Kudoa

{{Short description|Genus of marine parasites}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Parasite150085-fig2 Kudoa septempunctata spores from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).tif | image_caption = ''Kudoa septempunctata'' - spores | parent_authority = Meglitsch, 1960 | taxon = Kudoa | authority = Meglitsch, 1947 | synonyms = * ''Hexacapsula'' Arai & Matsumoto, 1953 * ''Pentacapsula'' Naidenova & Zaika, 1970 * ''Septemcapsula'' Hsieh & Chen, 1984 }}

'''''Kudoa''''' is a genus of Myxozoa and the only genus recognized within the monotypic family '''Kudoidae'''. There are approximately 100 species of ''Kudoa'' all of which parasitize on marine and estuarine fish.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Sang Phil|last2=Shirakashi|first2=Sho|last3=Hamano|first3=Shogo|last4=Kato|first4=Keitaro|last5=Lasso|first5=Lissette Trejos|last6=Yokoyama|first6=Hiroshi|date=May 2016|title=Phylogenetic study of the genus Kudoa (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) with a description of Kudoa rayformis sp. nov. from the trunk muscle of Pacific sierra Scomberomorus sierra|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=98|pages=337–345|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.019|pmid=26947709|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Kudoa'' are most commonly known and studied for the negative effects the genus has on commercial fishing and aquaculture industries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Moran|first1=J.D.W|last2=Whitaker|first2=D.J|last3=Kent|first3=M.L|date=March 1999|title=A review of the myxosporean genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947, and its impact on the international aquaculture industry and commercial fisheries|journal=Aquaculture|language=en|volume=172|issue=1–2|pages=163–196|doi=10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00437-2}}</ref>

== Description == The genus ''Kudoa'' is identified by the possession of four or more shell valves composed of a fragile membrane and arranged in a quadrate or stellate pattern. The maximum number of shell valves in any described ''Kudoa'' species is 13.<ref name=":02"/> Each of these valves has a polar capsule.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Lom|first1=Jiri|last2=Dykova|first2=Iva|date=2006-03-01|title=Myxozoan genera: definition and notes on taxonomy, life-cycle terminology and pathogenic species|journal=Folia Parasitologica|volume=53|issue=1|pages=1–36|doi=10.14411/fp.2006.001|pmid=16696428|doi-access=free}}</ref> The genus ''Kudoa'' was originally part of the genus ''Chloromyxum'' because of the distribution of their polar capsules, however, it was later determined to be a separate genus.<ref name=":1" /> Each ''Kudoa'' has two sporoplasm cells, one enclosed by the other.<ref name=":2" /> Most ''Kudoa'' are histozoic parasites, with a few species being described as coelzoic. Some taxonomists question whether these coelzoic organisms belong to a separate genus.<ref name=":1" /> There are approximately 100 described species of ''Kudoa'' which can be found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.<ref name=":02"/>

==Species== [[File:Parasite150085-fig1 Kudoa septempunctata in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) muscles.tif|thumb|''Kudoa septempunctata'' in olive flounder (''Paralichthys olivaceus'') muscles.]] The following species are recognized in the genus ''Kudoa'':<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eiras|first1=Jorge Costa|last2=Saraiva|first2=Aurélia|last3=Cruz|first3=Cristina|date=February 2014|title=Synopsis of the species of Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Multivalvulida)|journal=Systematic Parasitology|language=en|volume=87|issue=2|pages=153–180|doi=10.1007/s11230-013-9461-4|pmid=24474038|s2cid=15664523|issn=0165-5752}}</ref>

* ''Kudoa aburakarei'' Li, Inoue, Tanaka, Zhang & Sato, 2020 * ''Kudoa acentrogobia'' Li, Inoue, Tanaka, Zhang & Sato, 2020 * ''Kudoa aequidens'' Casal, Matos, Matos & Azevedo, 2008 * ''Kudoa ajurutellus'' Araújo-Neto, Cardim, Da Silva, Hamoy, Matos & Abrunhosa, 2020 * ''Kudoa akihitoi'' Kasai, Setsuda & Sato, 2017 * ''Kudoa alliaria'' Kovaleva, Shulman & Yakolev, 1979 * ''Kudoa amamiensis'' Egusa & Nakajima, 1978 * ''Kudoa amazonica'' Velasco, Sindeaux Neto, Videira, de Cássia Silva do Nascimento, Gonçalves & Matos, 2019 * ''Kudoa anatolica'' Özer, Okkay, Gürkanlı, Çiftçi & Yurakhno, 2018 * ''Kudoa azevedoi'' Mansour, Thabet, Chourabi, Harrath, Gtari, Omar & Hassine, 2013 * ''Kudoa azoni'' Aseeva, 2004 * ''Kudoa barracudai'' Abdel-Baki, Al-Quraishy, Omar & Mansour, 2016 * ''Kudoa bengalensis'' Sarkar & Mazumder, 1983 * ''Kudoa boopsi'' Kpatcha, Diebakate, Faye & Toguebaye, 1999 * ''Kudoa bora'' Fujita, 1930 * ''Kudoa borimiri'' Yurakhno, Slynko, Chinh, Ha & Whipps, 2022 * ''Kudoa branchiata'' Joy, 1972 * ''Kudoa camarguensis'' Pampoulie, Marques, Crivelli & Boucherau, 1999 * ''Kudoa carcharhini'' Gleeson, Bennett & Adlard, 2010 * ''Kudoa cascasia'' Sarkar & Chaudry, 1996 * ''Kudoa caudata'' Kovaleva & Gaevskaya, 1983 * ''Kudoa cerebralis'' Paperna & Zwerner, 1974 * ''Kudoa chaetodoni'' Burger, Cribb & Adlard, 2007 * ''Kudoa cheilodipteri'' Heiniger, Cribb & Adlard, 2013 * ''Kudoa chilkaensis'' Tripathi, 1951 * ''Kudoa ciliatae'' Lom, Rohde & Dyková, 1992 * ''Kudoa clupeidae'' Hahn, 1917 * ''Kudoa cookii'' Heiniger, Cribb & Adlard, 2013 * ''Kudoa corniculata'' Li, Inoue, Zhang & Sato, 2022 * ''Kudoa crenimugilis'' Abdel-Baki, Abdel-Haleem, Al-Quraishy, Azevedo & Mansour, 2018 * ''Kudoa cruciformum'' Matsumoto, 1954 * ''Kudoa crumena'' Iversen & van Meter, 1967 * ''Kudoa cynoglossi'' Obiekezie & Lick, 1994 * ''Kudoa dianae'' Dyková, Fajer & Fiala, 2002 * ''Kudoa dicentrarchi'' Sitjà-Bobadilla & Alvarez-Pellitero, 1992 * ''Kudoa empressmichikoae'' Kasai, Setsuda & Sato, 2017 * ''Kudoa encrasicoli'' Iglesias, Rangel, Fernández-Vázquez, Santos & García-Estévez, 2022 * ''Kudoa eugerres'' Casal, Soares, Rocha, Silva, Santos, Nascimento, Oliveira & Azevedo, 2019 * ''Kudoa fujitai'' Li, Inoue, Zhang & Sato, 2020 * ''Kudoa funduli'' Hahn, 1915 * ''Kudoa grammatorcyni'' Adlard, Bryant, Whipps & Kent, 2005 * ''Kudoa guangdongensis'' Li, Inoue, Tanaka, Zhang & Sato, 2020 * ''Kudoa gunterae'' Burger & Adlard, 2009 * ''Kudoa haridasae'' Sarkar & Ghosh, 1991 * ''Kudoa hemiscylli'' Gleeson, Bennett & Adlard, 2010 * ''Kudoa hexapunctata'' Yokoyama, Suzuki & Shirakashi, 2014 * ''Kudoa hirsuta'' Li, Inoue, Zhang & Sato, 2022 * ''Kudoa histolytica'' Pérard, 1928 * ''Kudoa hypoepicardialis'' Blaylock, Bullard & Whipps, 2004 * ''Kudoa igami'' Shirakashi, Yamane, Ishitani, Yanagida & Yokoyama, 2014 * ''Kudoa igori'' Yurakhno, Slynko, Chinh, Ha & Whipps, 2022 * ''Kudoa iidae'' Li, Inoue, Tanaka, Zhang & Sato, 2020 * ''Kudoa inornata'' Dykova, de Buron, Fiala, Roumillat, 2009 * ''Kudoa insolita'' Shulman & Kovalijova, 1979 * ''Kudoa intestinalis'' Maeno, Magasawa & Sorimachi, 1993 * ''Kudoa islandica'' Kristmundsson & Freeman, 2014 * ''Kudoa iwatai'' Egusa & Shiomitsu, 1983 * ''Kudoa javaensis'' Yunus, Yustinasari, Natalia, Ghosh, Sakuma, Inoue & Sato, 2021 * ''Kudoa kabatai'' Shulman & Kovalijova, 1979 * ''Kudoa kenti'' Burger & Adlard, 2009 * ''Kudoa konishiae'' Sakai, Kato, Sakaguchi, Setsuda & Sato, 2018 * ''Kudoa lateolabracis'' Yokoyama, Whipps, Kent, Mizuno & Kawakami, 2004 * ''Kudoa leiostomi'' Dyková, Lom & Overstreet, 1994 * ''Kudoa lemniscati'' Miller & Adlard, 2012 * ''Kudoa leptacanthae'' Heiniger & Adlard, 2012 * ''Kudoa lethrini'' Burger, Cribb & Adlard, 2007 * ''Kudoa longichorda'' Inoue, Kasai, Argamjav & Sato, 2022 * ''Kudoa lunata'' Lom, Dyková & Lhotákova, 1983 * ''Kudoa lutjanus'' Wang, Huang, Tsai, Cheng, Tsai, Chen, Chen, Chiu, Liaw, Chang & Chen, 2005 * ''Kudoa megacapsula'' Yokoyama & Itoh, 2005 * ''Kudoa miniauriculata'' Whitaker, Kent & Sakanari, 1996 * ''Kudoa minithyrsites'' Whipps, Adlard, Bryant, Lester, Findlay & Kent, 2003 * ''Kudoa mirabilis'' Naidenova & Gaevskaya, 1991 * ''Kudoa monodactyli'' Gunter, Cribb, Whipps & Adlard, 2006 * ''Kudoa muscularis'' Cheung, Nigrellu & Ruggieri, 1983 * ''Kudoa musculoliquefaciens'' Matsumoto & Arai, 1954 * ''Kudoa neothunni'' Arai & Matsumoto, 1953 * ''Kudoa neurophila'' Grossel, Dyková, Handlinger & Munday, 2003 * ''Kudoa niluferi'' Özer, Okkay, Gürkanlı, Çiftçi & Yurakhno, 2018 * ''Kudoa nova'' Naidenova, 1975 * ''Kudoa obicularis'' Azevedo, Rocha, Matos, Oliveira, Matos, Al-Quraishy & Casal, 2015 * ''Kudoa ocellatus'' Da Silva, Da Silva, Lima, Matos, De Carvalho Sanches, Matos & Hamoy, 2022 * ''Kudoa ogawai'' Yokoyama, Yanagida & Shirakashi, 2012 * ''Kudoa ovivora'' Swearer & Robertson, 1999 * ''Kudoa pagrusi'' Al Quraishy, Koura, Abdel-Baki, Bashtar, El Deed, Al Rasheid & Abdel Ghaffar, 2008 * ''Kudoa paniformis'' Kabata & Whitaker, 1981 * ''Kudoa paralichtys'' Cho & Kim, 2003 * ''Kudoa paraquadricornis'' Burger & Adlard, 2009 * ''Kudoa parathyrsites'' Kasai, Li, Mafie & Sato, 2016 * ''Kudoa parvibulvosa'' Li, Inoue, Zhang & Sato, 2022 * ''Kudoa pericardialis'' Nakajima & Egusa, 1978 * ''Kudoa permulticapsula'' Whipps, Adlard, Bryant & Kent, 2003 * ''Kudoa peruvianus'' Mateo Salas, 1972 * ''Kudoa pleurogrammi'' Kasai, Li, Mafie & Sato, 2016 * ''Kudoa prunusi'' Meng, Yokoyama, Shirakashi, Grabner, Ogawa, Ishimaru, Sawada & Murata, 2011 * ''Kudoa quadratum'' Thélohan, 1895 * ''Kudoa quadricornis'' Whipps, Adlard, Bryant & Kent, 2003 * ''Kudoa quraishii'' Mansour, Harrath, Abd-Elkader, Alwasel, Abdel-Baki & Al Omar, 2014 * ''Kudoa ramsayi'' Kalavati, Brickle & MacKenzie, 2000 * ''Kudoa rayformis'' Shin, Shirakashi, Hamano, Kato, Lasso & Yokoyama, 2016 * ''Kudoa rosenbuschi'' Gelormini, 1966 * ''Kudoa rousseauxii'' Velasco, Eduard, Neto, Dias, Matos & Gonçalves, 2022 * ''Kudoa saudiensis'' Mansour, Harrath, Abdel-Baki, Alwasel, Al-Quraishy & Al Omar, 2015 * ''Kudoa schulmani'' Naidenova & Zaika, 1970 * ''Kudoa sciaenae'' Teran, Llicán & Lugue, 1990 * ''Kudoa scomberi'' Li, Sato, Tanaka, Ohnishi, Kamata & Sugita-Konishi, 2013 * ''Kudoa scomberomori'' Adlard, Bryant, Whipps & Kent, 2005 * ''Kudoa sebastea'' Aseeva, 2004 * ''Kudoa septempunctata'' Matsukane, Sato, Tanaka, Kamata & Sugita-Konishi, 2010 * ''Kudoa shiomitsui'' Egusa & Shiomitsu, 1983 * ''Kudoa shkae'' Dyková, Lom & Overstreet, 1994 * ''Kudoa sphyraeni'' Narasimhamurti & Kalavati, 1979 * ''Kudoa stellula'' Yurakhno, 1991 * ''Kudoa surabayaensis'' Yunus, Yustinasari, Natalia, Ghosh, Sakuma, Inoue & Sato, 2021 * ''Kudoa tachysurae'' Sarkar & Mazumder, 1983 * ''Kudoa tetraspora'' Narasimhamurti & Kalavati, 1979 * ''Kudoa thalassomi'' Adlard, Bryant, Whipps & Kent, 2005 * ''Kudoa thunni'' Matsukane, Sato, Tanaka, Kamata & Sugita-Konishi, 2011 * ''Kudoa thyrsites'' Gilchrist, 1924 * ''Kudoa trachuri'' Matsukane, Sato, Tanaka, Kamata & Sugita-Konishi, 2011 * ''Kudoa trifolia'' Holzer, Blasco-Costa, Sarabeev, Ovcharenko & Balbuena, 2006 * ''Kudoa unicapsula'' Yurakhno, Ovcharenko, Holzer, Sarabeev & Balbuena, 2007 * ''Kudoa viseuensis'' Monteiro, Da Silva, Hamoy, Sanches & Matos, 2019 * ''Kudoa whippsi'' Burger & Adlard, 2009 * ''Kudoa yasai'' Cardim, Araújo-Neto, da Silva, Hamoy, Matos & Abrunhosa, 2020 * ''Kudoa yasunagai'' Hsieh & Chen, 1984

== Development == In Myxozoan development, the Myxosporean life-stage develops inside a fish host, while the Actinosporean life-stage develops in an annelid host.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Takeuchi|first1=Fumihiko|last2=Sekizuka|first2=Tsuyoshi|last3=Ogasawara|first3=Yumiko|last4=Yokoyama|first4=Hiroshi|last5=Kamikawa|first5=Ryoma|last6=Inagaki|first6=Yuji|last7=Nozaki|first7=Tomoyoshi|last8=Sugita-Konishi|first8=Yoshiko|last9=Ohnishi|first9=Takahiro|last10=Kuroda|first10=Makoto|date=2015-07-06|editor-last=Sun|editor-first=Genlou|title=The Mitochondrial Genomes of a Myxozoan Genus Kudoa Are Extremely Divergent in Metazoa|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=7|article-number=e0132030|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0132030|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4492933|pmid=26148004|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1032030T|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fully-developed Myxospores are consumed by annelids and reproduce asexually via schzogony in the gut epithelium of worms. Gametes are formed in the gut of the worm and these gametes fuse together to create eight zygotes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Kent|first1=Michael L.|last2=Andree|first2=Karl B.|last3=Bartholomew|first3=Jerri L.|last4=El-Matbouli|first4=Mansour|last5=Desser|first5=Sherwin S.|last6=Devlin|first6=Robert H.|last7=Feist|first7=Stephen W.|last8=Hedrick|first8=Ronald P.|last9=Hoffmann|first9=Rudolf W.|last10=Khattra|first10=Jaswinder|last11=Hallett|first11=Sascha L.|date=July 2001|title=Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Myxozoa|journal=The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|language=en|volume=48|issue=4|pages=395–413|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x|pmid=11456316|s2cid=5518818|issn=1066-5234}}</ref> The zygotes become spores with three valves, 3 polar capsules, and a sporoplasm that are released in the worm's feces and attach to the surface of a fish host.<ref name=":3" /> Once attached to the fish, the gamete injects the sporoplasm cell into the fish. The sporoplast divides forming a fully-developed Myxosporean.<ref name=":3" />

== Diet == ''Kudoa'' parasitize on marine and estuarine fish.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Moran|first1=J.D.W|last2=Whitaker|first2=D.J|last3=Kent|first3=M.L|date=March 1999|title=A review of the myxosporean genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947, and its impact on the international aquaculture industry and commercial fisheries|journal=Aquaculture|language=en|volume=172|issue=1–2|pages=163–196|doi=10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00437-2}}</ref> ''Kudoa'' typically feed on the skeletal muscle tissue, although some may feed on other parts of the body such as the central nervous system, heart, intestines, ovaries, or gills.<ref name=":02"/> Most ''Kudoa'' are histozoic parasites, however, a few species are coelozoic.<ref name=":02" /> The genus ''Kudoa'' attack a wide range of hosts, however, individual species only feed on specific hosts. ''Kudoa'' feed via pinocytosis across the host-parasite membrane. One species of ''Kudoa, K. thyrsites,'' are distributed worldwide and are believed to have been reported in over 20 different species of fish but it is possible that the species described as ''K. thyrsites'' is actually multiple different species.<ref name=":12" />

== Implications for the fishing industry == ''Kudoa'' are most well known for the economic loss they cause for the commercial fishing and aquaculture industries.<ref name=":02" /> When ''Kudoa'' attach to hosts, they leave unsightly cysts that lower the price fish can be sold for at market. ''Kudoa'' also release proteolytic enzymes that degenerate muscle in fish to aid in their own growth and development, further decreasing the fish's value.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kristmundsson|first1=Árni|last2=Freeman|first2=Mark Andrew|date=August 2014|title=Negative effects of Kudoa islandica n. sp. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) on aquaculture and wild fisheries in Iceland|journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=135–146|doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.06.001|pmc=4142268|pmid=25161912}}</ref> Some species in the genus ''Kudoa'' with the most notable effects of the commercial fishing and aquaculture industries are: ''K. musculoliquefaciens'' in Broadbill Swordfish (''Xiphias gladius''), ''K. thyrsites'' in Atlantic Salmon (''Salmo salar''), ''K. clupeidae'' in Atlantic Herring (''Clupea harengus''), ''K. septempunctata'' in Olive Flounder (''Paralichthys olivaceus''), ''K. thunni'' in Yellowfin Tuna (''Thunnus albacares'') and ''K. paniformis'' in Pacific Hake (''Merluccius productus'').<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jang|first1=Yeoung-Hwan|last2=Subramanian|first2=Dharaneedharan|last3=Won|first3=Seung-Hwan|last4=Heo|first4=Moon-Soo|date=August 2017|title=Immune response of olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) infected with the myxosporean parasite Kudoa septempunctata|journal=Fish & Shellfish Immunology|language=en|volume=67|pages=172–178|doi=10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.019|pmid=28602738|s2cid=926387}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bolin|first1=Jessica A.|last2=Cummins|first2=Scott F.|last3=Mitu|first3=Shahida A.|last4=Schoeman|first4=David S.|last5=Evans|first5=Karen J.|last6=Scales|first6=Kylie L.|date=2021-06-11|title=First report of Kudoa thunni and Kudoa musculoliquefaciens affecting the quality of commercially harvested yellowfin tuna and broadbill swordfish in Eastern Australia|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=120|issue=7|pages=2493–2503|language=en|doi=10.1007/s00436-021-07206-8|pmid=34115215|s2cid=235404099|issn=1432-1955}}</ref>

Some studies have found evidence to suggest that some species of ''Kudoa'' are linked to food-borne illness in humans.<ref name="Kawai 1046–1052">{{Cite journal|last1=Kawai|first1=T.|last2=Sekizuka|first2=T.|last3=Yahata|first3=Y.|last4=Kuroda|first4=M.|last5=Kumeda|first5=Y.|last6=Iijima|first6=Y.|last7=Kamata|first7=Y.|last8=Sugita-Konishi|first8=Y.|last9=Ohnishi|first9=T.|date=2012-04-15|title=Identification of Kudoa septempunctata as the Causative Agent of Novel Food Poisoning Outbreaks in Japan by Consumption of Paralichthys olivaceus in Raw Fish|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=54|issue=8|pages=1046–1052|doi=10.1093/cid/cir1040|pmid=22281845|issn=1058-4838|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== References == [http://eol.org/pages/2912640/overview/ Encyclopedia of Life] {{Reflist}}

Category:Kudoidae Category:Cnidaria genera