{{Short description|Genus of viruses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{virusbox | taxon = Kobuvirus }}
'''''Kobuvirus''''' is a genus of viruses in the order ''Picornavirales'', in the family ''Picornaviridae''. Humans and cattle serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: gastroenteritis.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/652.html|publisher=ExPASy|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ICTV>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |date=March 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> The genus was named because of the virus particles' lumpy appearance by electron microscopy; "kobu" means "knob" in Japanese.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reuter G, Boros A, Pankovics P | title = Kobuviruses - a comprehensive review | journal = Reviews in Medical Virology | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–41 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21294214 | doi = 10.1002/rmv.677 }}</ref>
Three species of the genus include ''Aichivirus A'' (formerly ''Aichi virus''), ''Aichivirus B'' (formerly ''Bovine kobuvirus'') and ''Aichivirus C'' (formerly ''Porcine kobuvirus'') each possessing a single serotype. Canine kobuvirus belong to species ''Aichivirus A''.<ref name="Carmona-Vicente_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carmona-Vicente N, Buesa J, Brown PA, Merga JY, Darby AC, Stavisky J, Sadler L, Gaskell RM, Dawson S, Radford AD | title = Phylogeny and prevalence of kobuviruses in dogs and cats in the UK | journal = Veterinary Microbiology | volume = 164 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 246–52 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23490561 | pmc = 7127238 | doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.014 }}</ref> Aichi virus infects humans,<ref name="Yamashita_1991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamashita T, Kobayashi S, Sakae K, Nakata S, Chiba S, Ishihara Y, Isomura S | title = Isolation of cytopathic small round viruses with BS-C-1 cells from patients with gastroenteritis | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 164 | issue = 5 | pages = 954–7 | date = November 1991 | pmid = 1658159 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/164.5.954 }}</ref><ref name="Yamashita_1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamashita T, Sakae K, Tsuzuki H, Suzuki Y, Ishikawa N, Takeda N, Miyamura T, Yamazaki S | title = Complete nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of Aichi virus, a distinct member of the Picornaviridae associated with acute gastroenteritis in humans | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 72 | issue = 10 | pages = 8408–12 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9733894 | pmc = 110230 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.72.10.8408-8412.1998}}</ref> while bovine kobuvirus,<ref name="Yamashita_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamashita T, Ito M, Kabashima Y, Tsuzuki H, Fujiura A, Sakae K | title = Isolation and characterization of a new species of kobuvirus associated with cattle | journal = The Journal of General Virology | volume = 84 | issue = Pt 11 | pages = 3069–3077 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14573811 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.19266-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> porcine kobuvirus<ref name="pmid19046542">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reuter G, Boldizsár A, Kiss I, Pankovics P | title = Candidate new species of Kobuvirus in porcine hosts | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 14 | issue = 12 | pages = 1968–70 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19046542 | pmc = 2634637 | doi = 10.3201/eid1412.080797 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19096904">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reuter G, Boldizsár A, Pankovics P | title = Complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences and genetic organization of porcine kobuvirus, a member of a new species in the genus Kobuvirus, family Picornaviridae | journal = Archives of Virology | volume = 154 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–8 | date = 2009 | pmid = 19096904 | doi = 10.1007/s00705-008-0288-2 }}</ref> and canine kobuvirus, as suggested by their names, infects cattle, swine, dogs and cats.
In 2014 a novel caprine kobuvirus was characterised after isolation from a Korean black goat.<ref name="pmid24984842">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oem JK, Lee MH, Lee KK, An DJ | title = Novel Kobuvirus species identified from black goat with diarrhea | journal = Veterinary Microbiology | volume = 172 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 563–7 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24984842 | doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.009 }}</ref>
Nucleic acid sequence analysis and RT-PCR are used prevalently as detection and genotyping methods of kobuvirus although, there are some other techniques such as EM, and ELISA.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Okitsu S, Ushijima H | title = Epidemiology of human and animal kobuviruses | journal = VirusDisease | year = 2014 | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 195–200 | pmid = 25674585 | pmc = 4188179 | doi = 10.1007/s13337-014-0200-5 }}</ref>
==Taxonomy== The genus contains the following species:<ref name=ICTV /> * ''Aichivirus A'' * ''Aichivirus B'' * ''Aichivirus C'' * ''Aichivirus D'' * ''Aichivirus E'' * ''Aichivirus F''
== Virus particles == Viruses in ''Kobuvirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.25kb in length.<ref name=ViralZone /> The molecular mass of a typical virion particle of this genus is typically eight to nine million. The virions of the viruses in this genus consist of capsids that are 27 to 30 nm in diameter.<ref name="Yamashita_1991" /> The capsid is believed to consist of 12 capsomers and the capsid shell structure of these virions has a monolayer composition.<ref name="Yamashita_1991" /> Using conventional electron microscopy, the structure of the capsid surface can be visualized.<ref name="Yamashita_1991" /><ref name="Yamashita_1998" /> The virus particles contain a single species of ssRNA. These virions have a sedimentation coefficient of 140–165 S20w. The particles are described to be “relatively stable” in vitro (in comparison to other viruses) and stable in acidic conditions of pH 3.5.<ref name="Yamashita_1998" /> They have also been found to be insensitive to treatment with some chemicals including chloroform, ether and non-ionic detergents.<ref name="Yamashita_1998" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic arrangement !! Genomic segmentation |- |''Kobuvirus''||Icosahedral||Pseudo T=3||Non-enveloped||Linear||Monopartite |}
==Life cycle== Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Human and cattle serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal–oral.<ref name=ViralZone />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Genus !! Host details !! Tissue tropism !! Entry details !! Release details !! Replication site !! Assembly site !! Transmission |- |''Kobuvirus''||Humans||None||Cell receptor endocytosis||Lysis||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Oral–fecal; blood |}
==Genetics== The viruses in this genus have single-stranded, linear non-segmented, positive-sense RNA genomes with lengths of approximately 8.2–8.3 kb.<ref name="Yamashita_1998" /><ref name="Yamashita_2003" />
== References == {{Reflist|2}}
== External links == * [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/652.html '''Viralzone''': Kobuvirus] * [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp '''ICTV'''] {{Baltimore classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1778010}}
Category:Picornaviridae Category:Virus genera