Kocuria

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Kocuria | authority = Stackebrandt ''et al''. 1995<ref>Stackebrandt, E., Koch, C., Gvozdiak, O., and Schumann, P. "Taxonomic dissection of the genus ''Micrococcus'': ''Kocuria'' gen. nov., ''Nesterenkonia'' gen. nov., ''Kytococcus'' gen. nov., ''Dermacoccus'' gen. nov., and ''Micrococcus'' Cohn 1872 gen. emend." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1995) 45:682-692</ref> | type_species = ''Kocuria rosea'' | type_species_authority = (Flügge 1886) Stackebrandt et al. 1995 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision_ref = <ref name="LPSN">{{cite web | vauthors = Euzéby JP, Parte AC | url = https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/kocuria | title = ''Kocuria'' | access-date = June 14, 2022 | publisher = List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)}}</ref> | subdivision = * ''K. aegyptia'' Li et al. 2006 * ''K. arsenatis'' Román-Ponce et al. 2016 * ''"K. assamensis"'' Kaur et al. 2011 * ''K. atrinae'' Park et al. 2010 * ''K. carniphila'' Tvrzová et al. 2005 * ''K. coralli'' Li and Zhang 2020 * ''K. dechangensis'' Wang et al. 2015  * ''K. flava'' Zhou et al. 2008 * ''K. gwangalliensis'' Seo et al. 2009  * ''K. himachalensis'' Mayilraj et al. 2006 * ''K. indica'' Dastager et al. 2014   * ''K. marina'' Kim et al. 2004 * ''"K. massiliensis"'' Edouard et al. 2018 * ''K. oceani'' Zhang et al. 2017 * ''"K. ocularis"'' Domont et al. 2014 * ''K. palustris'' Kovács et al. 1999 * ''K. pelophila'' Hamada et al. 2016 * ''K. polaris'' Reddy et al. 2003 * ''K. rhizophila'' Kovács et al. 1999 * ''K. rosea'' (Flügge 1886) Stackebrandt et al. 1995 * ''K. salina'' Camacho et al. 2017 * ''K. salsicia'' Yun et al. 2011 * ''"K. sediminis"'' Bala et al. 2012 * ''K. soli'' Tuo et al. 2019 * ''K. subflava'' Jiang et al. 2016 * ''K. turfanensis'' Zhou et al. 2008 * ''"K. tytonicola"'' Braun et al. 2019 * ''K. tytonis'' Braun et al. 2019 * ''K. uropygialis'' Braun et al. 2018 * ''K. uropygioeca'' Braun et al. 2018 * ''K. varians'' (Migula 1900) Stackebrandt et al. 1995 | synonyms = * ''Pelczaria'' Poston 1994 | synonyms_ref = <ref name="LPSN"/> }}

'''''Kocuria''''' is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. ''Kocuria'' is named after Miloslav Kocur, a Slovak microbiologist. It has been found in the milk of water deer and reindeer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Zhipeng |last2=Wright |first2=André-Denis G. |last3=Yang |first3=Yifeng |last4=Si |first4=Huazhe |last5=Li |first5=Guangyu |date=2017-01-18 |title=Unique Bacteria Community Composition and Co-occurrence in the Milk of Different Ruminants |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |article-number=40950 |doi=10.1038/srep40950 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5241872 |pmid=28098228|bibcode=2017NatSR...740950L }}</ref> Cells are coccoid, resembling ''Staphylococcus'' and ''Micrococcus'', and can group in pairs, chains, tetrads, cubical arrangements of eight, or irregular clusters. They have rigid cell walls and are either aerobic or facultative anaerobic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Venkataramana|first1=Kandi|last2=Padmavali|first2=Palange|last3=Ritu|first3=Vaish|last4=Adnan|first4=Bashir Bhatti|last5=Vinod|first5=Kale|last6=Maheshwar|first6=Reddy Kandi|last7=Mohan|first7=Rao Bhoomagiri|date=August 2016|title=Emerging Bacterial Infection: Identification and Clinical Significance of ''Kocuria'' Species|journal=Cureus|volume=8|issue=8|article-number=e731|doi=10.7759/cureus.731|doi-access=free |pmid=27630804|pmc=5017880}}</ref> ''Kocuria'' can usually survive in mesophilic temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Reimer |first1=Lorenz Christian |last2=Carbasse |first2=Joaquim Sardà |last3=Koblitz |first3=Julia |last4=Ebeling |first4=Christian |last5=Podstawka |first5=Adam |last6=Overmann |first6=Jörg |date=2022 |title=Kocuria rosea DSM 20447 is an aerobe, mesophilic bacterium of the family Micrococcaceae |url=https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/7641 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=BacDive |language=en}}</ref>

== Clinical significance == ''Kocuria'' has been found to live on human skin and oral cavity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grice|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Kong|first2=Heidi|last3=Renaud|first3=Gabriel|last4=Young|first4=Alice|last5=Bouffard|first5=Gerard|last6=Blakesly|first6=Robert|last7=Wolfsberg|first7=Tyra|last8=Turner|first8=Maria|last9=Segre|first9=Julia|author-link7=Tyra Wolfsberg|date=July 2018|title=A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota|journal=Genome Research|volume=18|issue=7|pages=1043–1050|doi=10.1101/gr.075549.107|pmid=18502944|pmc=2493393}}</ref> It is generally considered non-pathogenic but can be found in some infections. Specific infection associated with ''Kocuria'' are urinary tract infections, cholecystitis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ma|first1=Edmond SK|last2=Wong|first2=Chris LP|last3=Lai|first3=Kristi TW|last4=Chan|first4=Edmond CH|last5=Yam|first5=WC|last6=Chan|first6=Angus CW|date=2005-07-19|title=''Kocuria kristinae'' infection associated with acute cholecystitis|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=5|issue=1|page=60|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-5-60|pmid=16029488|pmc=1181815|issn=1471-2334 |doi-access=free }}</ref> catheter-associated bacteremia,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dotis|first1=John|last2=Printza|first2=Nikoleta|last3=Stabouli|first3=Stella|last4=Papachristou|first4=Fotios|date=Jan–Feb 2015|title=Kocuria Species Peritonitis: Although Rare, We Have To Care|journal=Peritoneal Dialysis International|volume=35|issue=1|pages=26–30|doi=10.3747/pdi.2013.00138|pmid=24584591|pmc=4335924}}</ref> dacryocystitis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Domont|first1=Fanny|last2=Le Flèche-Matéos|first2=Anne|last3=Brémond-Gignac|first3=Dominique|last4=Hamdad|first4=Farida|date=2014-06-01|title=''Kocuria dacryocystitis'' infection, caused by ''Kocuria ocularis'' sp. nov.|journal=JMM Case Reports|volume=1|issue=2|doi=10.1099/jmmcr.0.002022|issn=2053-3721|doi-access=free}}</ref> canaliculitis, keratitis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mattern|first1=R.M.|last2=Ding|first2=Jiaxi|date=2014-02-27|title=Keratitis with ''Kocuria palustris'' and ''Rothia mucilaginosa'' in Vitamin A Deficiency|journal=Case Reports in Ophthalmology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1159/000360391|pmid=24707276|pmc=3975196|issn=1663-2699}}</ref> native valve endocarditis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moreira|first1=Jorge Salomão|last2=Riccetto|first2=Adriana Gut Lopes|last3=da Silva|first3=Marcos Tadeu Nolasco|last4=Vilela|first4=Maria Marluce dos Santos|date=January 2015|title=Endocarditis by ''Kocuria rosea'' in an immunocompetent child|journal=The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=1|pages=82–84|doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2014.09.007|pmid=25523077|pmc=9425231 |issn=1413-8670|doi-access=free}}</ref> peritonitis,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sohn|first1=Kyung Mok|last2=Baek|first2=Jin-Yang|last3=Kim|first3=So Hyun|last4=Cheon|first4=Shinhye|last5=Kim|first5=Yeon-Sook|date=April 2015|title=Catheter-related bacteremia caused by ''Kocuria salsicia'': The first case|journal=Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy|volume=21|issue=4|pages=305–307|doi=10.1016/j.jiac.2014.11.005|pmid=25497673|issn=1341-321X}}</ref> descending necrotizing mediastinitis,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Mi Kyung|last2=Choi|first2=Soon Ho|last3=Ryu|first3=Dae Woong|date=2013-10-11|title=Descending necrotizing Mediastinitis caused by ''Kocuria rosea'': A case report|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=1|page=475|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-475|pmid=24112281|pmc=3852562|issn=1471-2334|doi-access=free}}</ref> brain abscess<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tsai|first1=Cheng-Yu|last2=Su|first2=Shou-hsin|last3=Cheng|first3=Yu-Hsin|last4=Chou|first4=Yu-lin|last5=Tsai|first5=Tai-Hsin|last6=Lieu|first6=Ann-Shung|date=2010-04-27|title=''Kocuria varians'' infection associated with brain abscess: A case report|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=1|page=102|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-10-102|pmid=20423506|pmc=2875226|issn=1471-2334|doi-access=free}}</ref> and meningitis. It is also occasionally isolated in the microbiome of pilonidal sinuses <ref>Banerjee T, Singh A, Anurag, Pal S, Basu S. Emergence of Unusual Microorganisms in Microflora of Pilonidal Sinuses: A Multiple Case Series. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2023 Jan-Feb 01;50(1):26-30. doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000945. PMID 36668986.</ref> ''Kocuria rosea'' is known to cause infection in immunocompromised patients, causing oropharyngeal and deep cervical infections. However, as having low pathogenicity and being very susceptible to antibiotics, with immediate surgical drainage, debridement, and administration of broad range antibiotics showed great results.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

== Microbiology == ''Kocuria'' can be grown on sheep blood agar and other simple media plates. They grow best in neutral pH environments.<ref name=":0" /> Depending on the species, they appear in a range of color such as: orange, pink, red, yellow or cream. They are shown to lack hemolytic ability on a blood agar plate. However, they have shown to react differently to normal laboratory identification techniques. These test include: catalase, urease, oxidase, amylase, gelatins, phosphatase, beta-galactosidase activities, and carbon source and citrate utilization.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Savini|first1=V.|last2=Catavitello|first2=C.|last3=Masciarelli|first3=G.|last4=Astolfi|first4=D.|last5=Balbinot|first5=A.|last6=Bianco|first6=A.|last7=Febbo|first7=F.|last8=D'Amario|first8=C.|last9=D'Antonio|first9=D.|date=2010-09-30|title=Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus ''Kocuria''|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=12|pages=1395–1402|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.021709-0|pmid=20884772|issn=0022-2615|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Kocuria'' is susceptible towards bacitracin and lysozyme and resistant to nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and lysostaphin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Environment == In a study done by Louisiana State University, 75 strains of bacteria from the Atacama Desert were tested for its ability to grow in Mars-like climates. The environment tested contained high concentrations of perchlorate salts, a similar condition found on Mars surface. In this environment, ''Kocuria'' was found to grow in one of the highest concentrations compared to the other strains.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3601/|title=Investigation of the Growth and Survival of Bacteria from Mars Analog Environments When Exposed to Mars-like Conditions|last=Vallalar|first=Bharathi|date=2012|journal=Lsu Master's Theses}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

Category:Micrococcaceae Category:Bacteria genera