{{Short description|Maratha princely state of India (1710–1949)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}} {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = State of Kolhapur | common_name = Kolhapur | era = | year_start = 1710 | date_start = | event_start = | event1 = Acceded to Dominion of India | date_event1 = 1947 | date_end = | status = Principality within the Maratha Confederacy (1707–1818) <br/> Protectorate of the East India Company (1818–1857) <br/> Princely State of the India (1857–1947)<br />State of the Dominion of India (1947–1949) | year_end = 1949 | event_end = Merged into Bombay State | p1 = Maratha Confederacy | s1 = India | flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg | flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg | image_flag = Kolhapur flag.svg | flag_border = no | image_coat = Kolhapur State Emblem, 1946.jpg | symbol_type = State Emblem | image_map = Kolhapur State Map, 1912.jpg | image_map_caption = Kolhapur State Map, 1912 | title_leader = Raja/Maharaja | year_leader1 = 1710–1714 (first) | leader1 = Shivaji II | year_leader2 = 1947–1949 (last) | leader2 = Shahaji II | stat_area1 = 8332 | stat_year1 = 1901 | stat_pop1 = 865,000 | today = Maharashtra, India | footnotes = | native_name = | demonym = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_name2 = | capital = Kolhapur }}
The '''Kolhapur State''' was a Maratha princely state of India, under the Deccan Division of the Bombay Presidency, and later the Deccan States Agency.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 15|chapter=Kolhapur State|publisher=Oxford at Clarendon Press |year=1909|pages=380–87 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_386.gif |ref=Hi }}</ref> It was considered the most important of the Maratha principalities{{cn|date=November 2024}} with the others being Baroda State, Gwalior State and Indore State. Its rulers, of the Bhonsle dynasty, were entitled to a 19-gun salute – thus Kolhapur was also known as a 19-gun state. The state flag was a swallow-tailed saffron pennant.<ref>Gazetteer, p. 380</ref> [[File:New Palace Kolhapur 2021.jpg|thumb|New Palace, Kolhapur]]
Kolhapur State, together with its ''jagirs'' or feudatory vassal estates (including Ichalkaranji), covered an area of 3,165 square miles (8,200 km<sup>2</sup>).<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Kolhapur |volume=15 |page=889}}</ref> According to the 1901 census, the state population was 910,011, of which 54,373 resided in Kolhapur Town. In 1901, the state enjoyed an estimated revenue of £300,000.<ref name=EB1911/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kolhapur.html |title=Kolhapur Princely State (19 gun salute) |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052605/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kolhapur.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==History == {{More citations needed section|date=March 2010}} The Maharajas of Kolhapur have a common ancestry with the Bhonsle dynasty of Satara, being direct descendants of the Maratha King Shivaji. The states of Satara and Kolhapur came into being in 1707, because of the succession dispute over the Maratha throne. Shahuji, the heir apparent to the Maratha kingdom, captured by the Mughals at the age of nine, remained their prisoner at the death of his father Sambhaji, the elder son of Shivaji the founder of the Maratha Empire, in 1689. The Dowager Maharani Tarabai (widow of Rajaram I) proclaimed her son Shivaji II, as Chhatrapati under her regency. The Mughals released Shahu under certain conditions in 1707, and he returned to claim his inheritance. He defeated the regent at the Battle of Khed and established himself at Satara, forcing her to retire with her son to Kolhapur. By 1710 two separate principalities had become an established fact. Shivaji II and Tarabai were soon deposed by Rajasbai, the other widow of Rajaram. She installed her own son, Sambhaji II as the new ruler of Kolhapur.<ref name="Sarkar2000">{{cite book|author=Sumit Sarkar|title=Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PR9|year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-658-9|page=30}}</ref> In early years of his rule, Sambhaji made alliance with the Nizam to wrest the Maratha kingdom from his cousin, Shahuji.<ref name="SG_1993">{{cite book |author=Stewart Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA120 |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |pages=120–131 }}</ref> The defeat of the Nizam by Bajirao I in the Battle of Palkhed in 1728 led to the former ending his support for Sambhaji.<ref name="Kate1987">{{cite book|author=P. V. Kate|title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&pg=PR5|year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-017-8|page=14}}</ref> Sambhaji II signed the Treaty of Warna in 1731 with his cousin Shahuji to formalize the two separate seats of Bhonsle family.<ref name="SG_1993"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=S.R. Bakshi, S.R. Sharma, S. Gijrani|first1=(Editors)|title=Sharad Pawar: The Maratha Legacy|date=1998|publisher=APH Pub. Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788176480086|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC&pg=PA27}}</ref>
The British sent expeditions against Kolhapur in 1765 and 1792;<ref name=EB1911/> Kolhapur entered into treaty relations with the British, after the collapse of the Maratha confederacy in 1818 . In the early years of the 19th century the British invaded again, and appointed a political officer to temporarily manage the state.<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Manohar Malgonkar, ''Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur'', Pub. Popular Prakashan, 1971.</ref>
A regent called Daji Krishna Pandit was installed by the British to govern the state in 1843 at a time when the natural heir to the throne was underage. He took direction from a political agent of the East India Company and among their actions were reforms to the tax of land. These reforms caused much resentment and, despite Kolhapur having refrained from involvement in the previous Anglo-Maratha Wars, a revolt against the British began in 1844. The rebellion began with soldiers locking themselves into hill-forts such as those as Panhala and Vishalgad, and then spread to Kolhapur itself. Both the regent and the political agent were captured by the militia forces led by Babaji Ahirekar. Ahirekar was killed in December 1844 and the revolt crushed.<ref>{{cite book |title=Britain's Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt |first=Richard |last=Gott |publisher=Verso Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84467-738-2 |page=343 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoz_F_wQPkC&pg=PA343}}</ref>
The last ruler of Kolhapur was Maharaja Shahaji II. After Indian independence in 1947, Kolhapur acceded to the Dominion of India on 14 August 1947 and merged into Bombay State on 1 March 1949. In 1960 Bombay state was divided by languages into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The boundaries of former Kolhapur state correspond very closely with those of modern-day Kolhapur district in Maharashtra state.
== Rulers of Kolhapur == All rulers have the personal title of 'Chhatrapati'. === Rajas of Kolhapur === {{Infobox former monarchy | border = | royal_title = Raja | realm = Kolhapur | native_name = | coatofarms = Kolhapur State Emblem, 1946.jpg | coatofarmscaption = State emblem | image ={{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|200px}} | caption = '''Last to reign'''<br />'''Shahu'''<br />2 April 1894 – 1900 | first_monarch = Shivaji II | last_monarch = Shahu | style = His Majesty | residence = | began = 1710 | ended = 1900<br>{{small|(succeeded by Maharaja of Kolhapur)}} | pretender = Shahu II of Kolhapur (1983–present) }}
*1710 – 2 Aug 1714 '''Shivaji I of Kolhapur''' (b. 1696 – d. 1726) *2 Aug 1714 – 18 Dec 1760 '''Sambhaji I of Kolhapur''' (b. 1698 – d. 1760) *20 Dec 1760 – 17 Feb 1773 '' Rani '''Jiji Bai''' (f) – Regent (b. 1716 – d. 1773)'' *22 Sep 1762 – 24 Apr 1813 '''Shivaji II of Kolhapur''' (b. 1756 – d. 1813) *24 Apr 1813 – 2 Jul 1821 ''' Sambhaji II of Kolhapur''' (b. 1801 – d. 1821) *2 Jul 1821 – 3 Jan 1822 '' '''Shahaji''' -Regent (b. 1802 – d. 1838)'' *3 Jan 1822 – 29 Nov 1838 '''Shahaji ''' *29 Nov 1838 – 4 Aug 1866 '''Shivaji III of Kolhapur''' (b. 1830 – d. 1866) *29 Nov 1838 – 1845 Rani '''''Sai Bai''' (f) -Regent (d. 1861)'' *4 Aug 1866 – 30 Nov 1870 '''Rajaram I of Kolhapur''' Nagaji Rao (b. 1850 – d. 1870) *30 Nov 1870 – 12 Oct 1871 '' Rani '''Tara Bai''' (f) – Regent (b. 1855 – d. 1874)'' *12 Oct 1871 – 25 Dec 1883 ''' Shivaji IV''' Chhatrapati Narayana Rao (b. 1863 – d. 1883) *25 Dec 1883 – 17 Mar 1884 '' Rani '''Anand Bai''' (f) – Regent'' *17 Mar 1884 – 1900 '''Shahu''' Chhatrapati Jashwant (b. 1874 – ''see below'')
=== Maharajas of Kolhapur === {{Infobox former monarchy | border = | royal_title = Maharaja | realm = Kolhapur | native_name = | coatofarms = Kolhapur State Emblem, 1946.jpg | coatofarmscaption = State emblem | image ={{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|200px}} | caption = '''Last to reign'''<br />'''Shahaji II'''<br />1947 – 1949 | first_monarch = Shahu | last_monarch = Shahaji II | style = His Majesty | residence = | began = 1900<br>{{small|(preceded by Maharaja of Kolhapur)}} | ended = 1949 | pretender = Shahu II of Kolhapur (1983–present) }}
*1900 – 6 May 1922 '''Shahu''' Chhatrapati (''see above''; d. 1922) *6 May 1922 – 26 Nov 1940 ''' Rajaram II of Kolhapur''' Chhatrapati (b. 1897 – d. 1940) *26 Nov 1940 – 18 Nov 1942 '' '''Tara Bai''' (f) -Regent (1st time) (b. 1904 – d. ....)'' *18 Nov 1942 – 28 Sep 1946 ''' Shivaji VII''' Chhatrapati (b. 1941 – d. 1946) *22 Nov 1942 – 31 Mar 1947 '' ''' Tara Bai''' (f) -Regent (2nd time) (s.a.)'' *31 Mar 1947 – 14 Aug 1947 ''' Shahaji II''' Chhatrapati (b. 1910 – d. 1983)
===Titular Maharajas=== *15 Aug 1947 – 9 May 1983 '''Shahaji II''' *1983 – present '''Shahu II'''
=== Family tree === thumb|300px|Royal family of the erstwhile Kolhapur state in 2011 {{Tree list}} *Babaaji Bhonsle **{{Tree list/final branch}} Maloji Bhosale (1552–1606/20/22) ***Shahaji Bhonsle ({{Circa|1594}}–1664) ****{{Tree list/final branch}}15px '''Shivaji The king of the Maratha Kingdom''' ({{reign|1674|1680}}) *****15px '''Sambhaji, King of the Maratha kingdom''' (1657–1689; r. 1680–1689) *****{{Tree list/final branch}}15px '''Rajaram, King of the Maratha Kingdom''' (1670–1700; r. 1689–1700) ******15px '''I. Shivaji II, Raja of Kolhapur''' (1696–1726; Raja of Kolhapur: 1710–1714) ******{{Tree list/final branch}}15px '''II. Sambhaji II, Raja of Kolhapur''' (1698–1760; r. 1714–1760) ***{{Tree list/final branch}} Sharifjirao ****{{Tree list/final branch}} Trimbukjirao *****{{Tree list/final branch}} Venkatjirao ******{{Tree list/final branch}} Mankojirao *******{{Tree list/final branch}} Shahajirao ********15px '''III. Shivaji III, Raja of Kolhapur''' (1756–1813; r. 1762–1813) *********15px '''IV. Sambhaji III, Raja of Kolhapur''' (1801–1821; r. 1813–1821) **********{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''V. Shivaji IV, Raja of Kolhapur''' (1816–1822; r. 1821–1822) *********{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''VI. Shahaji I, Raja of Kolhapur''' (1802–1838; r. 1822–1838) **********15px '''VII. Shivaji V, Raja of Kolhapur''' KCSI (1830–1866; r. 1838–1866) **********Shrimati Akhand Soubhagyavati Aubai Patankar m. (1845) Shrimant Sardar Ramchandrarao Patankar, Patil of Patan ***********{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''VIII. Rajaram I, Raja of Kolhapur''' (1850–1870; r. 1866–1870) **********{{Tree list/final branch}} Shrimati Akhand Soubhagyavati Balabai Maharaj Ghatge (d. 1867), m. (1848) Meherban Shrimant Chiranjiva Rajashri Narayanrao Ghatge, Sarjerao, Chief of Kagal Junior ({{Circa|1833}}–1881) ***********{{Tree list/final branch}} HH Meherban Shrimant Rajamanya Rajashri Jaisinhrao Ghatge, Sarjerao, Vazarat, Ma-ab, Chief of Kagal Senior (1857–1885) m. (2nd; 1878) Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Radhabai Sahib Ghatge ************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''X. Shahu I, Maharaja of Kolhapur''' GCSI, GCIE, GCVO (1874–1922; r. 1884–1922; Raja of Kolhapur: 1884; Maharaja of Kolhapur: 1900) *************HH Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Maharani Radhabai Maharaj Puar, Maharani of Dewas Senior (1894–1973) m. (1908) HH Tukojirao III, Maharaja of Dewas Senior KCSI (1888–1937) **************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''XIII. Shahaji II, Maharaja of Dewas Senior, Maharaja of Kolhapur''' GCSI (1910–1983; Maharaja of Dewas Senior: 1937–1947; Maharaja of Kolhapur: 1947–1949; titular ruler: 1949–1971; family head: 1971–1983) ***************{{Tree list/final branch}} Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Maharajkumari Shaliniraje Sahib Maharaj Bhonsle (b. 1929) m. (1945) Shrijut Raje Rajaramsinhrao Laxmanrao Bhonsle (d. 1970) ****************{{Tree list/final branch}} '''XIV. Shahu II, Maharaja of Kolhapur''' (b. 1948; family head: 1983–present) *************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''XI. Rajaram III, Maharaja of Kolhapur''' GCSI, GCIE (1897–1940; r. 1922–1940) ********Sambhajirao *********{{Tree list/final branch}} Ramchandrarao **********{{Tree list/final branch}} Narayanjirao ***********{{Tree list/final branch}} Dinkarrao (b. 1832) ************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''IX. Shivaji VI, Raja of Kolhapur''' KCSI (1863–1883; r. 1871–1883) ********{{Tree list/final branch}} Swarupjirao *********{{Tree list/final branch}} Mankojirao **********{{Tree list/final branch}} Yashwantrao (1832–1884) ***********{{Tree list/final branch}} Appa Sahib ************{{Tree list/final branch}} Shivajirao *************{{Tree list/final branch}} Shankarrao (b. 1922) **************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''XII. Shivaji VII, Maharaja of Kolhapur''' (1941–1946; r. 1941–1946) {{Tree list/end}}
{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
=== Family tree (Simplified) ===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Family tree of Maratha Rajas and later Maharajas of Kolhapur}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{legend-line|black solid 2px|Biological Child}}
{{legend-line|black dotted 2px|Adopted Child}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 |y|A02 |y|A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01=Tarabai| A02='''Rajaram I'''<br><small>'''''Chhatrapati'''''</small><br><small>r. 1689-1700</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF0000| A03=Rajasbai}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Shivaji II'''<br><sup>(1)</sup><br><small>r. 1710-1714</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500| A02='''Sambhaji II'''<br><sup>(2)</sup><br><small>r. 1714-1760</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFA500}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Shivaji III'''<br><sup>(3)</sup><br><small>r. 1762-1813</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Sambhaji III'''<br><sup>(4)</sup><br><small>r. 1813-1821</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500| A02='''Shahaji I'''<br><sup>(6)</sup><br><small>r. 1822-1838</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFA500}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Shivaji IV'''<br><sup>(5)</sup><br><small>r. 1821-1822</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500| A02='''Shivaji V'''<br><sup>(7)</sup><br><small>r. 1838-1866</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFA500| A03=Ramchandra<br>Rao<br>Patankar| A04=Narayan Rao<br>Ghatge}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Y|P|P|T|!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Rajaram II'''<br><sup>(8)</sup><br><small>r. 1866-1871</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500| A02=Jai Singh<br>Rao Ghatge}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Shivaji VI'''<br><sup>(9)</sup><br><small>r. 1871-1883</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500| A02='''Shahu I'''<br><sup>(10)</sup><br><small>r. 1884-1922</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFA500}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Shivaji VII'''<br><sup>(12)</sup><br><small>r. 1941-1946</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500| A02='''Rajaram III'''<br><sup>(11)</sup><br><small>r. 1922-1940</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFA500| A03=Radhabai}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Shahaji II'''<br><sup>(13)</sup><br><small>r. 1947-1949<br>– Titular –<br>r. 1949-1983</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01=Rajaram<br>Singh Rao}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Shahu II'''<br><sup>(14)</sup><br><small>– Titular –<br>r. 1983-present</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFA500}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}
== Feudatory Jagirs == There were Eleven Feudatory Jagirdars of Kolhapur. They all paid Nazar on succession equal to a year's net income of their Jagirs and also an annual contribution towards the maintenance of military force. They are:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sudarisanam A N|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.85432|title=Indian States Register And Directory 1929|date=1929}}</ref>
* Vishalgad * Bavda * Kagal (Senior) * Kagal (Junior) * Kapshi * Torgal * Ichalkaranji * Himmat Bahadur * SarLashkar Bahadur * Shahi Sarnobat * Raovishvasrao
== See also == * Maratha * Maratha Empire * List of Maratha dynasties and states * List of princely states of British India (alphabetical) * Maharajas of Kolhapur * Panhala Fort
== References == {{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading== *{{cite journal |title=The Maharaja of Kolhapur and the Non-Brahmin Movement 1902–10 |first=Ian |last=Copland |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |year=1973 |pages=209–225 |jstor=311776 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x0000456x|s2cid=145214015 }}
== External links == *{{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaMaharashtra2.htm Mumbai and Princely States Heraldry]
{{Princely states of India}} {{Kolhapur district topics}} {{Princely states of the Deccan States Agency}} {{Authority control}}
{{Coord|16|41|N|74|14|E|region:IN-KN_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
Category:Princely states of Maharashtra Category:Kolhapur Category:States and territories established in 1710 Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949 Category:Maratha Empire Category:1710 establishments in India Category:1949 disestablishments in India