{{Short description|Postpositions in Korean}} {{Korean grammar}} '''Korean postpositions''', or particles, are suffixes or short words in Korean grammar that immediately follow a noun or pronoun. This article uses the Revised Romanization of Korean to show pronunciation. The hangul versions in the official orthographic form are given underneath. {{Language particle|begin}} {{Language particle|head | particle=(n-)eun | joshi=은/는 | joshi-link =-은 | info=Used as a topic particle or a subject particle. '''Eun''' 은 is used following a consonant, '''Neun''' 는 is used following a vowel. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns (topic) | example='''''Naneun''' haksaengida.'' | rei='''나는''' 학생이다. | translation='''I''' am a student. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns (topic) | example='''''Igeoseun''' yeonpirida.'' | rei='''이것은''' 연필이다. | translation='''This''' is a pencil. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns (genericized nominative) | example='''''Chitaneun''' ppareuda.'' | rei='''치타는''' 빠르다. | translation='''Cheetahs''' are fast. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns (topic) | example='''''Jeoneun''' jjajangmyeon juseyo.'' | rei='''저는''' 짜장면 주세요. | translation='''I''''d like a jajangmyeon. }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=i/ga | joshi=이/가 | joshi-link =-이 | info=Used as an identifier or subject particle to indicate the nominative case. '''I''' 이 is used following a consonant, '''Ga''' 가 is used following a vowel. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns (agent) | example='''''Naega''' masyeotda.'' | rei='''내가''' 마셨다. | translation='''I''' drank. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns (identifier) | example='''''Jeogeosi''' Han-gang-iya.'' | rei='''저것이''' 한강이야. | translation='''That''' is the Han River. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns (specific nominative) | example='''''Chitaga''' neurida.'' | rei='''치타가''' 느리다. | translation='''This cheetah''' is slow. }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=kkeseo | joshi=께서 | joshi-link =-께서 | info=The honorific nominative marker. It could be added to '''Neun''', '''Do''', and '''Man''' to form 께서는 (topic), 께서도 (too/also), and 께서만 (only), respectively, which are the respective honorific forms. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns | example='''''Seonsaengnimkkeseo''' osyeotda.'' | rei='''선생님께서''' 오셨다. | translation='''(The) teacher''' arrived . }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=(r-)eul | joshi=을/를 | joshi-link =-을 | info=Used as an object particle to indicate the accusative case. '''Eul''' 을 is used following a consonant, '''Reul''' 를 is used following a vowel. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns (objective) | example=''Naneun '''ramyeoneul''' meogeotda.'' | rei=나는 '''라면을''' 먹었다. | translation=I ate '''ramen'''. }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=ege/hante | joshi=에게/한테 | joshi-link =-에게 | info=Used as a dative particle. '''Ege''' 에게 is the literary form, and '''Hante''' 한테 is the colloquial form. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun | example='''''Neohuiege''' hal mari itda.'' | rei='''너희에게''' 할 말이 있다. | translation=I have something to '''tell you'''. }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=kke | joshi=께 | joshi-link =-께 | info='''Kke''' 께 is the honorific dative marker. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun | example='''''Goyongjukke''' seonmureul deuryeotda.'' | rei='''고용주께''' 선물을 드렸다. | translation=I gave a gift '''to my employer'''. }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=(eu)ro | joshi=으로/로 | joshi-link =-로 | info=Used to mark the instrumental case, which can also denote destination or role. '''Euro''' 으로 is used following a consonant other than 'ㄹ', which is abbreviated to '''Ro''' 로 following a vowel or the consonant 'ㄹ'. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun (means) | example='''''KTX-ro''' Seoureseo Busankkaji se sigan geollinda.'' | rei='''KTX로''' 서울에서 부산까지 3시간 걸린다. | translation=It takes 3 hours to go from Seoul to Busan '''via KTX'''. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun (destination) | example=''Naeil '''Hojuro''' tteonamnida.'' | rei=내일 '''호주로''' 떠납니다. | translation=I am leaving '''for Australia''' tomorrow. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun (role) | example='''''Unjeonsaro''' chwijikhaeyo.'' | rei='''운전사로''' 취직해요. | translation=I'm going to be working '''as a driver'''. }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=e | joshi=에 | joshi-link =-에 | info=Used for any words relating to time or place. Sometimes used for cause. }} {{Language particle | element=Time (noun) | example=''Maikeureun '''parweore''' watda.'' | rei=마이클은 '''8월에''' 왔다. | translation=Michael came '''in August'''. }} {{Language particle | element=Location (noun) | example=''Jedongeun '''ilbone''' gatda.'' | rei=제동은 '''일본에''' 갔다. | translation=Jedong went '''to Japan'''. }} {{Language particle | element=Cause (noun) | example=''Jamyeongjong '''sorie''' kkaetta'' | rei=자명종 '''소리에''' 깼다. | translation=Woke up '''by the sound''' of the alarm.}}
{{Language particle|head | particle=eseo | joshi=에서 | joshi-link =-에서 | info=Translates to: "from" (ablative) when used with a motion verb. May also be used as "at", "in" (locative) when used with an action verb which is not motion related. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun (from) | example='''''Junggugeseo''' wasseo.'' | rei='''중국에서''' 왔어. | translation=I came '''from China'''. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun (in) | example='''''Bang-eseo''' gongbu-reul haet-da.'' | rei='''방에서''' 공부를 했다. | translation=I studied '''in my room'''. }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=buteo | joshi=부터 | joshi-link =-부터 | info=Translates to: Used to show when or where an action or situation started. (Egressive) }} {{Language particle | element=Noun | example='''''Cheoeumbuteo''' kkeutkkaji'' | rei='''처음부터''' 끝까지 | translation='''From beginning''' to end }} {{Language particle|head | particle=kkaji | joshi=까지 | joshi-link =-까지 | info=Translates to: Used to illustrate the extent of an action, either in location or time, generally meaning "until", "up to". (Terminative) }} {{Language particle | element=Noun | example=''Cheoeumbuteo '''kkeutkkaji''''' | rei=처음부터 '''끝까지''' | translation=From beginning '''to end''' }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=man | joshi=만 | joshi-link =-만 | info=Translates to: "only", used after a noun. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun | example=''Ojik '''jeimseu-man''' hangugeo-reul gongbu-haet-da.'' | rei=오직 '''제임스만''' 한국어를 공부했다. | translation='''Only James''' studied Korean. }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=ui | joshi=의 | joshi-link =-의 | info=Functions as: possession indicator, noun link, topic marker. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun: possession | example='''''Migugui''' daetongryeong'' | rei='''미국의''' 대통령 | translation=President '''of the United States''' }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=do | joshi=도 | joshi-link =-도 | info=Used as an additive particle. When dealing with additive qualities/descriptions of the same subject, see '''ttohan''' 또한. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns | example='''''Geunyeodo''' gongbuhanda.'' | rei='''그녀도''' 공부한다. | translation='''She''' studies '''too'''. }}
{{Language particle|head | particle=(g)wa/rang | joshi=과/와/랑 | joshi-link =-와 | info=Translates to: "and" (conjunction); "with" or "as with" (preposition). '''Gwa''' 과 is used following a consonant, '''Wa''' 와 is used following a vowel. '''Wa''' 와 is the literary form, and '''rang''' 랑 is the colloquial form. }} {{Language particle | element=Nouns: conjunction | example='''''Neowa''' na'' | rei='''너와''' 나 | translation='''You and''' I }} {{Language particle|head | particle=(y)a | joshi=아/야 | joshi-link =-아 | info=The vocative marker. '''A''' 아 is used following a consonant, '''Ya''' 야 is used following a vowel. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun | example=''Minsu'''ya'''''! | rei=민수'''야'''! | translation=Minsu! }} {{Language particle|head | particle=(i)yeo | joshi=이여/여 | joshi-link =-여 | info=The vocative marker, with added nuance of exclamation. '''Iyeo''' 이여 is used following a consonant, '''Yeo''' 여 is used following a vowel. }} {{Language particle | element=Noun | example=''Naui georukhasin guseju'''yeo'''''. | rei=나의 거룩하신 구세주'''여'''. | translation='''O''' my divine Redeemer. }}
{{Language particle|end}}
==References== *{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Samuel E. |year=2006 |title=A Reference Grammar of Korean: A Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language |title-link=A Reference Grammar of Korean|publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-0804837712 |location=Clarendon, Vt.}} *{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=Mark |last2=Yeon |first2=Jaehoon |year=2010 |title=Complete Korean |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |name-list-style=amp |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0071737586 |location= Blacklick, OH }} *{{cite book |last1=Ihm |first1=Ho Bin |last2=Hong |first2=Kyung Pyo |last3=Chang |first3=Suk In |title=Korean Grammar for International Learners |publisher=Yonsei University Press |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |location=Seoul |isbn=9788971415542 |edition=New}}
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postpositions Category:Prepositions by language {{Language adpositions}}