297}}</ref> A translation of Al-Damiri into French was undertaken by Nicolas Perron. The bull's name was however "Rakaboûnâ" (Rakabūnā) in al-Damiri, according to Perron's translation.<ref name=perron/>

The name of the bull is wanting in Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1229)'s geography, ''Mu'jam al-Buldan''.{{sfnp|Jwaideh|1987|pages=34–35}} Yaqut is thought to have borrowed from al-Tha'labi (d. 1038)’s ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ'' ("Lives of the Prophets"),{{sfnp|Brinner|2002}} one of the two earliest sources containing the cosmology.<ref name=jwaideh-lives>{{harvp|Jwaideh|1987|p=34}}, notes 1, 2</ref>

Ibn al-Wardi (d. 1457) (''Kharīdat al-ʿAjā'ib'', "The Pearl of Wonders"), considered to be a derivative rearrangement of Yaqut,<ref>{{harvp|Jwaideh|1987}}, p. 19, note 4.</ref> is an alternate source used by Lane who noted variant readings from it.

===Number of appendages=== The bull has 4,000 legs in al-Damiri (d. 1405). But in Qazwini (d. 1283), the bull has 40,000 eyes, etc., with "teeth" ({{langx|de|zähnen}}) replacing "tongues" in Lane's list. The hyperbolically large numbers recur in older texts: "40,000 horns and 40,000 limbs" according to Yaqut (d. 1229)'s geography,{{sfnp|Jwaideh|1987|pages=34–35}} 70,000 horns and 40,000 legs according to al-Tha'labi (d. 1038)’s ''Lives''{{sfnp|Brinner|2002|p=6}} and 40,000 eyes, ears, mouths and tongues according to Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī's ''Lives of the Prophets''.<ref name=jwaideh-lives/>

The bull has 40 humps, 40 horns, and four feet according to Ibn al-Wardi (d. 1457) in another passage,<ref>{{harvp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|loc=p. 215, note 196}}: Ibn al-Wardī, ''Kharīdat al-ʿajāʾib'' (Cairo, 1939), p. 239.</ref> (although in the corresponding passage he merely repeats Yaqut's 40,000 horns and feet).<ref name=ibn-al-wardi-latin>{{harvp|Ibn al-Wardi|1835|pp=36–37}}, Tornberg's Latin translation.</ref>

Its horns extended from the earth to God's Throne ({{langx|ar|عرش}}, ʿarš), entangling it<ref name=yaqut-p34>Yaqut al-Hamawi's geography, {{harvp|Jwaideh|1987|p=34}}</ref> or lying like a "prickly hedge" underneath.<ref name=talabi-p7>al-Tha'labi's ''Lives of Prophtets'', {{harvp|Brinner|2002|p=7}}</ref>

===Gem rock above bull=== As for the rock platform supported by the bull, which Lane said was made of "ruby", the Arabic word used in original sources ''yāqūt'' ({{linktext|ياقوت}}) has ambiguous meaning.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rustomji |first=Nerina |title=The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT95 |page=71|isbn=9780231140850 }}</ref> Many of the Islamic sources have specifically indicated the rock was a green gem, viz.: "rock (made) of green jacinth",<ref>"''Felsen aus grünem Hyacinth''", Ethé's German translation of Qazwini, {{harvp|Ethé|1868|p=298}}</ref>{{sfnp|Streck|1936|p=615}} "green rock",<ref name=talabi-p7/> "green corundum", etc.<ref name=yaqut-p34/> It is given as "green emerald" in a Latin translation of ibn al-Wardi.<ref>accusative, ''smaragdum viridem'', {{harvp|Ibn al-Wardi|1835|pp=36–37}}</ref>

God created the angel, rock, then bull in that order (the order they are arranged, one on top of another), according to Qazwini.{{sfnp|Ethé|1868|p=298}} However, in other sources, God created in the order of angel then bull, so that the angel could stand on the bull's hump, but as this was unstable, God inserted the rock platform above the bull's hump.<ref name=talabi-p7/><ref name=yaqut-p34/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Also Ibn al-Wardi.<ref name=ibn-al-wardi-latin/>}} These sources also say that God also inserted a sandhill between the great bull and the great fish.<ref name=talabi-p7/><ref name=yaqut-p34/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Also Ibn al-Wardi.<ref name=ibn-al-wardi-latin/><ref name=chaylan-daffner-wardi>{{harvp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|loc=pp. 215–216 and notes 196, 107}}: Ibn al-Wardī, Kharīdat al-ʿajāʾib, p. 16.</ref>{{sfnp|Lane|1883|p=107, note 1.}}}}

===Bull controlling tides===

The bull's breathing is said to control the ocean tides according to some sources.<ref name=chaylan-daffner-wardi/> Among the oldest sources (al-Tha'labi), the bull (ox) had its nose in the sea, and breathed once a day,{{Efn|Yaqut says it "breathed two breaths" each day, but this can be read as one breath out and one breath in.}} causing the sea to rise when it exhaled, and ebb when it inhaled.<ref name=talabi-p7/> The bull had its two nostrils pinned against two holes in the "green corundum" enabling it to breathe (Yaqut).<ref name=yaqut-p34/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Ibn al-Wardi also referred to this.{{sfnp|Lane|1883|pp=106, note 1.}} The bull breathed through ducts (''{{linktext|foramina}}'') in the "green emerald".<ref name=ibn-al-wardi-latin/>}}

On a related natural phenomenon, the bull and fish were considered responsible for drinking the water that tapped off from the land into the sea, maintaining the base level of the ocean's water. However, once their bellies become full they will become agitated (Ibn al-Wardi),<ref>{{harvp|Chalyan-Daffner|2013|loc=pp. 215–216 and note 200}}: Ibn al-Wardī, Kharīdat al-ʿajāʾib, p. 15.</ref> and it is a sign of the advent of Judgment Day (Yaqut).<ref name=yaqut-p34/>

== External links == * {{cite web|title=Kuyūtha |work=A Book of Creatures |url=https://abookofcreatures.com/2020/04/20/kuyutha/ |date=22 April 2019 |access-date=2020-10-24}} and "[https://abookofcreatures.com/2020/04/22/etymology-corner-a-lot-of-bull/ Etymology Corner: A Lot of Bull]"

==Explanatory notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name=al-damiri>{{cite book |author=Al-Damiri |author-link=Al-Damiri |title=Kitāb ḥayāt al-ḥayawān al-kubrā, etc.  |location=Cairo/Bulaq |publisher=al-ʿAmira |year=1819 |page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ic3b7sYiJecC&q=الثور&pg=RA1-PA164}}</ref>

<ref name=archer&graham>{{citation|last1=Archer |first1=Mildred |author1-link=Mildred Archer |last2=Parlett |first2=Graham |author2-link= |title=Company Paintings: Indian Paintings of the British Period |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsLqAAAAMAAJ&q=rubies |pages=117, 121|isbn=9780944142301 }}</ref>

<ref name="borges0">{{cite book |last1=Borges |first1=Jorge Luis |author1-link=Jorge Luis Borges |first2=Margarita |last2=Guerrero |author2-link= |title=El Libro de los seres imaginarios |publisher=Bruguera |year=1978 |orig-year=1957 |pages=36–37 |isbn=9788402081773 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3KBAAAAMAAJ&q=kuyata}}</ref>

<ref name="borges1">{{cite book |last1=Borges |first1=Jorge Luis |author1-link=Jorge Luis Borges |first2=Margarita |last2=Guerrero |author2-link=|others=Norman Thomas di Giovanni (trans.) |title=Book of Imaginary Beings |publisher=Dutton |year=1969 |page=141 |isbn=9780525475385 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOQSAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

<ref name="borges2">{{cite book |last1=Borges |first1=Jorge Luis |author1-link=Jorge Luis Borges |first2=Margarita |last2=Guerrero |author2-link= |others=Andrew Hurley (trans.); Peter Sis (illustr.) |title=Book of Imaginary Beings |location= New York |publisher=Viking |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bn4NAAAAYAAJ |page=164 |isbn=9780670891801 }}</ref>

<ref name="ency-islam-kaf">{{citation|title=Ḳāf |last=Streck |first=Maximilian |author-link=:de:Maximilian Streck |encyclopedia=The Encyclopaedia of Islām |volume=IV |publisher=E. J. Brill, Ltd. |year=1936 |page=615 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA615}}</ref>

<ref name="guest&ettinghausen"> {{citation|last1=Guest |first1=Grace D. |last2=Ettinghausen |first2=Richard |title=The Iconography of a Kāshān Luster Plate |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=4|year=1961|jstor=4629133 |page=53, note 110 |quote=The passage in Qazwīnī dealing with these ideas is on p. 145 of Wüstenfeld's edition (where the names of the two animals are confused with each other and where also the Leviathan appears in a corrupt Arabic form form; see also tr. Ethé, p. 298}} </ref>

<ref name=hastings>{{citation|last1=Hastings |first1=James |author-link=James Hastings |title=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics|volume=4|publisher=Scribner |year=1957|url=https://books.google.com./books?id=m3IrAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Kuyuta |page=174 |quote=al-Damiri, Ibn Ibnal-Wardi, etc., ap. Lane}}</ref>

<ref name="Lane">{{cite book|last=Lane|first=Edward William|author-link=Edward William Lane|editor-last=Lane-Poole |editor-first=Stanley | title=Arabian society in the middle ages: studies from the Thousand and one nights |location=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus|date=1883 |url=https://archive.org/stream/arabiansocietyin00laneuoft#page/106/mode/2up|pages=106–107}}</ref>

<ref name="lane-1001nights-v1"> {{cite book|last=Lane|first=Edward William|author-link=Edward William Lane|location=London |title=The Thousand and One Nights: Commonly Called, in England, the Arabian Nights' Entertainments |volume=1 |publisher=Charles Knight |date=1839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ywjmBb-O2YC&pg=PA20 |pages=20, 23}}  </ref>

<ref name=perron> {{citation|last=Ibn al-Mundir |first=Abū Bakr b. Badr |author-link=Ibn al-Mundhir |others=Perron, Nicolas (tr.) |title=Le Nâċérî: La perfection des deux arts ou traité complet d'hippologie et d'hippiatrie arabes |volume=3|publisher=Bouchard-Huzard |year=1860 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBk-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA481 |pages=481}}: Note 14 to p. 457 by Perron </ref>

<ref name=ramaswamy>{{cite web|last=Ramaswamy |first=Sumathi |author-link= |title= Going Global in Mughal India |publisher=Duke University |url=https://sites.duke.edu/globalinmughalindia/album/ |page=73}}; [https://sites.duke.edu/globalinmughalindia/album/ album]; [https://duke.app.box.com/s/asnk2vc3cjl0owdjrib8um6jlgzyd31f pdf text]</ref>

}}

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;(secondary sources) * {{cite web|last1= Borges |first1= Jorge Luis |author-link= Jorge Luis Borges |last2=Guerrero |first2= Margarita |title= El Libro de los seres imaginarios |publisher=Opensource |year=1967 |orig-year=1957 |pages=67–68 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Literatura_Gotica_Y_Fantstica/El_libro_de_los_seres_imaginarios_borges#page/n65/ |access-date=2017-10-18|language=es}} *{{cite thesis|type=Ph. D.|last=Chalyan-Daffner |first=Kristine |title=Natural Disasters in Mamlūk Egypt (1250–1517): Perceptions, Interpretations and Human Responses |publisher=Heidelberg University|year=2013 |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/17711/1/Chalyan-Daffner.pdf |pages=213–252}}

Category:Arabian mythology Category:Mythological bovines Category:Mythological bulls Category:World-bearing animals Category:Arabian legendary creatures