Kuanchuanpu Formation

{{Short description|Geological formation in China}} {{Infobox Rockunit | name = Kuanchuanpu Formation | image = | caption = | type = Geological Formation | age = Fortunian | period = Fortunian | prilithology = Limestone | otherlithology = | namedfor = | namedby = | region = Shaanxi | country = China | coordinates = | unitof = | subunits = | underlies = Guojiaba Formation | overlies = Dengying Formation | thickness = | extent = | area = | map = | map_caption = }}

The '''Kuanchuanpu Formation''', occasionally reclassified as the '''Kuanchuanpu Member''' of the Dengying Formation, is a geologic formation located in Shaanxi province in China. It is one of the earliest Cambrian formations, dating right to the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary. This formation preserves numerous meiofauna through Orsten-type preservation.

== Paleobiota ==

=== Animals === {{Paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="6" align="center" |Animals |- !Genus !Species !Higher taxon !Notes !Images |- |''Saccorhytus'' |''S. coronarius'' |Ecdysozoa<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Nature |title=Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome |author=Yunhuan Liu |author2=Emily Carlisle |author3=Huaqiao Zhang |author4=Ben Yang |author5=Michael Steiner |author6=Tiequan Shao |author7=Baichuan Duan |author8=Federica Marone |author9=Shuhai Xiao |author10=Philip C. J. Donoghue |date=2022 |volume=609 |issue=7927 |pages=541–546 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z |pmid=35978194 |bibcode=2022Natur.609..541L |s2cid=251646316 |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1 |hdl=1983/454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |Formerly misidentified as a deuterostome,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Han|first1=Jian|last2=Conway Morris|first2=Simon|last3=Ou|first3=Qiang|last4=Shu|first4=Degan|last5=Huang|first5=Hai|title=Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China)|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7640|pages=228–231|year=2017|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature21072|pmid=28135722|bibcode=2017Natur.542..228H|s2cid=353780}}</ref> debated whether it is a scalidophoran larva or an adult ecdysozoan<ref name=eolarva/><ref name=nonfeeding>{{cite journal |last1=Vannier |first1=Jean |title=The early Cambrian Saccorhytus is a non-feeding larva of a scalidophoran worm |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=December 2024 |volume=291 |issue=2036 |article-number=20241256 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2024.1256|pmid=39626753 |pmc=11614544 }}</ref> |thumb|''Saccorhytus'' reconstruction |- |''Saccus'' |''S. necopinus'', ''S. xixiangensis'' |Ecdysozoa |May resemble ''Saccorhytus'' as adults?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Mingjin |last2=Xian |first2=Xiaofeng |last3=Zhang |first3=Huaqiao |last4=Eriksson |first4=Mats E. |last5=Liu |first5=Yunhuan |last6=Shao |first6=Tiequan |title=New ecdysozoan fossil embryos from the basal Cambrian of China |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=February 2025 |volume=659 |article-number=112635 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112635|bibcode=2025PPP...65912635L }}</ref> | |- |''Eolympia'' |''E. pediculata'' |''incertae sedis'' |At different points claimed to be a sea anemone,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jian Han|author2=Shin Kubota|author3=Hiro-omi Uchida|author4=George D. Stanley Jr.|author5=Xiaoyong Yao|author6=Degan Shu|author7=Yong Li|author8=Kinya Yasui |year=2010 |title=Tiny Sea Anemone from the Lower Cambrian of China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=10 |article-number=e13276 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0013276 |pmid=20967244 |pmc=2954142|bibcode=2010PLoSO...513276H |doi-access=free}}</ref> a ctenophore<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Yang |last2=Vinther |first2=Jakob |last3=Parry |first3=Luke A. |last4=Wei |first4=Fan |last5=Green |first5=Emily |last6=Pisani |first6=Davide |last7=Hou |first7=Xianguang |last8=Edgecombe |first8=Gregory D. |last9=Cong |first9=Peiyun |date=April 2019 |title=Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=1112–1125.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.036 |pmid=30905603 |issn=0960-9822|hdl=1983/40a6bcb8-a740-482c-a23c-7d563faea5c5 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> or a scalidophoran worm.<ref name=priapula>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/ede.12076| title = The oldest known priapulid-like scalidophoran animal and its implications for the early evolution of cycloneuralians and ecdysozoans| journal = Evolution & Development| volume = 16| issue = 3| pages = 155–165| year = 2014| last1 = Liu | first1 = Y. | last2 = Xiao | first2 = S. | last3 = Shao | first3 = T. | last4 = Broce | first4 = J. | last5 = Zhang | first5 = H. | pmid = 24754444 | s2cid = 205095219}}</ref> | |- |''Eopriapulites'' |''E. sphinx'' |Ecdysozoa |A basal priapulid<ref name=priapula/> or a stem-cycloneuralian<ref name="dahe">{{cite journal |last1=Shao |first1=T.Q. |last2=Qin |first2=J.C. |last3=Shao |first3=Y. |last4=Liu |first4=Y.H. |last5=Waloszek |first5=D. |last6=Maas |first6=A. |last7=Duan |first7=B.C. |last8=Wang |first8=Q. |last9=Xu |first9=Y. |last10=Zhang |first10=H.Q. |title=New macrobenthic cycloneuralians from the Fortunian (lowermost Cambrian) of South China |journal=Precambrian Research |date=October 2020 |volume=349 |article-number=105413 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105413|bibcode=2020PreR..34905413S }}</ref> | |- |''Dahescolex'' |''D. kuanchuanpuensis'' |Scalidophora |Likely a stem-scalidophoran<ref name=dahe/> | |- |''Zhongpingscolex'' |''Z. qinensis'' |Kinorhyncha? |Possibly a stem-group kinorhynch<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shao |first1=T.Q. |last2=Wang |first2=Q. |last3=Liu |first3=Y.H. |last4=Qin |first4=J.C. |last5=Zhang |first5=Y.N. |last6=Liu |first6=M.J. |last7=Shao |first7=Y. |last8=Zhao |first8=J.Y. |last9=Zhang |first9=H.Q. |title=A new scalidophoran animal from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage of South China and its implications for the origin and early evolution of Kinorhyncha |journal=Precambrian Research |date=October 2020 |volume=349 |article-number=105616 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105616|bibcode=2020PreR..34905616S }}</ref> | |- |''Eokinorhynchus'' |''E. rarus'' |Kinorhyncha |First described kinorhynch fossil<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huaqiao |last2=Xiao |first2=Shuhai |last3=Liu |first3=Yunhuan |last4=Yuan |first4=Xunlai |last5=Wan |first5=Bin |last6=Muscente |first6=A. D. |last7=Shao |first7=Tiequan |last8=Gong |first8=Hao |last9=Cao |first9=Guohua |title=Armored kinorhynch-like scalidophoran animals from the early Cambrian |journal=Scientific Reports |date=26 November 2015 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=16521 |doi=10.1038/srep16521|pmid=26610151 |pmc=4660871 |bibcode=2015NatSR...516521Z }}</ref> | |- |''Qinscolex'' |''Q. spinosus'' |Scalidophora |A stem-scalidophoran<ref name="shan">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yunhuan |last2=Qin |first2=Jiachen |last3=Wang |first3=Qi |last4=Maas |first4=Andreas |last5=Duan |first5=Baichuan |last6=Zhang |first6=Yanan |last7=Zhang |first7=Hu |last8=Shao |first8=Tiequan |last9=Zhang |first9=Huaqiao |title=New armoured scalidophorans (Ecdysozoa, Cycloneuralia) from the Cambrian Fortunian Zhangjiagou Lagerstätte, South China |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |date=May 2019 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1239|bibcode=2019PPal....5..241L }}</ref> | |- |''Shanscolex'' |''S. decorus'' |Scalidophora |A stem-scalidophoran<ref name=shan/> | |- |''Xinliscolex'' |''X. intermedius'' |Scalidophora |A stem-scalidophoran<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Hua-Qiao |title=The evolutionary relationships of the earliest known cycloneuralians and a new record from the Cambrian Fortunian of South China |journal=Palaeoworld |date=September 2022 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=389–401 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2021.09.003}}</ref> | |- |''Feiyanella'' |''F. manica'' |Cloudinidae |Shows dichotomous branching and so likely reproduced asexually<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Jian |last2=Cai |first2=Yaoping |last3=Schiffbauer |first3=James D. |last4=Hua |first4=Hong |last5=Wang |first5=Xing |last6=Yang |first6=Xiaoguang |last7=Uesugi |first7=Kentaro |last8=Komiya |first8=Tsuyoshi |last9=Sun |first9=Jie |title=A Cloudina -like fossil with evidence of asexual reproduction from the lowest Cambrian, South China |journal=Geological Magazine |date=November 2017 |volume=154 |issue=6 |pages=1294–1305 |doi=10.1017/S0016756816001187|bibcode=2017GeoM..154.1294H }}</ref> | |- |''Sinaster'' |''S. petalon'' |Cubozoa |Likely a stem-cubozoan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xing |last2=Han |first2=Jian |last3=Vannier |first3=Jean |last4=Ou |first4=Qiang |last5=Yang |first5=Xiaoguang |last6=Uesugi |first6=Kentaro |last7=Sasaki |first7=Osamu |last8=Komiya |first8=Tsuyoshi |title=Anatomy and affinities of a new 535-million-year-old medusozoan from the Kuanchuanpu Formation, South China |journal=Palaeontology |date=November 2017 |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=853–867 |doi=10.1111/pala.12320|bibcode=2017Palgy..60..853W }}</ref> | |- |''Hanagyroia'' |''H. orientalis'' |Medusozoa |Transitional between scyphozoans and cubozoans<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xing |last2=Vannier |first2=Jean |last3=Yang |first3=Xiaoguang |last4=Kubota |first4=Shin |last5=Ou |first5=Qiang |last6=Yao |first6=Xiaoyong |last7=Uesugi |first7=Kentaro |last8=Sasaki |first8=Osamu |last9=Komiya |first9=Tsuyoshi |last10=Han |first10=Jian |title=An intermediate type of medusa from the early Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation, South China |journal=Palaeontology |date=September 2020 |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=775–789 |doi=10.1111/pala.12483|bibcode=2020Palgy..63..775W |url=https://hal.science/hal-04831396 }}</ref> | |- |''Primocyathus'' |''P. uniseriatus'' |Archaeocyatha |One of the earliest known sponges, and the earliest known archaeocyath<ref name=cyath>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Qi |last2=Dai |first2=Qiaokun |last3=Vayda |first3=Prescott |last4=Luo |first4=Jinzhou |last5=Shao |first5=Tiequan |last6=Liu |first6=Yunhuan |last7=Hua |first7=Hong |last8=Xiao |first8=Shuhai |title=Fortunian archaeocyath sponges acquired biomineralization in the beginning of the Cambrian explosion |journal=Geology |date=1 June 2025 |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=540–544 |doi=10.1130/G53249.1|bibcode=2025Geo....53..540W }}</ref> | |- |''Sinocyathus'' |''S. biseriatus'' |Archaeocyatha |One of the earliest known sponges, and the earliest known archaeocyath<ref name=cyath/> | |- |''Protohertzina'' |''P. anabarica'', ''P. unguliformis'' |Protoconodonta |An early protoconodont, included in Small Shelly Fossils<ref name=shelly>{{cite journal |last1=Steiner |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Guoxiang |last3=Qian |first3=Yi |last4=Zhu |first4=Maoyan |title=Lower Cambrian small shelly fossils of northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi (China), and their biostratigraphic importance |journal=Geobios |date=1 January 2004 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=259–275 |doi=10.1016/J.GEOBIOS.2003.08.001|bibcode=2004Geobi..37..259S }}</ref> | |- |''Anabarites'' |''A. trisulcatus'', ''A. rotundus''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Conway Morris |first1=S. |last2=Menge |first2=Chen |title=Lower Cambrian anabaritids from south China |journal=Geological Magazine |date=November 1989 |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=615–632 |doi=10.1017/S0016756800006920|bibcode=1989GeoM..126..615C }}</ref> |Anabaritidae |Enigmatic small shelly fossil,<ref name=shelly/> may be related to olivooids<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ya-Nan |last2=Liu |first2=Yun-Huan |last3=Shao |first3=Tie-Quan |last4=Wang |first4=Qi |last5=Qin |first5=Jia-Chen |last6=Li |first6=Lin-Lu |last7=Zhou |first7=Xing-Yu |title=The morphology and affinity of anabaritids revealed by their internal molds from the Cambrian Fortunian, southern Shaanxi, China |journal=Palaeoworld |date=December 2022 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=600–606 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2022.03.008}}</ref> | |- |''Conotheca'' |''C. subcurvata'' |Orthothecida |One of the earliest hyolith fossils known<ref name=shelly/> | |- |''Siphogonuchites'' |''S. mirus'', ''S. triangularis'' |Siphogonuchitida |Sclerite of a possible early mollusc?<ref name=shelly/> | |- |''Lopochites'' |''L. quadrigonus'', ''L. latizonalis'' |Siphogonuchitida |Sclerite of a possible early mollusc?<ref name=shelly/> | |- |''Maikhanella'' |''M. multa'' |Halkieriida? |Cap-like shell, possibly of an early mollusc?<ref name=shelly/> | |- |''Carinachites'' |''C. spinatus'', ''C. platus''<ref name=emei>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yunhuan |last2=Li |first2=Yong |last3=Shao |first3=Tiequan |last4=Wang |first4=Yaopei |last5=Yu |first5=Bo |last6=Han |first6=Huiping |last7=Yang |first7=Jian |title=Two new species of protoconulariids from the early cambrian in south Shaanxi, Chin |journal=Wei Ti Gu Sheng Wu Xue Bao = Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica |date=1 January 2005 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=311–321 |url=https://europepmc.org/article/cba/596027 |issn=1000-0674}}</ref> |Conulatae |Cnidarian sclerite, related to the conulariids<ref name=shelly/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Jian |last2=Li |first2=Guoxiang |last3=Wang |first3=Xing |last4=Yang |first4=Xiaoguang |last5=Guo |first5=Junfeng |last6=Sasaki |first6=Osamu |last7=Komiya |first7=Tsuyoshi |title=Olivooides-like tube aperture in early Cambrian carinachitids (Medusozoa, Cnidaria) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=January 2018 |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.10|bibcode=2018JPal...92....3H }}</ref> | |- |''Acanthocassis'' |''A. orthacanthus''<ref name=shelly/> |''incertae sedis'' |May be cuticular ornaments?<ref name=cassis>{{cite journal |last1=Tiequan |first1=Shao |last2=Yunhuan |first2=Liu |last3=Qi |first3=Wang |last4=Huaqiao |first4=Zhang |last5=Hanhua |first5=Tang |last6=Xi |first6=Cao |last7=Huahua |first7=He |last8=Yanan |first8=Zhang |last9=Yuan |first9=Li |last10=Panlin |first10=Zheng |last11=Chengyu |first11=Zhu |last12=Jiaxi |first12=Hu |title=New Small Shelly Fossils ( Acanthocassis and Xinlispina Gen. Nov.) from the Fortunian Stage (Early Cambrian) in Southern China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |date=October 2015 |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1470–1481 |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.12558|bibcode=2015AcGlS..89.1470S }}</ref> | |- |''Xinlispina'' |''X. spinosa'' |''incertae sedis'' |May be cuticular ornaments?<ref name=cassis/> | |- |''Cambrothyra'' |''C. truncata''<ref name=shelly/> |"Coeloscleritophora" |Resembles chancelloriid sclerites<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=John L. |last2=Porter |first2=Susannah M. |last3=Steiner |first3=Michael |last4=Li |first4=Guoxiang |title=Cambrothyra ampulliformis , an unusual coeloscleritophoran from the Lower Cambrian of Shaanxi Province, China |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=November 2010 |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=1040–1060 |doi=10.1666/09-091.1|bibcode=2010JPal...84.1040M }}</ref> | |- |''Hexaconularia'' |''H. sp''<ref name=shelly/> |Conulariida? |An SSF allied with conulariids<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Iten |first1=Heyo |last2=Maoyan |first2=Zhu |last3=Li |first3=Guoxiang |title=Redescription of Hexaconularia He and Yang, 1986 (Lower Cambrian, South China): implications for the affinities of conulariid-like small shelly fossils |journal=Palaeontology |date=January 2010 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=191–199 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00925.x|bibcode=2010Palgy..53..191V }}</ref> | |- |''Punctatus'' |''P. emeiensis'' |Eumetazoa |A well-studied fossil from Kuanchuanpu,<ref name="pyrgus">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Peng |last2=Hua |first2=Hong |last3=Zhang |first3=LuYi |last4=Zhang |first4=DongDong |last5=Jin |first5=XianBao |last6=Liu |first6=Zhu |title=Lower Cambrian phosphatized Punctatus from southern Shaanxi and their ontogeny sequence |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |date=October 2007 |volume=52 |issue=20 |pages=2820–2828 |doi=10.1007/s11434-007-0447-y|bibcode=2007ChSBu..52.2820L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yunhuan |last2=Li |first2=Yong |last3=Shao |first3=Tiequan |last4=Zhu |first4=Zhixin |last5=Zhang |first5=Wanqian |last6=Wang |first6=Zhuo |last7=Yang |first7=Weixian |last8=Li |first8=Rongxi |title=Phosphatized rare star-like mouth disc of Punctatus and its functional morphology from the earliest Cambrian of the South Shaanxi China |journal=Frontiers of Biology in China |date=January 2008 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=106–112 |doi=10.1007/s11515-008-0005-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yunhuan |last2=Li |first2=Yong |last3=Shao |first3=Tiequan |last4=Zhu |first4=Zhixin |last5=Yu |first5=Bo |last6=Wang |first6=Zhuo |last7=Zhang |first7=Wanqian |last8=Li |first8=Rongxi |title=Phosphatized Punctatus with mouthparts and its embryo fossils from the Lower Cambrian of Ningqiang, south Shaanxi, China |journal=Frontiers of Earth Science in China |date=February 2007 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1007/s11707-007-0001-x|bibcode=2007FrESC...1....1L }}</ref> may not be a cnidarian?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yasui |first1=Kinya |last2=Reimer |first2=James D. |last3=Liu |first3=Yunhuan |last4=Yao |first4=Xiaoyong |last5=Kubo |first5=Daisuke |last6=Shu |first6=Degan |last7=Li |first7=Yong |title=A Diploblastic Radiate Animal at the Dawn of Cambrian Diversification with a Simple Body Plan: Distinct from Cnidaria? |journal=PLOS ONE |date=20 June 2013 |volume=8 |issue=6 |article-number=e65890 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065890|pmid=23840375 |pmc=3688687 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013PLoSO...865890Y }}</ref> | |- |''Olivooides'' |''O. multisulcatus'' |Olivooidae |Possibly a cnidarian,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jian |first1=Han |last2=Guoxiang |first2=Li |last3=Shin |first3=Kubota |last4=Qiang |first4=Ou |last5=Sho |first5=Toshino |last6=Xing |first6=Wang |last7=Xiaoguang |first7=Yang |last8=Kentaro |first8=Uesugi |last9=Hoshino |first9=Masato |last10=Osamu |first10=Sasaki |last11=Harumasa |first11=Kano |last12=Tomohiko |first12=Sato |last13=Tsuyoshi |first13=Komiya |title=Internal Microanatomy and Zoological Affinity of the Early Cambrian Olivooides |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |date=February 2016 |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=38–65 |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.12641|bibcode=2016AcGlS..90...38H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Fang |last2=Dong |first2=XiPing |title=The internal structure of Early Cambrian fossil embryo Olivooides revealed in the light of Synchrotron X-ray Tomographic Microscopy |journal=Science Bulletin |date=December 2008 |volume=53 |issue=24 |pages=3860–3865 |doi=10.1007/s11434-008-0452-9|bibcode=2008SciBu..53.3860C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Xi-Ping |last2=Cunningham |first2=John A. |last3=Bengtson |first3=Stefan |last4=Thomas |first4=Ceri-Wyn |last5=Liu |first5=Jianbo |last6=Stampanoni |first6=Marco |last7=Donoghue |first7=Philip C. J. |title=Embryos, polyps and medusae of the Early Cambrian scyphozoan Olivooides |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=22 April 2013 |volume=280 |issue=1757 |article-number=20130071 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.0071|pmid=23446532 |pmc=3619488 |bibcode=2013PBioS.28030071D }}</ref> but may be a cycloneuralian instead<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steiner |first1=Michael |last2=Qian |first2=Yi |last3=Li |first3=Guoxiang |last4=Hagadorn |first4=James W. |last5=Zhu |first5=Maoyan |title=The developmental cycles of early Cambrian Olivooidae fam. nov. (?Cycloneuralia) from the Yangtze Platform (China) |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=March 2014 |volume=398 |pages=97–124 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.08.016|bibcode=2014PPP...398...97S }}</ref> | |- |''Quadrapyrgites'' |''Q. quadratacris'' |Olivooidae? |Related to ''Olivooides'' and ''Punctatus'',<ref name=pyrgus/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yunhuan |last2=Li |first2=Yong |last3=Shao |first3=Tiequan |last4=Zhang |first4=Huaqiao |last5=Wang |first5=Qi |last6=Qiao |first6=Jinpeng |title=Quadrapyrgites from the lower Cambrian of South China: growth pattern, post-embryonic development, and affinity |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |date=November 2014 |volume=59 |issue=31 |pages=4086–4095 |doi=10.1007/s11434-014-0481-5|bibcode=2014ChSBu..59.4086L }}</ref> likely a scyphozoan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tiequan |first1=Shao |last2=Qi |first2=Wang |last3=Yunhuan |first3=Liu |last4=Yanan |first4=Zhang |last5=Hewei |first5=Li |last6=Bo |first6=Hu |last7=Chuang |first7=Li |last8=Zhiguo |first8=Dong |last9=Hongtao |first9=Zhang |title=Review of Research on Early Cambrian Phosphatized Quadrapyrgites |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |date=August 2015 |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=1398–1405 |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.12535|bibcode=2015AcGlS..89.1398S }}</ref> | |- |''Octapyrgites'' |''O. elongatus'' |Olivooidae |A very large olivooid<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Junfeng |last2=Han |first2=Jian |last3=Van Iten |first3=Heyo |last4=Song |first4=Zuchen |last5=Qiang |first5=Yaqin |last6=Wang |first6=Wenzhe |last7=Zhang |first7=Zhifei |last8=Li |first8=Guoxiang |last9=Sun |first9=Yifei |last10=Sun |first10=Jie |title=A new tetraradial olivooid (Medusozoa) from the lower Cambrian (Stage 2) Yanjiahe Formation, South China |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=May 2020 |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=457–466 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2019.101|bibcode=2020JPal...94..457G }}</ref> | |- |''Qinscyphus'' |''Q. necopinus'' |Scyphozoa<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yanan |last2=Liu |first2=Yunhuan |last3=Shao |first3=Tiequan |last4=Qin |first4=Jiachen |title=New Qinscyphus material from the Fortunian of South China |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |date=17 March 2023 |volume=11 |article-number=1038686 |doi=10.3389/feart.2023.1038686|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023FrEaS..1138686Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yunhuan |last2=Shao |first2=Tiequan |last3=Zhang |first3=Huaqiao |last4=Wang |first4=Qi |last5=Zhang |first5=Yanan |last6=Chen |first6=Cheng |last7=Liang |first7=Yongchun |last8=Xue |first8=Jiaqi |title=A new scyphozoan from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage of South China |journal=Palaeontology |date=July 2017 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=511–518 |doi=10.1111/pala.12306|bibcode=2017Palgy..60..511L }}</ref> |Underwent direct development<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=Jiachen |last2=Liu |first2=Yunhuan |last3=Wang |first3=Qi |last4=Zhang |first4=Hu |last5=Zhang |first5=Yanan |last6=Liu |first6=Mingjin |last7=Wu |first7=Xieting |last8=Gao |first8=Zhenli |last9=Zhang |first9=Xiang |title=A New Fortunian Scyphozoa and its Development |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |date=August 2020 |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=1303–1304 |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.13838|bibcode=2020AcGlS..94.1303Q }}</ref> | |- |''Eolarva'' |''E. kuanchuanpuensis'' |Cnidaria? |Originally described as a cnidarian larva,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huaqiao |last2=Dong |first2=Xi-Ping |title=The oldest known larva and its implications for the plesiomorphy of metazoan development |journal=Science Bulletin |date=November 2015 |volume=60 |issue=22 |pages=1947–1953 |doi=10.1007/s11434-015-0886-9|bibcode=2015SciBu..60.1947Z }}</ref> but reassigned to Ecdysozoa<ref name=eolarva>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Deng |last2=Han |first2=Jian |last3=Guo |first3=Junfeng |last4=Qiang |first4=Yaqin |title=Origin and evolution of bodyplans of ecdysozoans during the Cambrian explosion |journal=Chinese Journal of Nature |date=March 2025 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2025.02.004}}</ref> | |- |''Pseudooides'' |''P. prima'' |Cnidaria |Originally thought to be a scalidophoran larva<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duan |first1=Baichuan |last2=Dong |first2=Xi-Ping |last3=Porras |first3=Luis |last4=Vargas |first4=Kelly |last5=Cunningham |first5=John A. |last6=Donoghue |first6=Philip C. J. |title=The early Cambrian fossil embryo Pseudooides is a direct-developing cnidarian, not an early ecdysozoan |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=20 December 2017 |volume=284 |issue=1869 |article-number=20172188 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2188|pmid=29237861 |pmc=5745419 }}</ref> | |- |''Decimoconularia'' |''D. anisfacialis'' |Hexangulaconulariidae |Formerly assigned to ''Hexaconularia''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Zuchen |last2=Guo |first2=Junfeng |last3=Han |first3=Jian |last4=Van Iten |first4=Heyo |last5=Qiang |first5=Yaqin |last6=Peng |first6=Jiaxin |last7=Sun |first7=Jie |last8=Zheng |first8=Yajuan |last9=Huang |first9=Xinyao |last10=Zhang |first10=Zhifei |title=A new species of Decimoconularia (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) from the Lower Cambrian of South China |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |date=13 January 2023 |volume=10 |article-number=1048800 |doi=10.3389/feart.2022.1048800|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023FrEaS..1048800S }}</ref> | |- |Indeterminate limbed forms |Unapplicable |Bilateria |Possibly lobopodians or annelids, preserved unusually through microbial colonisation<ref>{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Yang |first1=Xiaoguang |last2=Wang |first2=Deng |last3=Zhang |first3=Zhiliang |last4=Wang |first4=Xing |last5=Sun |first5=Jie |last6=Hao |first6=Wenjing |last7=Liu |first7=Yiqun |last8=Uesugi |first8=Kentaro |last9=Komiya |first9=Tsuyoshi |last10=Han |first10=Jian |date=5 July 2024 |title=Basal Cambrian soft-bodied segmented bilaterians preserved as microbial pseudomorphs |biorxiv=10.1101/2024.07.03.601876}}</ref> | |- |''Emeiconularia'' |''E. amplicanalis''<ref name=emei/> |Hexangulaconulariidae | | |- |}

=== Microbes and Algae ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="6" align="center" |Microbes and Algae |- !Genus !Species !Higher taxon !Notes !Images |- |''Calathophycus'' |''C. irregulatus'' |Diaphoretickes ''incertae sedis'' |Indeterminate cup-shaped alga, may be a fragment of a ''Dictyosphaeria''-like form?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Qingqin |last2=Zheng |first2=Yajuan |last3=Qin |first3=Song |last4=Wang |first4=Yinchu |last5=Yang |first5=Xiaoguang |last6=Wang |first6=Xing |last7=Sun |first7=Jie |last8=Uesugi |first8=Kentaro |last9=Komiya |first9=Tsuyoshi |last10=Han |first10=Jian |title=New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |date=2022 |volume=67 |doi=10.4202/app.00946.2021}}</ref> | |- |''Myxococcoides'' |''M. sp'' |Cyanobacteria |Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacterium<ref name=cyano>{{cite journal |last1=Cui |first1=Linhao |last2=Liu |first2=Wei |last3=Zhang |first3=Xingliang |title=Phosphatized microbial fossils from the lowest Cambrian of South China and their ecological and environmental implications for the Kuanchuanpu biota |journal=Precambrian Research |date=March 2020 |volume=338 |article-number=105560 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105560|bibcode=2020PreR..33805560C }}</ref> | |- |''Gloeodiniopsis'' |''G. lamellose'' |Chroococcaceae |Coccoid cyanobacterium<ref name=cyano/> | |- |''Siphonophycus'' |''S. solidum'', ''S. typicum'', ''S. cf. septatum'' |Oscillatoriales |Filamentous cyanobacterium<ref name=cyano/> | |- |style="background:#E6E6E6;"|''Endoconchia''? |style="background:#E6E6E6;"|?''E. sp'' |style="background:#E6E6E6;"|''incertae sedis'' |style="background:#E6E6E6;"|Filaments growing on the inside of shelled fauna<ref name=cyano/> |style="background:#E6E6E6;"| |- |''Palaeosiphonella'' |''P. sp'' |Cyanobacteria |Filamentous cyanobacterium<ref name=cyano/> | |- |''Megathrix'' |''M. longus'' |Oscillatoriaceae |Filamentous cyanobacterium<ref name=cyano/> | |- |''Girvanella'' |''G. problematica'', ''G. wetheredii'' |Oscillatoriaceae |Filamentous cyanobacteria, formed small irregular mats<ref name=codium>{{cite journal |last1=Min |first1=Xiao |last2=Hua |first2=Hong |last3=Sun |first3=Bo |last4=Dai |first4=Qiaokun |last5=Luo |first5=Jinzhou |title=Phosphatised calcified cyanobacteria at the terminal Ediacaran and the earliest Cambrian transition stage: Response to the paleoenvironment |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=March 2024 |volume=638 |article-number=112057 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112057|bibcode=2024PPP...63812057M }}</ref> | |- |''Cambricodium'' |''C. capilloides'' |Rivulariaceae |Large filamentous cyanobacterium with a holdfast<ref name=codium/> | |- |''Archaeooides'' |''A. granulatus'' |Diaphoretickes |Formerly thought to be an animal egg<ref name=sphaera>{{cite journal |last1=Xian |first1=Xiaofeng |last2=Eriksson |first2=Mats E. |last3=Zhang |first3=Huaqiao |title=Reassessment of Archaeooides based on new material from the Fortunian (early Cambrian) of China infers algal affinity |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=March 2024 |volume=637 |article-number=112011 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.112011|bibcode=2024PPP...63712011X }}</ref> | |- |''Shaanisphaera'' |''S. spinosa'' |Diaphoretickes |Separated out from ''Archaeooides''<ref name=sphaera/> | |- |''Qinlingisphaera'' |''Q. conica'' |Diaphoretickes |Separated out from ''Archaeooides''<ref name=sphaera/> | |- |''Dahisphaera'' |''D. plana'' |Diaphoretickes |Separated out from ''Archaeooides''<ref name=sphaera/> | |- |''Concavaesphaera'' |''C. ornata'' |Eukaryota ''incertae sedis'' |Multicellular acritarch, likely an independent evolution of multicellularity<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Wei |last2=Yin |first2=Zongjun |last3=Pan |first3=Bing |last4=Shen |first4=Bing |last5=Dong |first5=Lin |last6=Li |first6=Guoxiang |title=Germ-soma differentiation and reproduction in a new species of early Cambrian acritarch |journal=Palaeontology |date=November 2023 |volume=66 |issue=6 |article-number=12687 |doi=10.1111/pala.12687|bibcode=2023Palgy..6612687L }}</ref> | |}

== References == {{reflist}}

Category:Geologic formations of China Category:Cambrian China Category:Fortunian Category:Lagerstätten