Kitty Oppenheimer

{{Short description|American biologist (1910–1972)}} {{Redirect|Kitty Harrison|the tennis coach|Kitty Harrison (tennis)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox person | name = Katherine Oppenheimer | image = Katherine (Kitty) Oppenheimer ID badge photo.jpg | caption = Wartime Los Alamos identification badge photo, c. 1944 | birth_name = Katherine Vissering Puening | birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|8|8}} | birth_place = [[Recklinghausen]], Germany | death_date = {{Death date and age|1972|10|27|1910|8|8}} | death_place = [[Panama City]], Panama | other_names = {{hlist|Katherine Ramseyer|Katherine Dallet|Katherine Harrison}} | education = [[University of Pittsburgh]]<br />[[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br />[[University of Wisconsin]] | political_party = [[Communist Party of America|Communist]] (until 1930s) | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Frank Ramseyer|1932|1933|end={{abbr|ann.|annulled}}}} * {{marriage|[[Joe Dallet]]|1934|1937|end=died}} * {{marriage|Richard Stewart Harrison|1938|1940|end=divorce}} * {{marriage|[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]|1940|1967|end=died}}}} | children = 2 }}

'''Katherine Vissering''' "'''Kitty'''" '''Oppenheimer''' ({{nee|'''Puening'''}}; August 8, 1910 – October 27, 1972) was an American biologist, botanist, and a member of the [[Communist Party of America]] until leaving in the 1930s. Her husbands were Frank Ramseyer, [[Joe Dallet]], Richard Stewart Harrison, and physicist [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], the director of the [[Manhattan Project]]'s [[Los Alamos Laboratory]] during [[World War II]].

==Early life== Katherine "Kitty" Vissering Puening was born in [[Recklinghausen]], [[Province of Westphalia|Westphalia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], Germany, on August 8, 1910, the only child of Franz Puening and Käthe Vissering. Although she claimed that her father was a prince and that her mother was related to [[Queen Victoria]], Kitty would say that her father was the prince of a small state called [[Westphalia]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |title=American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140060087 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=The SHAFR Guide Online|doi=10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140060087 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> in Germany. Her mother was, in fact, a cousin of [[Wilhelm Keitel]], who later became a [[Generalfeldmarschall|field marshal]] in the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] during [[World War II]] - he was hanged in 1946.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=154–155}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=9–10, 26–27}}

Puening arrived in the United States on May 14, 1913, aboard the [[SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse|SS ''Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse'']] when she was two years old. Her father, a [[metallurgical engineer]], had invented a new kind of [[blast furnace]], and had gained employment with a steel company in [[Pittsburgh]], and the family settled in the suburb of [[Aspinwall, Pennsylvania]]. Although her first language was German, she soon became fluent in English, speaking both languages without accent. Her parents regularly took her with them on summer visits to Germany.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=154–155}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=9–10, 26–27}}

After graduating from Aspinwall High School in June 1928, Puening enrolled at the [[University of Pittsburgh]].{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=42–43}} She lived at home and attended [[freshman]] classes in mathematics, biology and chemistry. Her father now worked for [[Koppers]], and held patents for the design of blast furnaces.<ref>{{Patent|US|1542955|Heating method and apparatus}}</ref><ref>{{Patent|US|1799702|Heating apparatus}}</ref>{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=78–79}} Puening convinced her parents that it would be a good idea for her to study in Germany, and she sailed for Europe in March 1930. It is doubtful that she took any classes, but she did meet Frank Ramseyer, an American studying music in Paris under [[Nadia Boulanger]], before sailing for home on May 19.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=78–79}}

Puening completed the first year of her degree, and married Ramseyer before a [[Justice of the Peace]] in Pittsburgh on December 24, 1932. The couple moved to an apartment near [[Harvard University]], where Ramseyer hoped to pursue a [[master's degree]] in music. She re-enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh in January 1933, and returned to her parents' home in Aspinwall. In June 1933, she sailed to Europe again with her husband. After returning, she enrolled at the [[University of Wisconsin]], although there is no record of her completing any courses there. Puening obtained an [[annulment]] of her marriage from the Superior Court of Wisconsin on December 20, 1933. She later told friends that she had discovered evidence that Ramseyer was a [[homosexual]] and a [[drug addict]]. Puening also had an [[abortion]].{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=80–82}}

==Communism== At a New Year's Eve party later that year, Puening met [[Joe Dallet|Joseph Dallet Jr.]] After the 1927 executions of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]], he joined the [[Communist Party of America]] in 1929. He had been involved in the [[International Unemployment Day]] protest in Chicago on March 6, 1930, that was brutally repressed by the authorities, and worked as a [[union organizer]] with the steel workers in [[Youngstown, Ohio]]. At one point Dallet unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Youngstown on the Communist Party ticket.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=156–157}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=89–90}}

Puening's parents had moved to [[Claygate]], southwest of London, where her father represented a Chicago-based firm. On returning to the United States on August 3, 1934, after visiting family in Europe, she moved in with Dallet, becoming his [[common-law wife]]. They shared a room in a dilapidated [[boarding house]] that cost $5 per month. [[Gus Hall]] and [[John Gates]] had a room down the hall. They lived on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], $12.50 per month each. As the wife of a party member, Puening was allowed to join the Communist Party, but only after proving her loyalty by distributing copies of the ''[[Daily Worker]]'' on the streets. Her party dues were 10c a week.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=93–94, 97–98}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=156–157}}

They separated in June 1936, and Puening went to live with her parents in Claygate, where she worked as a German-to-English translator.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=93–94, 97–98}} Months went by without any word from Dallet, until Puening discovered that her mother had been hiding his letters to her. Her friend Anne Wilson recalled, "Her mother was a real dragon, a very repressive woman. She disappeared one day over the side of a transatlantic ship, and nobody missed her. That says it all."{{sfn|Conant|2005|p=184}}

The last letter from Dallet said that he was heading to Spain on the {{RMS|Queen Mary}} to join the [[International Brigades]] fighting in the [[Spanish Civil War]].{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=93–94, 97–98}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=156–157}} Puening met up with Dallet and his best friend [[Steve Nelson (activist)|Steve Nelson]] in [[Cherbourg]], and they travelled to [[Paris]] together. After a few days there, she returned to London, and they headed south, crossing into Spain{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=104–105}} where he joined the [[Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion]], a unit composed of American and Canadian volunteers.<ref name="Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives">{{cite web |url=http://www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/joseph-jr-dallet |title=Joseph Dallet, Jr. |publisher=Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives |access-date=April 11, 2018}}</ref>

Puening wanted to join Dallet in Spain, and finally secured permission to do so. Her trip to Spain was delayed by hospitalization for an operation on August 26, 1937, for what was initially thought to be [[appendicitis]], but which was determined to be [[ovarian cyst]]s, which were removed by the German doctors. Puening returned to England to recuperate. Before she could depart for Spain, the news arrived that Dallet had been killed in action on October 17, 1937. His letters to her were published as ''Letters from Spain by Joe Dallet, American Volunteer, to his Wife'' (1938).<ref name="Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives"/>{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=111–117}}

Puening went to see Nelson, who was in Paris, having been wounded in August, and they returned to New York, where she stayed with Nelson and his wife Margaret at their home in [[Brooklyn]] for two months. She then headed for Philadelphia to see her friend Zelma Baker, who worked at the Cancer Research Institute at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. Puening enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania. There she met Richard Stewart Harrison, a medical doctor with degrees from [[Oxford University]], who was completing his internship in the US. They were married on November 23, 1938.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=119}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=158–161}} She later left the Communist Party in the 1930s.<ref>{{harvnb|Stern|1969|p=357|ps=. "I left the Communist Party. I did not leave my past, the friendships, just like that. Some continued for a while."}}</ref>{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=534-535}}

==Marriage to Oppenheimer== Soon after, Harrison left for [[Pasadena]], California, for his residency at the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech), while Kitty remained in Philadelphia to complete her bachelor's degree in botany at the University of Pennsylvania, and was then offered a postgraduate research fellowship at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=119}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=158–161}} At Caltech, she worked with physicist [[Charles Lauritsen]]: the [[X-ray]] laboratory at Caltech used for physics research was also used for experimental cancer therapy research. It was at a garden party thrown by Lauritsen and his wife Sigrid in August 1939 that she met [[Robert Oppenheimer]], a physicist who taught at Caltech for part of each year{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=120–121}} and the remaining time at [[University of California, Berkeley]]. Soon after, they began an affair, one which they did not even attempt to conceal: they were frequently seen around town in Robert's car.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=161}} At Christmas time she went to [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] without her husband, to spend time with Oppenheimer.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=125–126}}

Oppenheimer invited Harrison and Kitty to spend the summer at his New Mexico ranch, ''Perro Caliente''. Harrison declined, as he was engaged in his research, but Kitty accepted. [[Robert Serber]] and his wife [[Charlotte Serber|Charlotte]] collected Kitty in Pasadena, and drove her to ''Perro Caliente'', where they met up with Robert, his brother [[Frank Oppenheimer]], and his wife Jackie.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=162}} The Serbers had met Kitty before, at Charlotte Serber's parents' house in Philadelphia in 1938.{{sfn|Serber|Crease|1998|p=51}} The Serbers loved to ride through the pine and [[Quaking Aspen|aspen]] forests and floral meadows of the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]], camping with minimal food and equipment. Kitty impressed them with her riding ability; horsemanship was a normal accomplishment for women of her social class, and she had learned to ride as a girl on the riding trails around Aspinwall. Kitty and Robert rode out to stay the night with his friend Katy Page in [[Los Pinos, New Mexico]]. The following day Page rode to ''Perro Caliente'' on her [[Bay (horse)|bay]] horse to return Kitty's nightgown, which had been left under Robert's pillow.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=128–129}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=162}}

Kitty later told Anne Wilson that she got Robert to marry her the "old-fashioned way"—by getting pregnant.{{sfn|Conant|2005|p=186}} In September 1940, Robert informed Harrison, and they agreed that the best way forward was for Kitty to get a divorce so she could marry Robert. Soon after, Robert shared a podium with Nelson to raise money for refugees from the Spanish Civil War, and he informed him that he was engaged to Kitty. Nelson's wife was also pregnant, and he named his daughter, who was born in November 1940, Josie in memory of Dallet. To obtain a divorce, Kitty moved to [[Reno, Nevada]], where she stayed for six weeks to meet the state's residency requirements. The divorce was finalized on November 1, 1940, and Kitty married Oppenheimer the following day in a civil ceremony in [[Virginia City, Nevada]], with the court janitor and clerk as witnesses.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=162–163}}[[File:Kitty Oppenheimer with Peter and Toni.jpg|thumb|Kitty Oppenheimer with her children, Peter and Toni]]

==Manhattan Project== Their child, a son they named Peter, was born in Pasadena, on May 12, 1941, during Oppenheimer's regular session at Caltech. When they returned to Berkeley, Oppenheimer bought a new house on Eagle Hill Road in adjacent [[Kensington, California|Kensington]] with a view over the [[Golden Gate]]. Kitty worked at the University of California as a laboratory assistant. They left Peter with the Chevaliers and a German nurse and headed out to ''Perro Caliente'' for the summer. The holiday was marred when Oppenheimer was trampled by a horse, and Kitty injured her leg when she hit a car in front of her while driving their Cadillac convertible.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=164–165}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=138–139}} The United States entered [[World War II]] in December 1941, and Oppenheimer began recruiting staff for the [[Manhattan Project]]. Among the first were the Serbers, who moved into the apartment over the garage at One Eagle Hill.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=141–142}}

On March 16, 1943, the couple boarded a train for [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]]. By the end of the month, they had moved to [[Los Alamos, New Mexico]], where they occupied one of the buildings formerly belonging to the [[Los Alamos Ranch School]]. Los Alamos was known to the occupants as "the Hill" and to the Manhattan Project as Site Y. Oppenheimer became the director of [[Project Y]].{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=213–214}} Kitty abdicated the role of post commander's wife to Martha Parsons, the wife of Robert's deputy, Navy [[Captain (United States O-6)|Captain]] [[William S. Parsons]].{{sfn|Conant|2005|p=179}} She put her biologist training to use working for the director of the Health Group at Los Alamos, [[Louis Hempelmann]], conducting blood tests to assess the danger of radiation.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=51}} Kitty worked at Los Alamos as a lab technician under Hempelmann for one year before she quit. Kitty hosted cocktail parties for groups of women at Los Alamos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer |publisher=Nuclear Museum |url=https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/katherine-kitty-oppenheimer/ |access-date=May 5, 2024}}</ref>

In 1944, Kitty became pregnant again. Her second child, a girl, was born on December 7, 1944. She named her Katherine after her mother and called her Toni. Like other babies born in wartime Los Alamos, Toni's birth certificate gave the place of birth as P.O. Box 1663.{{sfn|Conant|2005|pp=262–263}} In April 1945, Kitty was depressed by the isolation of Los Alamos, and she left Toni with Pat Sherr, the wife of physicist [[Rubby Sherr]]; Pat had recently lost her son, Michael, to [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]. Kitty returned with Peter to [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]], to live with her parents. They returned to Los Alamos in July 1945.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=204–211}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=263–264}}

During their time at Los Alamos and continuing throughout their 26 year long marriage, the Oppenheimer couple strongly relied on each other to be their biggest confidants. Kitty was highly esteemed by Robert, who relied on her even through situations involving the secret Los Alamos project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women of the Manhattan Project: Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/women-of-the-manhattan-project-katherine-kitty-oppenheimer.htm |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>

The revoking of Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance not only revolved around his association with the communist party, especially through Kitty, but also issues with his bold opinions that many scientists and officials did not agree with. These opinions widely revolved around his disapproval of the creation of the [[hydrogen bomb]] as well as ethical defense-related issues. It was these opinions combined with their questionable past that would ultimately end their association with the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] at Los Alamos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCann |first=Jaymi |date=2023-07-20 |title=The true story of Robert Oppenheimer's wife Katherine - portrayed by Emily Blunt in the movie |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/katherine-oppenheimer-who-true-story-robert-wife-kitty-emily-blunt-2493416 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Later life== By the end of the war in August 1945, Oppenheimer had become a celebrity, and Kitty had become an alcoholic. Kitty was said to get drunk to the point of falling down and passing out. However, [[Robert Serber|Serber]] claimed that this was due to the medication that she was taking for her painful [[pancreatitis]]. She suffered a series of [[bone fracture]]s from drunken falls and car crashes.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=207}}{{sfn|Wolverton|2008|p=176}} In November 1945, Robert left Los Alamos to return to Caltech,{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=333–335}} but he soon found that his passion was no longer in teaching.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=351}}

In 1947, Oppenheimer accepted an offer from [[Lewis Strauss]] to take up the directorship of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]].{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=360–365}} The job came with rent-free accommodation in the director's house, a ten-bedroom 17th-century manor with a cook and [[groundskeeper]], surrounded by {{convert|265|acre}} of woodlands. Robert had a [[greenhouse]] built for Kitty, where she raised [[orchids]]; for her birthdays Oppenheimer had rare species flown in from [[Hawaii]].{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=369}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=234–235}} Olden Manor was sometimes known as "[[Bourbon whiskey|Bourbon]] Manor";{{sfn|Wolverton|2008|p=270}} Kitty and Robert liked to keep the liquor cabinet well stocked, and like many of their generation, liked to celebrate cocktail hour with [[Martini (cocktail)|martinis]], [[Manhattan (cocktail)|Manhattans]], [[Old fashioned (cocktail)|Old Fashioneds]] and [[highball]]s. Both were also fond of smoking,{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=243}} and Kitty's habit of combining too much alcohol with smoking in bed led to a plethora of holes in her bedding and at least one house fire.{{sfn|Wolverton|2008|p=176}} She sometimes took too many pills, and suffered from abdominal pains caused by [[pancreatitis]]. Pain often prompted outbursts of anger.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=276}} In 1952, Toni contracted [[polio]], and doctors suggested that a warmer climate might help. The family flew to the [[Caribbean]], where they rented a {{convert|72|ft|adj=on}} [[ketch]]. Robert and Kitty discovered a shared love of sailing, while Toni soon recovered. The family spent part of each summer on [[Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint John]] in the [[Virgin Islands]], eventually building a beach house there on [[Gibney Beach]].{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=251}}

On January 6, 1967, Robert was diagnosed with inoperable cancer, and died on February 18, 1967.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=295}} Kitty had his remains [[cremated]] and his ashes were placed in an urn, which she took to St. John and dropped into the sea off the coast, within sight of the beach house.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=588}} The area is known today as "Oppenheimer Beach."<ref name=":0" /> Kitty never remarried, but she spent the rest of her life with [[Robert Serber]], an American physicist who also worked on the [[Manhattan Project]]. Kitty and Serber would continue to have a platonic relationship, and it is not reported that they ever tried to pursue a romantic relationship. The government would then go on to leave her and Serber alone, regarding communist allegations and trials. Kitty would end up talking him into buying a {{convert|52|ft|adj=on}} [[yawl]], which they sailed from New York to [[Grenada]]. In 1972, they purchased a {{convert|52|ft|adj=on}} ketch, where she was the captain. Before she died, she had been planning to sail to Japan via the [[Panama Canal]] with Serber. They set out, but Kitty became ill, and was taken to [[Gorgas Hospital]] in [[Panama City]], where she died of an [[embolism]] in her right arm on October 27, 1972. Serber and Toni had her remains cremated, and they scattered her remains near [[Carvel Rock (British Virgin Islands)|Carvel Rock]] in St. Thomas, in the Virgin Islands,<ref name= Bernstein>{{Cite journal |last= Bernstein |first= Barton J |title= Interpreting the Elusive Robert Serber: What Serber Says and What Serber Does Not Explicitly Say |date= September 2001 |journal= Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=443–486 |doi=10.1016/s1355-2198(01)00017-x |bibcode= 2001SHPMP..32..443B |issn=1355-2198 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S135521980100017X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> near Robert's.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=301–302}}{{sfn|Serber|Crease|1998|pp=220–221}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. J. Robert Oppenheimer, 62, Nuclear Physicist's Widow, Dies |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 29, 1972 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/29/archives/mrs-j-robert-oppenheimer-62i-nuclear-physicists-widow-dies.html |access-date=April 17, 2018 }}</ref>

After Kitty's death in 1972, Serber continued to live in the house built for them by Kitty Oppenheimer<ref name=Bernstein/> near Toni. Toni died by suicide in 1977,<ref name= Bernstein/> hanging herself in the backyard of the house built by her father.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=591}}

* Jana Shelden in the [[miniseries]] ''[[Oppenheimer (TV series)|Oppenheimer]]'' (1980).<ref>{{cite news |last=Shales |first=Tom|title=The Man Behind the Bomb |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/05/11/the-man-behind-the-bomb/ad00e2df-bf98-4487-86f4-2f35c5a49ba9/|newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=July 26, 2023 |date=May 11, 1982}}</ref> * [[Bonnie Bedelia]] in the film ''[[Fat Man and Little Boy (film)|Fat Man and Little Boy]]'' (1989)''.''<ref name="afi">{{cite web|title=Fat Man and Little Boy (1989)|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=July 26, 2023|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/58066-FAT-MANANDLITTLEBOY?}}</ref> * [[Neve Campbell]] in the series [[Manhattan (TV series)|''Manhattan'']] (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=2015-10-27 |title=Neve Campbell Makes Things Weird in New 'Manhattan' Teaser (Exclusive Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/neve-campbell-joins-the-atomic-age-in-new-manhattan-clip-exclusive-video/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Greg |date=2015-08-18 |title=Neve Campbell Takes 'Manhattan', New WGN America Trailer Confirms |url=https://deadline.com/2015/08/neve-campbell-cast-manhattan-trailer-wgn-america-nuclear-drama-1201500904/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Emily Blunt]] in the film ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' (2023), who received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] among [[List of accolades received by Oppenheimer (film)|other accolades]].<ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Molly |last1=Moss |first2=Lewis |last2=Knight |date=July 22, 2023 |title=Oppenheimer cast: Full list of actors in Christopher Nolan film |magazine=Radio Times |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/oppenheimer-cast-christopher-nolan-murphy/ |access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first= Clark |last=Collis |date=July 21, 2023 |title=Oppenheimer cast: Who plays who in Christopher Nolan's real-life drama |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |url=https://ew.com/movies/oppenheimer-who-plays-who-biopic-christopher-nolan/ |access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Variety|title=Oscar Nominations 2024: 'Oppenheimer' Dominates With 13 Nods, 'Poor Things' Follows With 11|date=January 23, 2024 |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/awards/oscar-nominations-2024-list-1235877798/ |access-date=January 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Rolling Stone |first=Larisha |last=Paul |title=Cillian Murphy, Emily Blunt, America Ferrera Become First Time Oscar Nominees |date=January 23, 2024 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/2024-oscars-first-time-nominees-1234952045/ |access-date=January 23, 2024}}</ref>{{Clear}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Sources== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Bird |first1=Kai |authorlink=Kai Bird|first2=Martin J. |last2=Sherwin |authorlink2=Martin J. Sherwin |title=[[American Prometheus]]: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=2005|isbn=0-375-41202-6 |oclc=56753298 }} * {{cite book |last=Conant |first=Jennet |authorlink=Jennet Conant |title=109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=0-7432-5007-9 |oclc=57475908 |url=https://archive.org/details/109eastpalacerob00cona }} * {{cite book |last1=Serber |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Serber |last2=Crease |first2=Robert P. |author2link=Robert P. Crease |title=Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science |year=1998 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-10546-0 |oclc=1014748640 |url=https://archive.org/details/peacewarreminisc00serb }} * {{cite book|last=Stern|first=Philip M.|title=The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial |url=https://archive.org/details/oppenheimercases00sterrich/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row|year=1969 |oclc=31389}} * {{cite book |last1=Streshinsky |first1=Shirley |last2=Klaus |first2=Patricia |title=An Atomic Love Story: The Extraordinary Women in Robert Oppenheimer's Life |location=New York |publisher=Turner Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61858-019-1 |oclc=849822662 }} * {{cite book |last=Wolverton |first=Mark |title=A Life in Twilight: The Final Years of J. Robert Oppenheimer |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-312-37440-2 |oclc=223882887 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeintwilightfi00wolv }} {{refend}}

==External links== * [https://vault.fbi.gov/Katherine%20Oppenheimer/Katherine%20Oppenheimer%20Part%201%20of%201 Katherine Oppenheimer FBI file] * [https://archive.org/details/LettersFromSpain ''Letters from Spain by Joe Dallet, American Volunteer, to his Wife''] {{Portal bar|biography|communism}} {{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oppenheimer, Katherine}} [[Category:1910 births]] [[Category:1972 deaths]] [[Category:People from Recklinghausen]] [[Category:Scientists from the Province of Westphalia]] [[Category:Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States]] [[Category:Members of the Communist Party USA]] [[Category:J. Robert Oppenheimer]] [[Category:Manhattan Project people]] [[Category:People from Los Alamos, New Mexico]] [[Category:University of Pittsburgh alumni]] [[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]] [[Category:People from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Women on the Manhattan Project]] [[Category:Burials at sea]]